Microstructures
·
2026
·Vol. 6
·期 3
·N
·
IF 8.5
Xiaodong Qian,Mei Wan,Yanan Hou,Congling Shi,Lei Chen,Honglei Che,Jingyun Jing,Jian Li,Ye-Tang Pan
Microstructure manipulation represents a fundamental strategy for enhancing material properties. Herein, a new-type flame-resistant material with core-shell architecture (APP@PEI@SiO2@MXene) is prepared by iterative deposition of self-assembled monolayers, enabling microstructural control of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) via sequential coating with polyethyleneimine (PEI), SiO2, and MXene. Then the flame retardants were incorporated into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) at a loading of 15 wt.%, this meticulously designed microstructure enables the composite to exhibit significantly improved fire safety. The composite exhibits a markedly increased high-temperature char residue under both air and nitrogen atmospheres, indicating improved thermal resilience and char formation capacity. Thermal stability analysis of the material reveals that the coated APP enables TPU composites to engender a carbonaceous stratum of heightened tenacity. Cone calorimetry tests indicate that, compared with pure TPU, TPU/APP-1BL composites exhibit sharp declines of 87.90% in total heat release (THR) and 76.79% in the peak heat release rate (pHRR), with concurrent effective control of smoke/toxic gas emissions. Moreover, the flame-retardant effects of multi-layer coated APP are notably better than those of single-layer coated APP. Mechanistic studies reveal that the flame-retardant performance chiefly originates from the synergistic interplay of solid and vapor-stage pathways. This work highlights the critical role of microstructure design in the creation of high-performance fire-resistant polymers.
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Advanced Science
·
2026
·
IF 14.1
Zi-Jian Huang,Feng-Ming Li,Yi-Fan Tu,Ke-Ke Feng,Cheng-Lei Li,Shi-Cheng Tian,Yong-Shan Hu,Jing-Wei Shao,Zhen-Hua Liu
Photothermal therapy (PTT), a non-invasive tumor treatment, shows promise but is limited in solid tumors by restricted tissue penetration, thermotolerance, anti-apoptotic and immunosuppressive effects. In this study, tumor microenvironment-responsive nanoplatform VARH was constructed based on MXene. Under NIR-II laser irradiation, VARH achieves a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 44.21%. Loaded 2,2'-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane] dihydrochloride decomposes at high temperatures to generate alkyl radicals, synergizing with hydroxyl radicals from V 4+ -catalyzed endogenous H 2 O 2 decomposition, enabling chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and thermal dynamic therapy to enhance tumor cell oxidative damage. Triggered by high glutathione, VARH releases ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes to knockout heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), attenuating cellular heat resistance and promoting apoptosis. It also enhances T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity and, with free radicals, promotes tumor cell immunogenic cell death (ICD), achieving immunotherapeutic multi-effect synergy. Integrating nanotechnology with precise gene editing, this study develops a novel multimodal synergistic therapy system, providing new insights for multi-modal treatment R&D and advancing PTT and free radical-based cancer therapies.
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RENEWABLE ENERGY
·
2026
·
IF 9.1
Bofeng Shang,Zhenyuan Zhang,Bin Zhang,Erjun Liang
Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) holds great potential to mitigate global freshwater scarcity. However, its practical application is hindered by the intermittency of solar irradiation, which leads to operational instability and reduced energy utilization efficiency. To solve this issue, we proposed the incorporation of photothermal composite phase change materials (CPCMs) instead of conventional photothermal material into the SDIE system. These materials store residual heat generated during irradiation and release it under low-light or dark conditions, thereby sustaining the evaporation process and improving overall energy efficiency. In this study, a three-dimensional carbon foam (CF) derived from biomass was first synthesized and infused with MXene to enhance its photothermal properties. This modified framework was subsequently impregnated with a liquid PCM under vacuum to form the CPCMs. The resulting composites exhibited a high latent heat of 241.1 J/g and achieved a photothermal conversion efficiency of 92.2%. Finally, the CPCM-based SDIE system achieve a freshwater production rate 2.4 times higher than that of conventional systems in dark conditions, along with a 13.4% increase in total water production. Therefore, the proposed strategy effectively alleviates the operational instability caused by intermittent solar radiation, enabling efficient and stable all-weather interfacial evaporation.
