Polymers
·
2018
·Vol. 10
·期 12
·1381
·
IF 2.935
Aimin Huang,Xuanhai Li,Xingtang Liang,Yanjuan Zhang,Huayu Hu,Yanzhen Yin,Zuqiang Huang
Emamectin benzoate (EB), a widely used pesticide, is prone to decomposition by ultraviolet light and suffers from the corresponding loss of efficacy. The timed release of EB based on microspheres is one of the effective methods to solve this issue. As a non-toxic cellulose ester, cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) is regarded as one of the best wall-forming materials for microcapsules with a good controlled release performance. Herein, two methods—mechanical activation (MA) technology and a conventional liquid phase (LP) method—were employed to synthesize different CABs, namely CAB-MA and CAB-LP, respectively. The molecular structure, rheological property, and thermal stability of these CABs were investigated. The two CABs were used to prepare microspheres for the loading and release of EB via an o/w (oil-in-water) solvent evaporation method. Moreover, the performances such as drug loading, drug entrapment, and anti-photolysis of the drug for these microspheres were studied. The results showed that both CABs were available as wall materials for loading and releasing EB. Compared with CAB-LP, CAB-MA presented a lower molecular weight and a narrower molecular weight distribution. Moreover, the MA method endowed the CAB with more ester substituent groups and less crystalline structure in comparison to the LP method, which had benefits including pelletizing and drug loading.Keywords:cellulose acetate butyrate;solid-phase synthesis;mechanical activation;microspheres;emamectin benzoate;release
研究领域:
材料科学
·
药学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Insects
·
2023
·Vol. 14
·期 9
·736
·
IF 3
Kaiyuan Huang,Haibo He,Shan Wang,Min Zhang,Xuewei Chen,Zhongyuan Deng,Xinzhi Ni,Xianchun Li
Simple SummaryThe widespread cultivation of genetically engineered crops producing not only toxic proteins from the bacteriumBacillus thringiensis(Bt) but also plant defensive compounds known as allelochemicals, combined with occasional use of insecticides, is the major tactic to manage some economically important pests. Better understanding of the toxicological interactions of the three types of toxins is needed to rationally deploy them to protect crops from pests. The aim of this study is to examine the sequential and simultaneous interactions of the allelochemical flavone, Bt toxin Vip3A, and insecticide emamectin benzoate in the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), a worldwide target pest of Bt crops. Bioassays ofS. frugiperdaneonates revealed that all interactions of the three toxins, except for 1-day pre-exposure to a sublethal dose (LC5) of flavone followed by 6-day simultaneous exposure to flavone LC5+ emamectin benzoate LC50, are synergistic or additive. The results suggest that the combined use of the three toxins is basically a great strategy to manageS. frugiperda.AbstractTarget pests of genetically engineered crops producing both defensive allelochemicals andBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) toxins often sequentially or simultaneously uptake allelochemicals, Bt toxins, and/or insecticides. How the three types of toxins interact to kill pests remains underexplored. Here we investigated the interactions of Bt toxin Vip3A, plant allelochemical flavone, and insecticide emamectin benzoate inSpodoptera frugiperda. Simultaneous administration of flavone LC25+ Vip3A LC25, emamectin benzoate LC25+ Vip3A LC25, and flavone LC15+ emamectin benzoate LC15+ Vip3A LC15but not flavone LC25+ emamectin LC25yielded a mortality significantly higher than their expected additive mortality (EAM). One-day pre-exposure to one toxin at LC5followed by six-day exposure to the same toxin at LC5plus another toxin at LC50showed that the mortality of flavone LC5+ Vip3A LC50, emamectin benzoate LC5+ Vip3A LC50, and Vip3A LC5+ emamectin benzoate LC50were significantly higher than their EAM, while that of flavone LC5+ emamectin benzoate LC50was significantly lower than their EAM. No significant difference existed among the mortalities of Vip3A LC5+ flavone LC50, emamectin benzoate LC5+ flavone LC50, and their EAMs. The results suggest that the interactions of the three toxins are largely synergistic (inductive) or additive, depending on their combinations and doses.Keywords:allelochemical;Bt toxin;chemical insecticide;combined toxicity;induced toxicity;synergistic interactions
研究领域:
昆虫学
·
植物科学
·
毒理学
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
·
2024
·
IF 5.6
Jihao Zuo,Haozhao Yan,Ruopeng Lan,Jinting Cai,Yitong Lin,Wei Wu,Huayao Chen,Li Hao,Xinhua Zhou,Hongjun Zhou
Currently, the inefficient application of pesticides results in substantial cost wastage and severe environmental contamination. The rapid advancement of nanomaterials and controlled/sustained-release technologies offer a promising guidance for reducing pesticide usage and enhancing pesticide bioavailability. In this study, naturally derived Zein and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) polysaccharide were employed for synergistic encapsulation of emamectin benzoate (EB) pesticide molecule. Specifically, amino-functionalized Zein (AM-Zein) was effectively self-assembled onto β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) through electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions, with simultaneous encapsulation of EB through hydrophobic interactions, thereby establishing a core-double shell structured nano pesticide delivery system (EB@β-CD/AM-Zein). Compared to the single AM-Zein and β-CD, the double shell structured β-CD/AM-Zein demonstrated a notably higher encapsulation efficiency for EB. Importantly, the half-life period (t 0.5 ) under UV irradiation of EB for EB@β-CD/AM-Zein was almost three times longer than that of EB alone. Enzyme-responsive controlled-release tests for EB@β-CD/AM-Zein revealed that the majority of EB was encapsulated within the inner β-CD layer. Specifically, the degradation of β-CD by α-amylase enabled the intelligent responsive release feature of EB. Moreover, the insecticidal activity of EB@β-CD/AM-Zein remained stable. This research offers valuable insights for developing effective and environmentally safe nano pesticide systems.
