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MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL · 2026 · IF 5.2

Exploring the proton-anion synergism in boosting SERS performance for tobramycin: from mechanism to sensitive detection

Longyuxuan Hu,Jiaxuan Xie,Yaqian Cai,Tuozhi wang,Hao Lin,Yongxing Zheng,Qin Zhang,Yongliang Zhou,Jian-Zhang Zhou,De-Yin Wu

A Proton-Anion Synergism (PAS) creates three-dimensional H-bonded hotspots on AgNPs for SERS. • The PAS strategy achieves enhancement factor of 1.7 × 10 6 for tobramycin. • Ultra-low limit of detection of 8.03 × 10 −11 M is achieved. • The assay enables rapid milk testing with 88.17–106.03% recoveries. A novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) strategy based on a Proton-Anion Synergism (PAS) mechanism is proposed for the rapid and sensitive detection of tobramycin (TOB). In this mechanism, H + from HNO₃ protonates the amino groups of TOB to form NH₃ + , while NO₃ − acts as a hydrogen-bond acceptor, establishing N H···O interactions with the protonated TOB. This synergistic effect induces the formation of a dense three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network on AgNPs, generating abundant SERS hot spots and strong signal amplification. The SERS intensity at 1024 cm −1 showed a good linear relationship with the logarithm of TOB concentration over the range of 10 −9 to 10 −5 M (R 2  = 0.986), with a limit of detection of 8.03 × 10 −11 M and an enhancement factor of 1.7 × 10 6 . The method exhibited excellent selectivity for TOB over other common antibiotics and good reproducibility (RSD = 4.05%). Recovery tests in spiked milk samples ranged from 88.17% to 106.03%. This PAS-based SERS platform is simple, cost-effective, and rapid, showing great potential for detecting TOB and other aminoglycoside antibiotics in real-world samples. Download: Download high-res image (203KB) Download: Download full-size image

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ACS Nano · 2022 · IF 18.027

Bacterial Growth-Induced Tobramycin Smart Release Self-Healing Hydrogel for Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Infected Burn Wound Healing

Ying Huang,Lei Mu,Xin Zhao,Yong Han,Baolin Guo

Burns are a common health problem worldwide and are highly susceptible to bacterial infections that are difficult to handle with ordinary wound dressings. Therefore, burn wound repair is extremely challenging in clinical practice. Herein, a series of self-healing hydrogels (QCS/OD/TOB/PPY@PDA) with good electrical conductivity and antioxidant activity were prepared on the basis of quaternized chitosan (QCS), oxidized dextran (OD), tobramycin (TOB), and polydopamine-coated polypyrrole nanowires (PPY@PDA NWs). These Schiff base cross-links between the aminoglycoside antibiotic TOB and OD enable TOB to be slowly released and responsive to pH. Interestingly, the acidic substances during the bacteria growth process can induce the on-demand release of TOB, avoiding the abuse of antibiotics. The antibacterial results showed that the QCS/OD/TOB/PPY@PDA9 hydrogel could kill high concentrations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli in a short time and showed a bactericidal effect for up to 11 days in an agar plate diffusion experiment, while showing good in vivo antibacterial activity. Excellent and long-lasting antibacterial properties make it suitable for severely infected wounds. Furthermore, the incorporation of PPY@PDA endowed the hydrogel with near-infrared (NIR) irradiation assisted bactericidal activity of drug-resistant bacteria, conductivity, and antioxidant activity. Most importantly, in the PA-infected burn wound model, the QCS/OD/TOB/PPY@PDA9 hydrogel more effectively controlled wound inflammation levels and promoted collagen deposition, vascular generation, and earlier wound closure compared to Tegaderm dressings. Therefore, the TOB smart release hydrogels with on-demand delivery are extremely advantageous for bacterial-infected burn wound healing.

