Progress in Natural Science-Materials International
·
2025
·
IF 7.1
Changbo Zhang,Rongke You,Hongyang Cheng,Yongfang Jiang,Xue-Qing Zhan,Ning Ma,Fang-Chang Tsai
In this study, a network compound (HP-DP) was produced by polymerization of phosphonitrilic chloride trimer (HCCP) and p-phenylenediamine (PPD), and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to create flame-retardant APP@HP-DP, which was then incorporated into polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to prepare PVC composites. Adding APP@HP-DP flame retardant to PVC composites enhanced carbon yield, thermal stability and increased LOI of the composites from 23.1 % to 28.6 %. With 9.5 wt% APP@HP-DP, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and peak smoke production rate (PSPR) dropped by 47.2 % and 23.2 %, respectively, compared to the original PVC composite. Mechanical property tests showed no change in tensile strength or elongation at the break for PVC composites with APP@HP-DP addition. Therefore, the addition of APP@HP-DP to PVC composites has significantly improved its flame retardancy and smoke suppression without affecting its mechanical properties, which can effectively reduce the potential danger of fire.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2025
·
IF 5.4
Liyuan Zhang,Yizhen Chen,Renhui Qiu,Eiichi Sakai,Jianhui Qiu,Wendi Liu
With the growing depletion of sustainable forest resources, bamboo has attracted increasing interest as a rapidly renewable material with robust mechanical strength. However, bamboo-based composites are inherently flammable, and conventional adhesives often release formaldehyde. This study developed a flame-retardant bamboo particleboard by incorporating ammonium polyphosphate (APP) into a bio-based adhesive system. APP formed phosphate–hydroxyl interactions with the adhesive and provided effective pore filling within particle gaps, thus enhancing both flame retardancy and mechanical properties. The optimized particleboard (ABP15) achieved an internal bonding strength of 1.14 MPa, far exceeding the standard requirement. Moreover, ABP15 reached a LOI of 32.48 % and attained a UL-94 V-0 rating, while peak heat release rate and smoke production rate were reduced by 44.9 % and 38.5 %, respectively. Raman and TG-IR analyses confirmed the formation of a denser and more stable char layer at the adhesive–bamboo interface. Overall, this study demonstrates a straightforward approach for developing eco-friendly bamboo composites with improved fire safety and mechanical reliability.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Xuqiang Zheng,Xinyu Chen,Xiaorong Guo,Jun Sun,Hongfei Li,Xiaoyu Gu,Sheng Zhang
Polypropylene (PP) has the advantages of excellent mechanical properties and easy molding, but its shortcomings such as high flammability and poor ultraviolet (UV) resistance cannot be ignored. In this paper, APP was used as the core, 1, 10-diamino-decane (DA) was used as a "bridge" to connect TA to the surface of APP, obtaining TAPP through oxidation self-polymerization. The addition of TAPP greatly improved the flame retardancy and UV resistance of PP matrix. The limiting oxygen index of the PP/22.5 %TAPP sample was increased to 31.0 %, and it was able to pass the UL-94 V-0 rating without droplet produced. Compared with PP samples, the peak heat release rate and peak smoke release rate of PP/22.5 %TAPP sample were reduced by 65.0 % and 44.7 %, respectively. In addition, the tensile strength and impact strength of PP/22.5 %TAPP samples decreased by only 2.7 % and 15.0 % after 60 h UV irradiation. The results showed that the addition of TAPP effectively improved the flame retardancy and UV aging resistance of PP. This study provides a feasible method for the preparation of anti-UV aging and flame-retardant PP composites.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2020
·
IF 4.032
Mengjie Cui,Jing Li,Dianbin Qin,Jiakuan Sun,Yi Chen,Jun Xiang,Jun Yan,Haojun Fan
In this work, a novel triazine-based flame retardant, namely (4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5- triazine)-2-methyl-propane-1,3-diol (TMPD) was synthesized and used as a chain extender to prepare flame retardant waterborne polyurethane (FRWPU). The structure of TMPD was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). To enhance the flame retardancy, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was simultaneously introduced into FRWPU, and the synergistic flame retardant effects of both TMPD and APP were investigated in detail via the limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test, cone calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Compared with pure waterborne polyurethane (WPU), the flame retardancy of FRWPU with different TMPD loadings were all found to be increased, and LOI an value of 27 % and a UL-94 V-0 rating were attained when 5 wt% APP and 6 wt% TMPD were employed (APP/FRWPU-6). Moreover, the peak heat release rate (pk-HRR), total heat release (THR), and peak of smoke production rate (pk-SPR) of APP/FRWPU-6 were respectively found to be decreased by 43 %, 10 %, and 24 % compared with APP/WPU (with 5 wt% APP), respectively, thereby exhibiting an obvious synergistic flame retardant effect. In addition, the char residues of TMPD and APP in WPU after the cone calorimetry test were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the results indicate that the combination of TMPD and APP can form a more compact and graphitized char layer and a nitrogen-containing gas isolation layer. Moreover, it can produce PO• radicals in the flame that combine with H• and OH• radicals. These factors are all believed to shield the underlying polyurethane from the further influence of heat flux. Therefore, this work presents a novel and efficient method by which to form FRWPU.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