研究领域:
农业科学
·
纳米技术
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
·
2024
·
IF 6.2
Yingying Zhang,Yun Pan,Xiangyu Bai,Wen Sun,Xingfan Zhou,Qing Dong,Hui Wang,Yuanbao Zhang,Wenlin Bai,Wenping Zhang
Epidemiological evidence on the health effects of pesticide exposure among greenhouse workers is limited, and the mechanisms are lacking. Building upon our team’s previous population study, we selected two pesticides, CPF and EB, with high detection rates, based on the theoretical foundation that the liver serves as a detoxifying organ, we constructed a toxicity model using HepG2 cells to investigate the impact of individual or combined pesticide exposure on the hepatic metabolism profile, attempting to identify targeted biomarkers. Our results showed that CPF and EB could significantly affect the survival rate of HepG2 cells and disrupt their metabolic profile. There were 117 metabolites interfered by CPF exposure, which mainly affected ABC transporter, biosynthesis of amino acids, center carbon metabolism in cancer, fatty acid biosynthesis and other pathways, 95 metabolites interfered by EB exposure, which mainly affected center carbon metabolism in cancer, HIF-1 signaling pathway, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis and other pathways. The cross analysis and further biological experiments confirmed that CPF and EB pesticide exposure may affect the HIF-1 signaling pathway and valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis in HepG2 cells, providing reliable experimental evidence for the prevention and treatment of liver damage in greenhouse workers.
研究领域:
毒理学
·
细胞生物学
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代谢组学
·
环境健康
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2024
·Vol. 141
·期 28
·e55621
·
IF 2.7
Mengdong Zhang,Limei Yang,Landie Xie,Xiaoqiu Wen,Min Zhang,Lin Ma
Nanoformulation was an important strategy to reduce the use of pesticides and the impacts on the environment. However, complex process and high cost hurdled the application in agriculture. In this work, sodium lignosulfonate (SL) and cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) were combined into nanoparticles and utilized as carriers for emamectin benzoate (EB), using a one-pot method at mild conditions. The structure of nanoparticle was investigated by dynamic light scattering, ζ-potential measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, and related to the loading and release properties. The mass ratio of SL and CTAC had great impacts on the structure of nanoparticle. The release of EB from SL-CTAC nanoparticles was pH-triggered. The retarding efficacy was enhanced in the medium of higher pH, due to the increased interaction between the EB and carrier. The incorporation into the nanoparticles greatly increased the insecticidal toxicity of EB. The median lethal concentration, against Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae , of typical nanoformulation was 55% and 63% of that of conventional formulation emulsifiable concentrates after feeding for 24 and 48 h, respectively. The results indicated SL-CTAC nanoparticles were good candidates of nanovehicles with high efficiency and low-cost, which was of great significance to prompt the nanopesticides from laboratory investigation to agricultural application.
