CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
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2026
·
IF 13.2
Xinyi Yan,Wei Zhao,Liuping Jin,Yiyao Xi,Yonghao Ni
Vitrimers, a class of polymers featuring dynamic covalent-bond networks, have garnered significant interest over the past decade owing to their potential to advance polymer materials. Since their discovery in 2011, extensive research has focused on developing different chemistries to synthesize diverse vitrimers, as well as on investigating vitrimers' mechanical properties and reprocessabilities. However, the exploration of vitrimers' inherent functionality offered by their unique molecular structures for advanced applications remains comparatively underexplored. In this work, we report the first synthesis of a novel class of vitrimer hybrids—lychee-like core-shell poly(hydroxyurethane) (PHU)@polyaniline (PANI) microspheres embedded within cellulose fabric—via a tandem in situ polymerization approach and investigate their applications in moisture-enabled electric generation. The resulting materials can harvest energy from diverse water sources, including deionized water, tap water, lake water, and seawater, outperforming most polymers and polymer composites reported in the literature. This work not only reports the synthesis of a new kind of vitrimer hybrids but also pioneers their advanced application in moisture-electric generation, highlighting their potential for green energy harvesting from water.
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高影响因子
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
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2024
·
IF 8.3
Hongkun Yang,Dong Wang
We used atomic force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) and nanomechanical mapping (AFM-NM) to image the surface of a vitrimer, specifically dicarboxylic acid-cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), to assess the curing process of a surface layer and compared this to the process in the bulk. We identified the β-hydroxy esters with various functionalities that are the key to form the cross-links for a system, including difunctional DGEBA and carboxylic acids. The IR peaks of the carbonyl group in generated ester groups are distinguished clearly from those in acids, allowing us to quantitatively assess the curing process at the surface and in the bulk. The initial curing at the surface exhibits a gradual cross-linking and is found to be lower than a rapid cross-linking in the bulk due to a relatively lower concentration of the β-hydroxy esters with high functionalities. This curing process leads to a smaller chemically and mechanically heterogeneous nanostructure at the surface relative to the bulk. After multiple reprocessings, a substantial number of esters lacking dynamic exchange capability form in the bulk, which decrease the flowability and reprocessability of the vitrimers and therefore the mechanical properties.
研究领域:
高分子化学
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材料科学
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纳米技术
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表面科学
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高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
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2025
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IF 7.4
Daquan Wang,Zuoliang Zhang,Xin Xu,Yao Qiu,Gang Chang,Kaiyun Yuan,Ruqing Xu,Lingjie Meng
The widespread application of epoxy resins in thermosetting materials is limited by inadequate flame retardancy and recyclability. This study reports the synthesis of a bio-based, hexafunctional star-shaped epoxy cyclotriphosphazene (NEP) via nucleophilic substitution and oxidation of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and eugenol. An intrinsically flame-retardant epoxy vitrimer (EV/NEP) was subsequently prepared, exhibiting superior mechanical properties, heat resistance, and thermal stability. Incorporation of 9 mol % NEP significantly enhanced flame retardancy, increasing the limiting oxygen index (LOI) to 26.2 % while reducing peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke release (TSR) by 24.9 % and 35.4 %, respectively. Flame retardancy mechanisms were elucidated in both solid and gas phases. Recyclability was confirmed through solvent recovery and thermal compression experiments. Dynamic ester bonds conferred excellent shape memory properties to EV/NEP. The combination of flame retardancy and recyclability makes this epoxy vitrimer a promising candidate for aerospace and automotive applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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高影响因子
ACS Applied Nano Materials
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2020
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IF 0
Jinye Zhang,Zepeng Lei,Shichang Luo,Yinghua Jin,Li Qiu,Wei Zhang
A novel conductive composite consisting of polyimine vitrimer matrix and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) filler that allows bending, stretching, rehealing, and closed-loop recycling was developed. Such composites can be easily prepared by simply heating a mixed solution of the polyimine precursors and less than 10 wt % of MWCNTs. The resulting composites combine both advantages of the polyimine vitrimer (i.e., dynamic covalent bond exchange) and carbon nanotubes (i.e., electron conducting), and the as-fabricated thin films exhibit malleability, rehealability, recyclability and good electron conductivity. Impressively, the electrical conductivity of the composite could remain almost the same after bending, reshaping, rehealing, and reuse, thus making it an excellent candidate for flexible electronics. Moreover, such composites can also be fully recycled at the end of their service life, which would greatly reduce the electronic waste, manufacturing cost, and environmental impact.