·
2015
·Vol. 120
·期 2
·1327-1335
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IF 2.042
Luo Fubin,Wu Kun,Lu Mangeng,Nie Shibin,Li Xiaoya,Guan Xiaoxiao
Microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate MFAPP or VMFAPP with shell of melamine–formaldehyde or poly (vinyl alcohol)–melamine–formaldehyde resin was prepared by in situ polymerization, respectively. The flame-retardant performance of rigid polyurethane foam (PU) containing MFAPP or VMFAPP was analyzed by limiting oxygen index and UL-94 test. Thermal degradation behaviors of PUAPP, PUMFAPP and PUVMFAPP were studied using TG and TG–FTIR. Above results indicated that VMFAPP and MFAPP have better water resistance and flame retardancy compared with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) in PU composites. Flame-retardant properties of PUMFAPP and PUVMFAPP composites were rarely changed after hot water treatment. Due to better compatibility and the presence of active groups on the surface of APP, microencapsulation demonstrated a positive effect on the mechanical property of PU composites.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
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2022
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IF 6.206
Yang Cao,Meng Zhou,Shuangfeng Wang,Heqing Fu
The development of coatings with flame retardancy and superhydrophobicity is of great importance in practical application. Herein, a fluorine-free superhydrophobic and halogen-free flame retardant coating was constructed via simple dip-coating and efficient ultraviolet (UV) curing methods, using heavy cross-linking polydimethylsiloxane networks (HCPDMS) as low-surface-energy materials and hierarchical-structured layered double hydroxide-ammonium polyphosphate (LDH-APP) as organic-inorganic composite flame retardants. Owing to the such combination of hierarchical structure and low surface energy, these prepared coatings show striking repellency to various liquids, great self-cleaning and antifouling ability. Besides, they can resist the abrasion test by sandpaper for 30 cycles, the tape-peeling test for 200 cycles, and repeatedly kneading test. Meanwhile, these coatings offer good thermal stability and flame retardant, exhibiting an enhanced limiting oxygen index (LOI) from 18.0 % to 29.0 %. Moreover, a high oil/water separation efficiency of these coatings is over 95 % even after 16 separation cycles. Equipped with harmless to environment, facile preparation process, and excellent comprehensive performances, these coatings will have the potential for widespread application.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
·
2023
·
IF 5.9
Yu Qiuyu,Liang Xinyue,Rao Qing,Tu Jiang,Wang Peng,Lu Ming,Xiao Hang
Considering the great threat of oil spilling to human safety and ecological balance, treatment of oily wastewater became a worldwide challenge. Inspired by the underwater superoleophobic property of fish scale surface, we fabricated the superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic cotton fabric (CF) through grafting modification of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) followed by surface deposition of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles via micro-dissolution method. The incorporation of APP, which contained numerous anionic groups, was found to be advantageous in enhancing the water holding capacity of fabric. More significantly, the micro-nanoscale rough structure resulting from Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles was pivotal in achieving superwetting ability towards water. The synergistic effect of hydrophilic chemical and rough structure significantly improved the superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity of the CF. The as-prepared fabric not only exhibited applicability for separating oil/water mixture, but also demonstrated exceptional performance in the separation of emulsions with relatively high water flux. The presence of numerous anionic groups was crucial in facilitating water flux during emulsions separation by screening electrostatic repulsion. Furthermore, benefiting from the self-glue effect of micro-dissolved CF, the as-prepared fabric exhibited remarkable stability against harsh conditions such as mechanical abrasion, immersion in acid or alkali solution, high temperature and frequent laundering. In general, this study would contribute to the development of fabric-based materials for oily wastewater separation with excellent separation performance and high stability.