研究领域:
农业科学
·
环境科学
·
农药学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2024
·
IF 13.3
Yuanchan Yu,Fangxiang Song,Maofa Yang,Shuang Tian,Xiangyu Ji,Xiaofei Yu,Jianfeng Liu,Feng Zhu,Yan Li
The utilization of highly efficient and ecofriendly stimulus-responsive delivery systems for pesticides represents a powerful strategy for enhancing their efficacy and environmental safety. In this study, the application of emamectin benzoate (EB)-loaded amino-functionalized rough mesoporous silica (KMSNs)@poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid) (PMA) composites (KMSNs@PMA@EB, 6.52 % loading capacity for EB) to control efficacy for Spodoptera frugiperda was investigated in detail. The results showed that, KMSNs@PMA@EB rapidly released EB under acidic and high-temperature conditions. compared with EB and commercial formulations, a solution of KMSNs@PMA@EB with the agricultural organosilicon additive exhibited excellent wetting. Compared with MSNs, KMSNs@PMA significantly enhanced the effective deposition. Moreover, the photostability of KMSNs@PMA@EB was improved by 1.87-fold and 2.25-fold compared to EB and an EB suspension concentrate (EB SC). S. frugiperda larvae preferred corn leaves with low concentrations (0.125 mg/L) of KMSNs@PMA@EB than EB-treated. Bioassays revealed that KMSNs@PMA@EB maintained > 37 % control efficiency after 21 d of spraying, KMSNs@PMA@EB exhibited significantly greater insecticidal activity and persistence against S. frugiperda than commercial formulations. After 21 days of application, the final deposition rates of KMSNs@PMA@EB were lower than the maximum residual limit of EB, spraying KMSNs@PMA@EB has a lower impact on corn plants. Furthermore, biological safety assessments confirmed that KMSNs@PMA@EB did not affect the maize seed germination and growth and posed a low risk to Microplitis manilae . Those results highlight that the advantages of KMSNs@PMA@EB nanoparticles multidimensional enhancement of pesticide efficacy, persistence, and safety to parasitic wasps and has great potential to be used in pest control combining parasitoid and nanopesticides.
研究领域:
农业科学
·
纳米技术
·
害虫管理
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 4
Hao Wu,Tong Xu,Naixi Yang,Shiwen Xu
Microplastics (MPs) and Emamectin Benzoate (EMB) were identified as hazardous environmental pollutants, frequently coexisting in aquatic ecosystems, posing potential risk in the immune system of human and animal. However, the hazards of concurrent exposed to MPs and EMB on the carp spleen, and the specific mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we employed MPs and EMB-exposed carp models, and cultured splenocytes in vitro, to demonstrate that PPARα signals suppression underlay MPs and EMB-induced carp spleen injury, based on transcriptomics and lipomics analysis. This suppression exacerbated the buildup of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and promoted ACSL4 expression, resulting in increased lipid peroxidation. Further studies found that the accumulation of lipid peroxides predominantly occurred in the mitochondria, which evoked mitochondrial homeostasis imbalance and compromised mitochondrial function, thereby initiating ferroptosis. Additionally, enhancing PPARα signaling, inhibiting ACSL4, or scavenging mitochondrial ROS was favor of mitigating accumulation of lipid peroxides, reducing mitochondrial damage and inhibiting ferroptosis. Notably, MPs and EMB co-exposure caused more severe damage than single exposure. These findings uncovered a potential mechanism, involving PPARα signaling inhibition by MPs and EMB co-exposure, which evoked lipid remodeling and increased ACSL4, to drive ferroptosis and carp splenic injury. This study highlighted the potential hazards to the aquaculture environments where co-exposure of MPs and EMB and provided reference for environmental toxicology research and the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry.
研究领域:
环境毒理学
·
水产养殖学
·
分子生物学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE
·
2026
·Vol. 49
·期 5
·e70448
·
IF 3.6
Tao Pei,Xueyun Wang,Jiye Hu
To control thrips in eggplant cultivation, a new pesticide formulation (9% emamectin benzoate·spinetoram microemulsion) is under registration in China. However, the residues of emamectin benzoate (EMB), spinetoram, and prime metabolites of spinetoram in eggplant remained unclear. In this study, field trials were performed in accordance with good agricultural practice across eight provinces of China. The pesticide formulation was sprayed once at 13.5 g a.i./ha, and the recommended pre-harvest interval was 7 days. For the simultaneous determination of EMB, spinetoram, and its metabolites in eggplant, a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated. The combination of 25 mg of primary-secondary amine, 25 mg of Nano-ZrO 2 , and 5 mg of multi-walled carbon nanotubes was applied to purify the eggplant extracts. Method validation demonstrated excellent linearity ( r ≥ 0.9991), acceptable accuracy with recoveries of 82.7%–102.6%, precision (relative standard deviations ≤7.7%), sensitivity (limits of detection, 6.59 × 10 −5 –3.06 × 10 −3 ng; limits of quantification, 0.0025–0.01 mg/kg), and matrix effects (≤25.2%). When harvested after the recommended 7-day interval, the residues of EMB (<0.01 mg/kg) and spinetoram (≤0.025 mg/kg) in eggplant were lower than the maximum residue limits in China. The residues of metabolites N- formyl-XDE-175-J and N- demethyl-XDE-175-J in eggplant were lower than the limits of quantification (0.01 mg/kg). This study offers recommendations for the effective use of this pesticide formulation on eggplant.