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Small Science
·
2026
·Vol. 6
·期 4
·e202500526
·
IF 7
Bangul Khan,Bilawal Khan,Syed Bilal Ahmed,Wasim Ullah Khan,Junchen Liao,Md. Shohidul Islam,Iyappan Gunasekaran,Rafi U Shan Ahmad,Mohamed Elhousseini Hilal,Bee Luan Khoo
MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T x )-based hydrogels hold great promise for wearable bioelectronics but are limited by unstable interlayer spacing, poor mechanical resilience, and inadequate skin compatibility. An ion-driven interfacial engineering strategy is introduced that stabilizes Ti 3 C 2 T x nanosheets via Ca 2+ intercalation and Cl − electrostatic screening, expanding interlayer spacing and enabling ultrafast gelation (<5 min). The resulting Ti 3 C 2 T x −polyacrylamide hydrogel exhibits ultrastretchability (2920%), high conductivity (0.39 s m −1 ), and ≈99% cell viability, surpassing existing MXene and commercial hydrogels in terms of cytocompatibility, durability, and skin adherence. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal dynamic interlayer adaptability (6.2–8.2 Å) and ion transport mechanisms that underpin strain-adaptive sensing and stability across a temperature range of –20 to 40 °C. Integrated into wearable electrodes, the hydrogel enables high-quality electrocardiography (ECG) acquisition across diverse skin types, achieving signal-to-noise ratios of up to 27.2 dB without the need for auxiliary treatments. Coupled with a convolutional neural network–bidirectional gated recurrent unit model trained on ECG data from 17 subjects, the system delivers real-time, cuffless blood pressure estimation with MAE ± SD of 2.91 ± 3.03 mmHg (systolic blood pressure) and 2.36 ± 2.33 mmHg (diastolic blood pressure), meeting Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation and British Hypertension Society standards. This synergistic material and AI framework establishes a new paradigm for smart, long-term cardiovascular monitoring.
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JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE
·
2026
·
IF 4.4
Zhang Wenjuan,Zhang Panpan,Li Yuheng,Wang Youliang,Liu Chunli
Polyamide nanofiltration membranes have been widely used in seawater desalination and water treatment. Enhancing water permeability while sustaining high rejection in nanofiltration (NF) membranes has garnered significant research interest. In this study, we combined the MXene intermediate layer and amine monomer enrichment by one-step co-deposition strategy and then fabricated MXene-based composite nanofiltration film (MCF) via interfacial polymerization (IP). Ethylenediamine (EDA) adsorbed onto MXene surfaces via hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interactions, thereby improving MXene dispersion, enhancing interfacial bonding with the polyamide (PA) selective layer, and optimizing the composite membrane structure. MXene doping enhanced surface roughness, hydrophilicity, and electronegativity of the composite membrane, strengthening Donnan exclusion and size sieving. The optimized membrane sample has a water permeability of 103.8 L m -2 h -1 at 6 bar, rejection rate for methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR) > 99%, and a high rejection rate of metal ions (Mg 2+ , Cu 2+ , and Ca 2+ > 93%, Na + >83%). This membrane overcomes the traditional trade-off effects between water permeance and salt selectivity, achieving simultaneous improvement in water flux and rejection rate. This work is expected to provide a new way for the preparation of nanofiltration membranes with excellent performance.