研究领域: 材料科学 · 生物医学工程 · 药学 · 伤口护理 · 抗菌治疗
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CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS · 2022 · IF 10.723

Solid phase synthesis of oxidized sodium alginate-tobramycin conjugate and its application for infected wound healing

Limei Liang,Tao Liu,Qianqian Ouyang,Sidong Li,Chengpeng Li

Although sodium alginate possesses excellent biocompatibility, moisture retention and easy availability, it cannot be directly applied for infected wound treatment. Herein, a solid phase synthesis strategy was proposed to fabricate oxidized sodium alginate-tobramycin conjugate (OSA-TOB) for anti-infection dressing development. 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra indicated that the oxidization process does not change the ratio of β-D-mannuronic acid (M) / α-L-guluronic acid (G) in OSA and the oxidization reaction shows no stereoselectivity . Elemental analysis disclosed that the graft ratio of tobramycin in OSA-TOB is 13.8 %. Antibacterial test indicated that OSA-TOB can effectively inhibit four prevalent pathogenic bacterial S.epidermidis , P. aeruginosa , S. aureus and E. coli via a different antibacterial mechanism compared to the original TOB. Hemolysis and cytotoxicity assays shown that OSA-TOB have superior hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility. Infected wound healing assay shown that the healing rate of OSA-TOB is the highest. Further analysis indicated that OSA-TOB can reduce the local inflammatory response, accelerate the form of epithelium and collagen deposition. In conclusions, OSA-TOB synthesized in solid phase can be potentially applied as a promising anti-infection wound dressing.

CAS / MDL: 67-68-5 298-93-1
研究领域: 药学 · 材料科学 · 生物医学工程
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Gels · 2023 ·Vol. 9 ·期 3 ·219 · IF 4.6

The Development of a Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel Encapsulating Tobramycin-Loaded Gelatine Microspheres as an Antibacterial System

Mingsheng Shi,Yongmeng Xu,Shuai Li,Lifeng Wang,Junyao Gu,Yi-Xuan Zhang

Bacterial infection contributes to the bioburden of wounds, which is an essential factor in determining whether a wound can heal. Wound dressings with antibacterial properties that can promote wound-healing are highly desired for the treatment of chronic wound infections. Herein, we fabricated a simple polysaccharide-based hydrogel dressing encapsulating tobramycin-loaded gelatine microspheres with good antibacterial activity and biocompatibility. We first synthesised long-chain quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) by the reaction of tertiary amines with epichlorohydrin. The amino groups of carboxymethyl chitosan were then conjugated with QAS through the ring-opening reaction and QAS-modified chitosan (CMCS) was obtained. The antibacterial analysis showed that both QAS and CMCS could kill E. coli and S. aureus at relatively low concentrations. QAS with 16 carbon atoms has a MIC of 16 μg/mL forE. coliand 2 μg/mL forS. aureus. A series of formulations of tobramycin-loaded gelatine microspheres (TOB-G) were generated and the best formulation was selected by comparing the characters of the microspheres. The microsphere fabricated by 0.1 mL GTA was selected as the optimal candidate. We then used CMCS, TOB-G, and sodium alginate (SA) to prepare physically crosslinking hydrogels using CaCl2and investigated the mechanical properties, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility of the hydrogels. In summary, the hydrogel dressing we produced can be used as an ideal alternative for the management of bacteria-infected wounds.Keywords:wound infection;quaternary ammonium salts;chitosan;alginate;tobramycin

研究领域: 生物材料学 · 药剂学
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NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY · 2025 · IF 2.5

Smartphone-assisted colorimetric detection of tobramycin based on dual-split aptamer remodeling-initiated target-hybridization chain reaction

Mei Li,Shuanglong Ying,Qian Song,Qingyou Cai

The extensively used tobramycin (TOB) impacts human health and ecological environment. We proposed a smartphone-assisted RGB-dependent method for colorimetrically detecting TOB using dual split aptamer-initiated target hybridization chain reaction (HCR). Four DNA sequences: Sp-a, Sp-b, hairpin H1, and H2 were designed. Sp-a and Sp-b contained one split aptamer sequence and one split trigger sequence, respectively, which specifically bound to target TOB, forming a ternary complex, bringing close the two split triggers. This initiated a trigger-H1 reaction, opening H1, hybridizing with H2, and opening H2. This alternating H1/H2 opening initiated HCR amplification, forming a long double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) structure not binding to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), causing the unprotected AuNPs and color change. As TOB concentration increased, the system's color shifted from wine to blue, sensitively detecting TOB via colorimetry. Its detection linear ranges for UV-Vis spectrometer and smartphone-based sensing platform were 10 pg/mL-150 ng/mL and 10 pg/mL-150 ng/mL, with LODs being 2.49 pg/mL and 18.52 pg/mL. This high-specificity, high-practicability method showed good recovery rates in actual milk and lake water samples, providing a new on-site and visual TOB detection approach.