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
WATER RESEARCH
·
2024
·
IF 11.4
Xu Shi,Tong Xu,Meichen Gao,Yanju Bi,Jiaqi Wang,Yilin Yin,Shiwen Xu
Pesticides and plastics bring convenience to agriculture and life, but also bring residual pollution in the environment. Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is the most popular pesticide at present. The harm of microplastics (MPs) to water and aquatic organisms is gradually increasing, and the possibility that it appears synchronously with various pesticides increases. However, the damage of EMB and MPs to the carp midgut and its mechanism have not been clarified. Therefore, based on the EMB or/and MPs exposure models, this study explored the mechanism of midgut injury through transcriptomics, immunofluorescence, western blot methods, and so on. Studies in vivo and in vitro showed that EMB or MPs exposure caused cilia shortening, lysosome damage, and ROS overproduction, which led to Fe 2+ content increase, GSH/GSSG system disorder, lipid peroxidation, and ferroptosis. This process further led to the down-regulation of Cx43, Occludin, Claudin, and ZO-1, which further caused barrier damage, immune-related genes (immunoglobulin, IFN-γ) decrease and inflammation-related genes (TNF-α, IL-1β) increase. Combined exposure was more significant than that of single exposure, and the addition of EN6 and NAC proved that lysosome/ROS/ferroptosis regulated these midgut damages. In conclusion, EMB or/and MPs exposure induce tight junction disorder, immune disorder and inflammation in carp midgut through the lysosome/ROS/ferroptosis pathway.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
水生毒理学
·
分子生物学
·
免疫学
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2025
·
IF 6.2
Wenying Sun,Jing Liu,Xu Shi,Yanju Bi,Huanyi Liu,Tong Xu
Pesticides and plastics have brought convenience to agricultural production and daily life, but they have also led to environmental pollution through residual chemicals. Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is among the most widely used insecticides, which can cause environmental pollution and harm the health of organisms. Additionally, microplastics (MPs), a relatively new type of pollutant, not only are increasing in residual amounts within water bodies and aquatic organisms but also exacerbate pollution by adsorbing other pollutants, leading to a mixed pollution scenario. Nevertheless, the toxicity and mechanism of EMB and MPs on common carp skeletal muscle have not been elucidated. Therefore, we established exposure models for EMB and MPs, and methods such as hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunofluorescence staining, JC-1 staining, and western blotting were employed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of skeletal muscle damage. The results of in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that exposure to EMB or MPs led to oxidative stress, which in turn caused mitochondrial fusion/fission imbalance (with decreased Mfn1, Mfn2, and OPA1 and increased DRP1), reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased ATP content, reduced protein synthesis, and increased degradation, ultimately resulting in skeletal muscle atrophy. Joint exposure caused more severe damage than single exposure, and the addition of NAC can effectively alleviate skeletal muscle atrophy. In summary, exposure to EMB and/or MPs induced excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, giving rise to mitochondrial dysfunction and an imbalance in skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation, ultimately resulting in skeletal muscle atrophy in common carp.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
毒理学
·
水产养殖学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2025
·
IF 9.8
Hui Pan,Meng Jin,Fang Zhang,Xuelei Chen,Mengping Zhang,Haiyan Wei,Xiao Meng,Wenwen Chen,Zhihu Zhang,Cuijuan Wang
Health concerns over mixed pesticide residues highlight the need for rapid detection methods. This study developed a multifunctional point-of-use (POU) sensor that integrates separation, enrichment, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) using high-index Au trisoctahedrons (TOHs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) on polyamide 6 (PA-6) film. The Au TOHs with sharp tips and high index facets offer excellent SERS performance, while MOFs facilitate analyte enrichment and separation. The flexible PA-6 film was used as an absorbent for the initial adsorption. Using the AuTOHs@ZIF-67/PA-6, we achieved on-site detection of chlorfenapyr (CFP) and emamectin benzoate (EB) in 5 min without pre-treatment, significantly faster than traditional methods. Detection limits were 0.68 ppb for CFP and 0.26 ppb for EB on cucumber surfaces, and 0.13 ppb and 0.95 ppb, respectively, in cucumber juice, well below tolerance levels. This method shows great promise for detecting pesticide mixtures in non-laboratory settings, offering a new POU alternative.
研究领域:
分析化学
·
环境科学
·
食品科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）