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
·
2026
·
IF 7.3
Chun Yang,Zunquan Zhao,Qichen Yang,Yanjun Fang,Jingran Sun,Liqin Du,Yonghui Wang,Xiaoli Li,Nan Su,Jin Wu,Mingzhu Liu,Ying Liu,Jialei Bai
MXene-based fluorescent aptasensors detect targets through MXene-mediated adsorption of labeled aptamer probes and subsequent target-induced release of the probe signals, providing a promising programmable detection approach. However, their sensitivity is limited by the low signal output per aptamer or the incomplete quenching of the ultrabright aptamer probes by MXene. This study proposes an advanced MXene-based detection platform that addresses these challenges through material engineering and innovative sensing strategies. Polydopamine-mediated interface engineering endows monolayer MXene nanosheets (p-MXene) with excellent nanocolloidal stability and dynamic reversible internanosheet networks. While concentrated, it exhibits complete self-settling and adhesion behavior with a tendency toward spontaneous solid–liquid separation. This characteristic enhances the adhesion of the p-MXene/aptamer nanocomposites during mild centrifugal precipitation without compromising the target-induced aptasensing capability of these nanocomposites. Free from incomplete quenching concerns, the platform leverages ratio-controlled click chemistry to synthesize red fluorescence quantum dot-aptamer conjugates (RQDs@APT) for maximum signal per aptamer. The p-MXene/RQDs@APT achieves near-zero-background specific detection of aflatoxin B1 with a high signal-to-noise ratio and outstanding reproducibility. It shows a linear range of 0.90–35 μg/kg and a detection limit of 0.27 μg/kg in real food samples, while supporting visual detection. The aptasensor is easy to rapidly assemble, and each module has long-term storage stability. The azide-modified aptamer lyophilized powders can be stored and replaced separately, enabling the platform to be easily expanded to detect other targets. The platform has demonstrated satisfactory performance in detecting deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and fumonisin B1. This sensitive, robust, and universal technology shows great potential for various detection applications.
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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
·
2026
·Vol. 18
·期 30
·40660-40671
·
IF 7.8
Jin Zhao,Yao Shunyu,Sun Chang,Zhang Chunqi,Liang Licheng,Liu Yipeng,Yang Qingqing,Liang Fei
The practical deployment of magnesium-based alloys, despite their attractive hydrogen-storage capacity and economical advantage, faces critical barriers in the form of high dehydrogenation temperatures and inadequate sorption kinetics. To overcome these barriers, a two-dimensional layered La x @Ti 3 C 2 -derived catalyst was therefore developed, which exhibits high catalytic activity toward the Mg-4Ni-2Y alloy. The Mg-4Ni-2Y + 10 wt % La 0.2 @Ti 3 C 2 composite not only lowered the onset absorption/desorption temperatures to 23.3 ° C and 265.5 ° C but also enabled the composite to achieve superior sorption kinetics, absorbing 4.80 wt % H 2 in 1 min at 150 ° C and releasing 5.16 wt % H 2 in 4 min at 350 ° C. Furthermore, the apparent activation energy (E a ) was substantially reduced to 85.22 ± 2.38 kJ/mol for the composite, thereby decreasing the dehydrogenation temperature and accelerating the kinetics. Systematic analysis suggests that the catalytic enhancement is primarily associated with highly dispersed Ti 0 species, which are proposed to act as the primary active sites for hydrogen dissociation and recombination. La decoration is suggested to serve as an electronic promoter, modulating the electronic structure of Ti sites and stabilizing the interfacial environment. This synergistic Ti-La interaction facilitates hydrogen activation and interfacial transfer without altering the intrinsic Mg/MgH 2 thermodynamics, thereby significantly accelerating hydrogen sorption kinetics.
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CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS
·
2026
·
IF 17.2
Fengjuan Guo,Chunyao Ma,Yue Huang,Sitong Hang,Junwei Ma,Hongtao Gao
Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) under ambient conditions offers a sustainable alternative to the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process. However, the two canonical catalytic pathways face intrinsic limitations: the alternating mechanism suffers from high *NH 2 NH 2 desorption losses, while the distal pathway requires prohibitive activation energy for N 2 protonation. The simultaneous realization of high activity and selectivity thus remains a critical challenge. Here, we demonstrate that boron doping modulates the electronic structure of Mo 2 TiC 2 T x /MoO 2 by upshifting the d -/ p -band center toward the Fermi level, unveiling the dominant a hybrid “distal-alternating” pathway that favors the *NNHH → *NHNH 2 transition rather than the *NNHH → *N cleavage. In addition, the electron-deficient B sites weaken the binding affinity toward Lewis-acidic protons under acidic conditions, thereby effectively suppressing the competing hydrogen evolution reaction. Significant interfacial charge transfer from MoO 2 to the B@Mo 2 TiC 2 T x surface further ensures a sufficient electron supply for N 2 activation and stepwise hydrogenation. As a result, B@Mo 2 TiC 2 T x /MoO 2 delivers an impressive ammonia yield of 121.18 μg h −1 mg cat. −1 with a Faradaic efficiency of 75.94% at a mild potential of –0.2 V vs . RHE. This work unveils the mechanistic feasibility of a non-classical hybrid NRR pathway and establishes a rational strategy for designing next-generation high-efficiency nitrogen reduction electrocatalysts.