CAS / MDL: 16961-25-4 68-04-2
研究领域: 分析化学 · 生物传感器 · 环境监测 · 纳米技术 · 食品安全
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FOOD CHEMISTRY · 2018 · IF 4.946

Colorimetric aptasensors for determination of tobramycin in milk and chicken eggs based on DNA and gold nanoparticles

Qiang Ma,Yuxian Wang,Jie Jia,Yuhong Xiang

Colorimetric aptasensors were designed for detection of tobramycin (TOB) based on unmodified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and single-strand DNA (ssDNA). In the absence of TOB, the DNA aptamer was coated on the surface of AuNPs to keep it against salt-induced aggregation. In the presence of TOB, aptamer will bind with TOB and detach from the surface of AuNPs because of higher affinities between aptamer and TOB. Then less protection of DNA may result in the aggregation of AuNPs by salt and an apparent color change from red to purple-blue. The developed aptasensors showed a high selectivity and sensitivity for TOB detection. The linearity range and the detection limit were 40–200 nM and 23.3 nM respectively. The validity of the procedure and applicability of aptasensors were successfully used to detect TOB in milk and chicken eggs, and the results were excellent in accord with the values obtained by spectrofluorimetric detection.

研究领域: 分析化学 · 纳米技术 · 食品科学
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Biomedical Materials · 2024 ·Vol. 19 ·期 4 ·045030 · IF 3.9

Development of a tobramycin-loaded calcium alginate microsphere/chitosan composite sponge with antibacterial effects as a wound dressing

Ruixia Ma,Xingyan Shi,Xiaoyan Wang,Chenchen Si,Yuwei Gong,Wei Jian,Chen Zhou,Hui Yang,Lihua Xu,Hualin Zhang

Traditional dressings exhibit several disadvantages, as they frequently lead to bacterial infections, cause severe tissue adhesion and perform a relatively single function. Therefore, in this study, a composite sponge dressing with antibacterial properties and excellent physicochemical properties was developed. Six groups of tobramycin-loaded calcium alginate microspheres were prepared by changing the amount of tobramycin added, and the optimal group was selected. Then, seven groups of tobramycin-loaded calcium alginate microsphere/chitosan composite sponges were fabricated via a solvent blending process and a freeze-drying method. The surface morphology, physicochemical properties, in vitro degradation properties, in vitro drug release properties, antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity of the composite sponges were examined. Group 3.0 contained the best microspheres with the largest drug loading capacity, good swelling performance and cumulative drug release rate, obvious and sustained antibacterial activity, and good cytocompatibility. The tobramycin-loaded calcium alginate microsphere/chitosan composite sponges exhibited three-dimensional porous structures, and their porosity, swelling rate, water absorption and water retention rates and water vapor transmission rate met the standards needed for an ideal dressing. The comprehensive performance of the sponge was best when 20 mg of drug-loaded microspheres was added (i.e. group 20). The cumulative drug release rate of the sponge was 29.67 ± 4.14% at 7 d, the diameters of the inhibition zones against the three bacteria were greater than 15 mm, and L929 cell proliferation was promoted. These results demonstrated that the tobramycin-loaded calcium alginate microsphere/chitosan composite sponge with 20 mg of tobramycin-loaded microspheres shows promise as a dressing for infected wounds.