研究领域:
材料科学
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电子工程
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INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
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2019
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IF 3.375
Xiling Niu,Fenfen Wang,Xiaohui Li,Rongchun Zhang,Qiang Wu,Pingchuan Sun
Vitrimers are fascinating thermoset polymers to the industry since they can be recycled and reprocessed without compromising their mechanical strength and solvent resistance. Particularly, transesterification reaction in the epoxy resin (ER) vitrimers usually requires the incorporation of a catalyst, whereas most reports only focused on investigating the catalytic effect of small molecules, such as zinc acetate (Zn(OAc)2) and triazabicyclodecene (TBD). In this work, a polymer catalyst, poly(acrylonitrile-co-zinc methacrylate) (Zn-PAM), was synthesized by the random copolymerization of zinc methacrylate and acrylonitrile, where the transesterification catalysis efficiency of Zn-PAM was systematically investigated and compared to that of Zn(OAc)2 and TBD by temperature-dependent stress relaxation experiments. It was revealed that Zn-PAM has a higher catalysis efficiency than Zn(OAc)2 and TBD under the same loading between Zn2+ and TBD. Besides, only a tiny amount of polymer catalyst is needed to efficiently catalyze the transesterification reaction while in the meantime enhance the mechanical properties of ER.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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DOI
高影响因子
CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
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2023
·Vol. 41
·期 17
·2125-2131
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IF 5.4
Yunlong Ma,Ruiyang Li,Shichang Luo,Xiran Shen,Rao Tao,Yinghua Jin,Wei Zhang,Li Qiu
Comprehensive Summary Although polyimides (PIs) have shown great potential for a broad range of applications, it remains very challenging to achieve the malleability, rehealability and recyclability for PIs and their composites targeting various applications, particularly for the rapidly emerging flexible and stretchable electronics. Herein, malleable conductive poly(imide-imine) hybrid (PIIH) vitrimer-graphene aerogel (GA) composites have been prepared, for the first time, via simple sol-gel film formation followed by heat-press. The resulting PIIH-GA composites exhibit not only the highly desired properties of thermosetting (strong mechanical strength) and thermoplastic (reprocessability) polymers, but also good conductivity enabled by the GA filler. PIIH3-GA-10 (with 10 wt% GA) showed one of the highest electrical conductivities (26.7 S/m) for PI-based composites, as well as good electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance. Moreover, the PIIH-GA films could maintain good performance during stretching and even after chemical recycling, which opens new opportunities for flexible and sustainable electronics development.
研究领域:
材料科学
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电子工程
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DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Materials Chemistry C
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2025
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IF 5.1
Jie Miao,Wenxiao Long,Jiayi Yan,Chengjia Xiong
Topology freezing transition temperature (Tv) of vitrimers is an important indicator for their applications. Tvof vitrimers could be changed by using chemical methods. Herein, a physical method is proposed to adjust and detect Tv of vitrimers based on the upper vitrimers doped with SiO2nanoparticles and the lower photonic crystals (PCs) from SiO2 nanoparticles. When the photonic coatings are heated, the upper vitrimers are changed from viscoelastic-solid state to viscoelastic-liquid state, intensities of reflection peaks of PCs are increased because light would easily penetrate the coatings. Tv of vitrimers could be decided according to great changes of intensities. When photonic coatings are synthesized at 140 °C for 6 h under 2.6 MPa, the lower PCs are kept the same, as doping amounts of SiO2 nanoparticles of the upper vitrimers are increased, Tvof photonic coatings are decreased from 90 °C to 72.5 °C. They have potential applications in adjustment and detection of Tv of other vitrimers, anti-counterfeiting and displays.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子科学
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纳米技术
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光学
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化学物理
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高影响因子
Science Advances
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2024
·Vol. 10
·期 10
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IF 11.7
Ziguang Zhao,Ziquan Cao,Zhixin Wu,Wenxin Du,Xue Meng,Huawei Chen,Yuchen Wu,Lei Jiang,Mingjie Liu
Currently, it remains challenging to balance intrinsic stiffness with programmability in most vitrimers. Simultaneously, coordinating materials with gel-like iontronic properties for intrinsic ion transmission while maintaining vitrimer programmable features remains underexplored. Here, we introduce a phase-engineering strategy to fabricate bicontinuous vitrimer heterogel (VHG) materials. Such VHGs exhibited high mechanical strength, with an elastic modulus of up to 116 MPa, a high strain performance exceeding 1000%, and a switchable stiffness ratio surpassing 5 × 103. Moreover, highly programmable reprocessing and shape memory morphing were realized owing to the ion liquid–enhanced VHG network reconfiguration. Derived from the ion transmission pathway in the ILgel, which responded to the wide-span switchable mechanics, the VHG iontronics had a unique bidirectional stiffness-gated piezoresistivity, coordinating both positive and negative piezoresistive properties. Our findings indicate that the VHG system can act as a foundational material in various promising applications, including smart sensors, soft machines, and bioelectronics.