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Corrosion Communications
·
2026
·
IF 10.7
Hui Qian,Wenjie Zhao,Lichun Ren,Xin Zhang,Fang Wu,Yinghao Wu
One-dimensional (1D) carbon fiber (CF) and two-dimensional (2D) MXene, with high strength and physical barrier properties separately, are expected to simultaneously realize a synergistic reinforcing effect as strengthening fillers in epoxy resin to protect steel structures. However, synergistic reinforcement is significantly limited by the chemical compatibility and dispersing state of fillers in resin due to the chemical inertness of CF and self-stacking properties of MXene. Inspired by the chemical structure of mussel’s foot filaments, Fe 3+ -tannic acid (Fe 3+ -TA) metal-phenolic networks (MPNs) were constructed on the surface of fillers. Herein, the 1D/2D CF/MXene synergistically reinforced coating was designed with enhanced performance by simultaneously incorporating TA/Fe 3+ @CF (TCF) and TA/Fe 3+ @MXene (TMX) into the epoxy matrix. In the coating, 1D TCF could resist impact, and 2D TMX could provide barrier properties. Erosion test results indicate the T(CF+MX)/EP showed a reduction in volume loss by 13.34% and 13.28%, as well as mass loss by 2.11% and 11.59%, respectively, compared to TCF/EP and TMX/EP. The | Z | 0.01Hz of T(CF+MX)/EP stayed at 1.15 × 10 9 Ω cm 2 even following 25 d of immersion under 60 MPa alternating hydrostatic pressure (higher than that of TCF/EP and TMX/EP). This study could provide insights for multiscale fillers design to utilize synergistic reinforcement with enhanced protective performance of coatings.
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JOURNAL OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
·
2026
·Vol. 24
·期 1
·214
·
IF 15
Jin Mengying,Zhang Yahui,Liang Wei,Ao Rigele,Zhou Yuchen,Dang Wanwen,Wu Hongxu,Han Meng,Zhen Yonghuan,An Yang
Background Volumetric muscle loss (VML) leads to severe skeletal muscle dysfunction. While muscle tissue engineering offers a promising strategy, challenges persist due to insufficient neuromuscular innervation and poor reconstruction of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Conductive hydrogels can mimic the electrophysiological microenvironment and thus promote structural and functional regeneration, yet commonly used conductive materials still suffer from poor hydrophilicity, non-degradability, and potential cytotoxicity, while their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene, a class of two-dimensional nanomaterials with high conductivity and biocompatibility, shows potential for repairing electroactive tissues. In this study, we developed a novel biomimetic electroactive hydrogel by incorporating Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets into adipose-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (adECM). This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of MXene/adECM hydrogel on muscle regeneration and innervation. Results MXene/adECM hydrogel demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and conductivity. Compared to the adECM hydrogel, the incorporation of MXene promoted myogenesis, along with increased expression of Desmin, MyoD1, and Myf5. Furthermore, the MXene/adECM hydrogel at the optimal concentration increased the average neurite length by 47.29 μm ( p < 0.05) relative to the adECM group. Transcriptomic analysis combined with a neuromuscular co-culture system indicated that the MXene/adECM hydrogel promoted the formation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). The incorporation of MXene upregulated the expression of specific voltage-gated calcium channels at the motor endplate, with transcript levels of Cacna1a and Cacna1s increased to 2.1-fold and 3.1-fold, respectively. It was further observed that calcium signaling was enhanced in the MXene/adECM group, with the peak calcium signal intensity being 2.40 times that of the adECM group. In vivo rat VML model confirmed that, compared to the adECM hydrogel, the MXene/adECM hydrogel promoted an increase in regenerated muscle fiber area, reduced collagen deposition, and elevated the fluorescence intensity of CD31 and Tuj. The co-localization percentage of presynaptic and postsynaptic NMJ markers increased from 27.85 ± 8.69% to 42.21 ± 15.52%. Gait analysis showed significant improvements in print area, swing/stance ratio, and movement velocity. In the MXene/adECM group, the isometric tetanic force (ITF) upon sciatic nerve stimulation was significantly higher than that of the adECM group (0.082 ± 0.012 N vs. 0.057 ± 0.014 N, p < 0.05), approaching the level of the uninjured group. Conclusion Together, these findings demonstrate that the incorporation of MXenes into adECM provides a promising strategy that integrates microenvironmental support with endogenous electrical cues to modulate calcium influx and promote NMJ formation, offering a new paradigm for the treatment of VML. Graphical Study on the therapeutic strategy and underlying mechanism of conductive MXene/adECM hydrogel for volumetric muscle loss (VML) repair. Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets were integrated into an adipose-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (adECM) to fabricate a conductive composite hydrogel. Upon implantation, the MXene/adECM hydrogel promoted structural regeneration and reinnervation of the injured skeletal muscle. The bioactive microenvironment and endogenous electrical conductivity facilitated neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation, accompanied by enhanced calcium influx
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ACS Applied Polymer Materials
·
2026
·
IF 5.2
Wang Libin,Li Minghao,Chen Yao,Zhang Xiaomei,Hu Lupeng,Jiang Jinhua,Zhang Peihua,Fu Shaoju
Piezoelectric fabrics are urgently required by flexible
wearable
electronics applications for their advantages, such as high sensitivity,
wearer comfort, and environmental compatibility. However, existing
piezoelectric materials are often limited by poor comfort and a lack
of multifunctionality, making it difficult to reconcile sweat management
on the skin-contacting side with efficient mechanical energy harvesting.
Herein, a biodegradable poly( l -lactic acid) (PLLA) matrix
integrated with MXene and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs)
was employed to fabricate a PLLA/Mxene/HOFs self-powered nanofiber
membrane, serving as the basis for a flexible piezoelectric fabric
(PHMF) sensor with unidirectional moisture-guiding functionality.
The integration of HOFs and MXene into electrospun PLLA nanofibers
through hydrogen-bonding interactions elevated the glass transition
and melting temperatures. The PHMF sensor exhibited a tensile strength
of 5.61 MPa, and it consisted of Coolmax yarn and a hydrophobic layer
and allowed sweat to move from the inner layer near the skin to the
outer layer in 0.06 s. When sweat was applied to the inner layer,
the moisture content of the inner layer quickly increased to 650%
within 10 s before gradually decreasing to around 264%, while the
moisture content of the outer layer accumulated to 470%. The PHMF
sensor exhibited strong piezoelectric performance, with an open-circuit
voltage of 26 V measured at 3 Hz under dry conditions, response and
recovery times of 122.25 and 80.15 ms, respectively, and favorable
stability after 5000 cycles. This work demonstrates the potential
of eco-friendly and multifunctional PHMF sensors for flexible, wearable
electronics.
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REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
·
2026
·
IF 5.4
Yin Tong,Yao Gan,Na Yang,Cheng Yuan,Yuzhu Xiong
MPC hydrogels with 4.0 wt% MXene show controllable EMI SE (33–65 dB) at 2-10 mm thickness. • Bidirectional freezing creates unique “pine-tip” morphology and anisotropic EMI shielding in MPC hydrogels. • CNF enhances physical cross-linking, providing hydrogels with excellent compression, UV shielding, and sensing stability. The rapid advancement of wearable and portable medical electronic devices demands flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with excellent mechanical properties and high shielding effectiveness. Herein, we report an anisotropic MXene/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/cellulose nanofibers (CNF) (MPC) hydrogel fabricated via a simple physical cross-linking strategy combined with directional freezing technique. At an MXene loading of 4.0 wt%, the resulting MPC hydrogel achieves a tunable average EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) ranging from approximately 33 to 65 dB over a thickness of 2–10 mm. In addition, the hydrogel exhibits excellent UV shielding performance and reliable sensing stability. Interestingly, the macrostructural morphology of the MPC hydrogel resembles a “pine-tree-like” architecture, which imparts anisotropic EMI shielding properties, with the axial direction showing slightly higher shielding effectiveness than the radial direction. Furthermore, the bidirectionally freeze-cast MPC hydrogel demonstrates notably improved compressive strength, attributed to the formation of abundant physical cross-linking points between MXene and the polymer matrix, leading to a denser network structure. This study provides a new strategy for developing flexible sensors based on hydrogels featuring low filler loading and bidirectional electromagnetic shielding performance. Download: Download high-res image (176KB) Download: Download full-size image
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