CAS / MDL: 9012-76-4
研究领域: 药学 · 材料科学 · 生物医学工程 · 伤口护理
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ANALYST · 2026 · IF 3.6

Simultaneous Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Tyloxapol in Tobramycin Eye Drops by LC-Q-TOF and HPLC-ELSD

Shengjun Che,Chen Liang,Min Yan,Xiaoru Zhang,Wenfeng Zheng

This study employed a reverse engineering approach to evaluate and estimate the key excipients in the Reference Listed Drug (RLD), thereby supporting the development of cost-effective generic pharmaceutical products. By combining Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (LC-Q-TOF) with high-performance liquid chromatography–evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC–ELSD), both qualitative and quantitative analysis of tyloxapol in the formulation was achieved. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that the tyloxapol reference standard, tobramycin eye drops, and excipient tyloxapol 03 exhibited essentially consistent retention times,charge states, m/z ratios, and molecular weight distributions. The spectral characteristics of excipient tyloxapol 01 and excipient tyloxapol 02 were essentially consistent, as reflected in their retention times and three sets of mutually matched characteristic mass spectral peaks. Based on these qualitative results, a quantitative HPLC-ELSD method using a TSKgel G2000SWXL column was established for the content analysis of tyloxapol. Methodology validation demonstrated that the method exhibits a strong linear relationship within the concentration range of 243.9-731.7 µg/mL (R2=0.999), with favorable accuracy (recovery rate 99%-106%), precision (repeatability RSD ≤ 2.2%, intermediate precision RSD ≤ 1.6%), specificity, and solution stability. The combination of Q-TOF MS and HPLC-ELSD can be applied for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of excipients in pharmaceutical formulations, supporting the reverse engineering process in generic drug development.

CAS / MDL: 631-61-8 64-18-6
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Analytical Methods · 2024 · IF 2.7

Electrochemical aptamer sensor based on AgNPs@PDANSs and “sandwich” structure guidance for the detection of tobramycin in water samples

Ke Zhao,Xinyue Ma,Meng Wang,Zhengquan Qu,Hongxia Chen,Baoshan He,Hanyu Chen,Baozhong Zhang

In this study, an ultrasensitive detection platform for tobramycin (TOB) was developed, featuring a “sandwich” structure guided by AgNCs@PDANSs and Thi-AuNCs@ZnONSs. To address the issue of large background current peak signals in tagless sensors, Thi-AuNCs@ZnONSs composites were synthesized as signal tags. Zinc oxide nanosheets (ZnONSs) served as the loading agent, and AuNCs with the electroactive molecule Thi acted as carriers. Furthermore, AgNPs@PDANSs nanocomposites, possessing excellent electrical conductivity and large specific surface areas, were prepared as substrate materials for the modified electrodes. A “sandwich” structure strategy was also introduced to enhance the accuracy of the electrochemical aptasensor. This strategy, utilizing a dual sequence for target labeling and capture, yielded higher sensitivity and simplified the sensor construction compared to methods employing a single sequence. Under optimal conditions, the detection limit for TOB was established at 1.41 pM, with a detection range of 0.05–5000 nM. The aptasensor was effectively applied in the detection of TOB in tap and lake water, demonstrating outstanding reproducibility, selectivity, and stability. These results may serve as a reference for environmental TOB detection.

CAS / MDL: 7647-01-0
研究领域: 分析化学 · 环境科学 · 纳米技术 · 生物技术
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL · 2026 · IF 12.5

Dual-signal-amplified nanopore sensor based on a DNA Walker enables simultaneous and ultrasensitive detection of kanamycin and tobramycin

Gengchen Hu,Shizhao Liu,Yiming Zhang,Yao Jiang,Dongmei Xi

The widespread use of aminoglycoside antibiotics has raised serious concerns regarding food safety and environmental health, necessitating advanced methods for their sensitive and multiplexed detection. However, conventional techniques struggle to directly quantify these small molecules with sufficient sensitivity and specificity. Here, we present an ultrasensitive and simultaneous sensing platform for kanamycin (KAN) and tobramycin (TOB) that synergistically merges a target-triggered DNA walker with a biological α-hemolysin (α-HL) nanopore. In this design, aptamer recognition of the antibiotic activates a DNAzyme-based walker immobilized on magnetic beads, which then processively cleaves a track strand to release hundreds of DNA reporter probes per binding event. This dual-amplification strategy of catalytic chemical amplification coupled with single-molecule physical readout enables exceptional sensitivity, achieving detection limits as low as 3.88 fM for KAN and 4.62 fM for TOB. The sensing platform exhibits excellent selectivity and successfully accomplishes the simultaneous quantification of both antibiotics in a mixture. When applied to spiked environmental water samples, the method demonstrates high accuracy and reliability, yielding satisfactory recovery rates. This work establishes a generalizable DNA walker–nanopore paradigm, offering a versatile blueprint for the development of highly sensitive, multiplexed, and rapid detection systems for a wide range of small-molecule contaminants.