研究领域:
材料科学
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软体机器人
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生物电子学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Small
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2025
·Vol. 21
·期 42
·e08062
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IF 12.1
Hengheng Zhao,Sai Li,Ganggang Zhang,Haoxiang Li,Liqun Zhang,Venkat Ganesan,Jun Liu
Reconciliation of the elasticity, reinforcement, and recyclability in elastomer nanocomposites (ENCs) remains challenging, primarily due to the energy losses of the friction at polymer-nanoparticle interfaces and the permanent covalent cross-linking. Here, a self-adaptive soft interface strategy is introduced, using modulus-tuned polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) as reinforcement agents and interfacial chemical cross-linking sites within a vitrimer elastomer matrix. Such a framework promotes synergistic deformation of the PNPs with the matrix chains during mechanical deformation to minimize energy dissipation. Compared to traditional inorganic filler systems, these deformable PNPs exhibit exceptional compatibility and uniform dispersion, endowing the PNPs-filled ENCs with high mechanical strength, elongation at break, toughness, and low hysteresis loss. Moreover, the dynamic covalent bonds both in the matrix and interface impart excellent reprocessability and recyclability at elevated temperature, such as maintaining 88% of the mechanical performances after ten recycling cycles. This work puts forward a high additional value approach to produce PNPs, which are compounded with elastomer matrix with covalent adaptable networks to successfully balance the long-standing irreconcilable elasticity, reinforcement, and recycling, thus opening a new avenue for the development of next generation high performance and eco-friendly ENCs.
研究领域:
高分子科学
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材料化学
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纳米复合材料
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软物质物理
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可持续材料
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力学性能调控
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PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE
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2024
·Vol. 59
·期 26
·12111-12127
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IF 3.5
Zhao Yanna,Bai Xiaowei,Zhang Yingying,Wang Yuqi,Huang Yuqing,Hou Wentong
Acylhydrazone bonds can participate in dynamic exchange reactions under acid-stimulated conditions, and disulfide bonds can participate in dynamic exchange reactions under thermally stimulated conditions. It is of great significance to prepare epoxy vitrimer that can rapidly self-repair under acid and thermal stimulation conditions. In this paper, vanillin was used as raw material, and monomer (VAN-AD) containing acylhydrazone bond was synthesized by reaction with adipic dihydrazide. Then, VAN-AD and 4-aminophenyl disulfide (SS) were cured together with glycerol triglycidyl ether to prepare an epoxy vitrimer with acylhydrazone and disulfide dual dynamic covalent bonds. Where VAN-AD provides some of the flexible chain segments and acylhydrazone bonds and SS provides the aromatic phenyl and disulfide bonds. The material was prepared in a simple process and under mild condition, and the properties of the material were optimized by changing the ratio of VAN-AD to SS. The T g of the material was 50 °C when the ratio of SS was the highest, the thermal stability was enhanced with the increase of the ratio of SS, and the maximum tensile strength up to 50.9 MPa, and the material can be completely degraded by DMF with 5% HCl. It is worth noting that the material shows rapid self-healing properties under acid-heat conditions, self-healing rates up to 97.37%, and the tensile strength can reach 26 MPa after repair. The material can be successfully remodeled by hot pressing for 1 h at 140 °C and 10 MPa. Graphical abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
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2024
·Vol. 141
·期 48
·e56281
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IF 2.7
Yanna Zhao,Yingying Zhang,Xiaowei Bai,Yuqi Wang,Yiqing Li,Shuai Yang
Polyimide materials with high mechanical strength are widely used in various fields, but pose certain challenges in achieving sustainable material utilization. A poly(imide-imide) vitrimer material (ADTA) based on multiple dynamic covalent bonds (imide, imine, and disulfide bonds) was constructed by preparing vanillin difunctionalized derivatives (DVA) for aldolamine condensation reactions with bis-amine monomers (ATFA) and tris(2-aminoethyl) amines (TAEA) with imide structures. The ADTA material has good 5% thermal stability T d 5% (278.87°C), high energy storage modulus E (2421.26 MPa), and fast relaxation time (36.39 s). The thermal stability and mechanical properties of the material are enhanced by the more stable alicyclic structure of the imide structure. The material also demonstrated excellent solvent resistance and self-healing properties. This study provides a new option for the development of sustainable utilization of polyimide materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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DOI
高影响因子
ACS Applied Electronic Materials
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2021
·
IF 3.314
Shichang Luo,Yunlong Ma,Xinlei Wei,Yinghua Jin,Li Qiu,Wei Zhang
In this work, we report a flexible conductive composite based on a graphene aerogel (GA) and polyimine vitrimer. Unlike the conventional thermosetting matrix, polyimine vitrimer enables the resulting composite to have not only good mechanical properties and chemical stability but also the capabilities of bending, stretching, rehealing, and closed-loop recycling. Notably, the three-dimensional interconnected networks of the GA filler with intrinsic porosity that can accommodate the polyimine matrix endow the composite a high electrical conductivity of 161 S/m with only 5 wt % of GA loading, which is 8–30 times higher than that of the composites containing 5 wt % commercial graphene powder (19 S/m) or multiwalled carbon nanotubes (5 S/m), thus making the polyimine–GA composite promising for flexible electronic application. Furthermore, the recyclability of such composite enables the recovery and reuse of electronic waste, thus greatly reducing the environmental impact.
研究领域:
材料科学
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纳米技术
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电气工程
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环境科学
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高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）