研究领域:
材料科学
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环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2025
·
IF 2.8
Yitong Jiang,Jiangsheng Chen,Fengyu Meng,Zhenyang Yin,Kun Peng,Chen Qian,Yaqin Fu
Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is widely recognized as an ideal building material due to its low thermal conductivity and excellent compressive strength. However, achieving flame retardancy in RPUF typically requires high loadings of flame retardants, which can compromise the mechanical properties of the foam. In this study, a two-component waterborne flame-retardant coating (PA x ), composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and polydopamine (PDA), is developed for the flame-retardant modification of RPUF. Experimental results indicate that surface modification with a minimal amount of PDA (1:75, mass ratio of PDA to APP) improves the dispersibility of APP in aqueous solution, resulting in a stable waterborne coating. With the aid of PDA mediated adhesion, APP firmly adheres to the surface of RPUF, forming a dense and stable flame-retardant layer. The PA x -coated foam (RPUF-PA 15 ) demonstrates excellent flame-retardant performance, achieving a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 50.9% and meeting the UL-94 V-0 rating. Additionally, the compressive strength of RPUF-PA 15 (733.5 kPa) is 6.4% higher than pristine RPUF (689.3 kPa). In conclusion, an efficient waterborne flame-retardant coating has been successfully developed, achieving efficient flame retardancy for RPUF and providing a solid foundation for the development of such coatings.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
·
消防工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM
·
2020
·
IF 0
Min Gao
The jute and polypropylene fiber (PP) were formed into jute/PP composite by carding, netting and needling. Using surface dusting process, β-CD and ammonium phosphate (APP) were combined and hot pressed to form a flame-retardant layer on the surface of jute/PP composite. The results show that the thermal compression film formation on the surface of jute/PP composite after β-CD and APP compounding can significantly improve the flame retardancy and thermal stability of the jute/PP composite. When the mass ratio of β-CD to APP is 1:2 and keeping the 20wt% total content of the flame retardants, the jute/PP composite becomes extinguished after 58s combustion. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value is 26.6%, which reaches the third fire resistance according to Japan's JISD 1201-77 standard. The heat release rate and effective combustion calorific show the lowest value and the carbon residual at 700°C is increased by 11. 68%.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
燃烧学
✓ 已验证
DOI
CELLULOSE
·
2024
·
IF 4.9
Li Long,Hou Yansu,Zhu Yikui,Liao Jianming,Huang Luyao,Lu Pengbo,Mo Lihuan,Liu Zhan,Liu Daoheng,Li Jun
Large-scale use of petroleum-based plastic foams has caused serious environmental problems. Biodegradable and renewable plant resources have become ideal alternative materials. However, the inherent low mechanical strength and flammability of plant-based foams have prevented their widespread use. In this paper, pulp foams (PUPs) were prepared by cross-linking pulp fibers with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) in a novel and simple method. The resulting foam exhibits ultralow density (12.4 mg cm −3 ), good mechanical properties, high flame retardancy, and recyclable, degradable performance. In the compression experiment, the compressive strength of PUP (15%) foam increased by 175% at 80% strain. Besides, PUP (15%) retains its woven structure well after vertical and horizontal combustion tests. It is expected that this work will provide new insights into the production of flame-retardant foams, which have a high potential to replace flammable and non-degradable petroleum-based foams. Graphical
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Coatings Technology and Research
·
2024
·
IF 2.3
Huang Zhichao,Wang Lin,Wu Hongfu,Zhang Junfeng,Wang Zhuo,Sun Fu,Duan Huimin,Qi Dongming
Herein, a simple and efficient inorganic particle surface modification strategy was developed to improve the flame retardancy of flammable polyurethane (PU) materials while avoiding the serious degradation of their mechanical properties due to the incorporation of inorganic particles. Novel organic–inorganic hybrid hydroxylation ammonium polyphosphate (OHAPP) was fabricated via an ion-exchange reaction between APP and diethanolamine, and a PU/OHAPP film was prepared by crosslinking OHAPP with reactive PU via in situ polymerization. The curing properties, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of materials were evaluated. Results showed that the addition of 15 wt% OHAPP in PU increased the tensile strength of the sample by 16% compared to PU alone. The peak heat release rate, total heat released, and total smoke produced from the materials measured via the conical calorimetric method were 337.2 kW/m 2 , 78.1 MJ/m 2 , and 8.9 m 2 , respectively, which were 63.8%, 43.6%, and 15.2% lower than those of PU. Additionally, the flame-retardant mode of action of the PU/OHAPP film was verified. This study is a useful reference for further studies on flame-retardant materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER BULLETIN
·
2024
·
IF 3.1
Hong Ningning,Liu Jingping,Gao Lei,Wu Zhongxiao,Huang Yang,Zhang Lijing,Wang Xin,Sun Jiansheng
To improve the compatibility of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), novel phosphorus containing polysilazane was used to microencapsulate APP (APP@SiNP) which was then used for flame retardant TPU. The influence of microencapsulation on the thermal decomposition, mechanical and flame retardant properties of TPU was investigated. The addition of APP@SiNP brought forward the onset thermal decomposition temperature (T5%) of the TPU, but improved the thermal stability of the char layer at high temperatures. The presence of APP@SiNP fillers tended to reduce the tensile strength and elongation at break of TPU, but the tensile strength and elongation at break of TPU/APP@SiNP -10.0 were still higher than those of TPU/APP-10.0, indicating that polysilazane was capable of improving the interfacial interaction between APP and the TPU matrix. Both TPU/APP@SiNP-7.5 and TPU/APP@SiNP-10.0 can achieve UL-94 V-0 level. The PHRR, THR, and TSP values of TPU/APP@SiNP-10.0 were 77%, 58%, and 70% lower than the pristine TPU, which were also better than TPU/APP-10.0. The superior flame retardant efficiency of APP@SiNP was attributed to its catalytic charring capacity and the formation of thermally stable char residues.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）