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Journal of Materials Chemistry B · 2025 · IF 5.7

Treating Bacterial Keratitis during Sleep through Placing Hydrogel Beads with Sustained Tobramycin/Baicalin Delivery Capability at the Palpebra Inferior

Shiyi Song,Zhiwei Ye,Dadong Jia,Mingshuang Li,Changying Yang,Mian Qin,Kaili Wu,Jiabing Ran,Liang Liang

Simultaneously restricting bacterial proliferation while mitigating inflammatory reactions and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated corneal damage during sleep represents a crucial therapeutic strategy for managing bacterial keratitis (BK). In this study, we developed micron-scale PCBT hydrogel beads for nocturnal BK treatment by integrating two classical ophthalmic drugs: tobramycin (TOB) as the antibacterial component and baicalin (BA) as the anti-inflammatory/antioxidant agent. The formation of hydrogel beads was facilitated by the synergistic interplay between: (i) TOB solution-induced crystallization of chitosan (CS) chains and (ii) benzene-1,4-diboronic acid (1,4-BDBA) mediated ester crosslinking of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) chains. TOB and BA were encapsulated within the hydrogel beads, with BA molecules grafted onto PVA chains via reversible phenylboronic acid ester bonds. When applied to the inferior palpebra, mechanical friction easily transformed the beads into a smooth/soft paste that sustainedly released therapeutic concentrations of TOB and BA for over 24 hours in simulated BK microenvironments. Inhibition zone assays, macrophage (Mφ) polarization analysis, and ROS scavenging tests collectively demonstrated the simultaneous antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of the hydrogel beads. A Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infected cornea model in rabbits was employed to assess the clinical therapeutic potential of the hydrogel beads against BK during the sleep phase. The results of visual scoring, H&E staining, Masson staining, etc. indicated that the PCBT hydrogel beads exhibited superior therapeutic efficacy compared to conventional commercial eye drops, highlighting their promising application for BK treatment during nocturnal periods.

CAS / MDL: 4612-26-4
研究领域: 眼科学 · 药物递送系统 · 生物材料 · 纳米医学 · 感染性疾病
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Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications · 2018 · IF 5.08

Novel pH-responsive tobramycin-embedded micelles in nanostructured multilayer-coatings of chitosan/heparin with efficient and sustained antibacterial properties

Wenhao Zhou,Zhaojun Jia,Pan Xiong,Jianglong Yan,Ming Li,Yan Cheng,Yufeng Zheng

To endow orthopaedic implants with satisfactory antibacterial properties, the design and development of antibiotic coating on the surface of implants is highly desired. In this work a novel and facile strategy was developed to form pH-responsive layer-by-layer (LbL) films implanted with polymeric micelles as nano-vehicles loaded with charge-weak antibiotic drugs, enabling high drug loading efficiency. Negatively charged tobramycin (Tob)-embeded heparin miscells (HET) and positively charged chitosan (CHT) were exploited as a pH-responsive LBL multilayer building block, respectively. The formation mechanism and pH-stimulated release behavior of the Tob-contained heparin micelles were studied. The characterization on the morphologies, chemical compositions and hydrophilicity of the modified surface confirmed the successuful deposition of the Tob-loaded CHT/HET multilayers coatings on the polydopamine-modified Ti surface. The drug release profiles displayed fast release at pH 7.4 and slow release after exposure to weakly acidic environments. Antibacterial tests indicated that the Tob-embed CHT/HET nanostructured multilayers not only strongly inhibited initial bacterial adhesion, but also disruptted biofilm formation. Particularly, this functional coatings showed “long-term antibacterial” pattern in acid condition. Meanwhile, MC3T3 cells showed acceptable adhesion, spread and proliferation on the multilayer coatings in cytocompatible studies. In a word, these multilayer coatings incorporated with a wide variety of antibiotics show promisiong applications in preventing postoperative infection and resolving unmet clinical need.

研究领域: 生物医学工程 · 材料科学 · 药物递送系统
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