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Vis/NIR Chemical Imaging Technique for Predicting Sodium Humate Contents in Aquaculture Environment

Qu Jia-Huan,Sun Da-Wen,Pu Hongbin

This study aimed to develop a visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) chemical imaging (400–1000 nm) technique to provide rapid prediction of the contents of sodium humate dissolved in aquaculture environment. Gray reference image with 5% reflectance value was first used to correct the obtained raw images in order to promote the reflectance values as compared to that with 99% reflectance for further spectral analysis. Successive projection algorithm (SPA) was introduced to extract four optimal wavelengths, which were then used for the establishment of back-propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) models. The results revealed that the BP-ANN model based on the selected four optimal wavelengths better performed ( \( {R}_C^2 \)  = 0.986, \( {R}_{CV}^2 \)  = 0.985, \( {R}_P^2 \)  = 0.993, RMSEC = 0.329 mg/L, RMSECV = 0.433, RMSEP = 0.734 mg/L) than that based on the whole 381 wavelengths ( \( {R}_C^2 \)  = 0.978, \( {R}_{CV}^2 \)  = 0.996, \( {R}_P^2 \)  = 0.977, RMSEC = 0.388 mg/L, RMSECV = 0.625, RMSEP = 0.734 mg/L). Finally, a series of chemical images were developed to clearly display the concentration distribution of the sodium humate dissolved in water, demonstrating that Vis/NIR chemical imaging technique was feasible to quantify the contents of sodium humate in the aquatic environment and could be further used for real-time monitoring the quality of aquaculture water.

Constructing Implantable SrTiO3:Yb,Ho Nanofibers for NIR-Triggered and Optically Monitored Chemotherapy

Yike Fu,Chao Fang,Zhaohui Ren,Gang Xu,Xiang Li,Gaorong Han

Light-responsive and photoluminescent (PL) drug-delivery platforms have sparked fascinating advancements in personalized tumor chemotherapy due to their unique characteristics in biological imaging and manipulated release kinetics. Herein, implantable Yb 3+ and Ho 3+ co-doped strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 :Yb,Ho) nanofibers were synthesized and decorated on the surface with polyacrylic acid (PAA) molecules. The preliminary in vitro assay confirmed that this implantable fibrous mesh presented sound cytocompatibility. The PAA surface decoration improved the loading capacity of an anticancer drug (doxorubicin (DOX)) and effectively prevented a daunting burst release in a neutral aqueous environment. Owing to the electrostatic bond between PAA and DOX molecules, low-pH microenvironments and NIR ( λ =808 nm) irradiation both induced significantly accelerated DOX release and consequently enhanced the local cancer-cell-killing effect. Additionally, the ratio of green-to-red emission ( I 545 / I 655 ) from the SrTiO 3 :Yb,Ho-PAA fibers responded effectively to the DOX release progress and dosage due to a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect. This unique characteristic enabled optical monitoring of the delivery progress in a timely manner. These SrTiO 3 :Yb,Ho-PAA nanofibers, with precise dual-triggering and optical monitoring of DOX release, are expected to serve as a new implantable drug delivery platform for personalized chemotherapy in the future. Graphical Rule with a rod : Implantable polyacrylic acid (PAA)-modified SrTiO 3 :Yb,Ho nanofibers were synthesized. Owing to electrostatic bonding between the PAA and DOX molecules (see figure), low pH and NIR ( λ =808 nm) irradiation both induced accelerated DOX release and consequently enhanced the local cancer-cell-killing effect. The ratio of green-to-red emission from the nanofibers responded effectively to the DOX release progress and enabled dosage monitoring.

Label-free tissue NIR-II autofluorescence imaging for visualization of human liver malignancy

He Haisheng,Zhu Wenwei,Miao Han,Wang Shangfeng,Du Zunguo,Zhang Hongxin,Ming Jiang,Shi Ben,Wang Hao,Qi Jianping,Fan Yong,Wu Wei,Zhao Dongyuan,Qin Lun-Xiu,Zhang Fan

Successful surgical resection of solid tumours requires highly reliable real-time intraoperative tools to accurately delineate tumour boundaries, which remains challenging in routine clinical standards. Here, we identify endogenous substances with intense autofluorescence in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1,000–1,700 nm) that are abundant in human liver tissues but negligible in cancerous tissues. Inspired by this discovery, we develop a label-free and wide-field imaging approach, named tissue autofluorescence NIR-II imaging (TANI) for visualizing human liver malignancies. TANI demonstrates exceptional contrast (7.69 ± 0.52), sensitivity (97.8%) and specificity (98.4%) in delineating various liver malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and liver metastasis from cirrhotic or non-cirrhotic livers, outperforming routine fluorescence-guided surgery and conventional autofluorescence imaging in the visible (400–650 nm) or first near-infrared (700–900 nm) window. The excellent performance of TANI remains unaffected by cancer grade/stage, benign lesions or blood/bile contamination. These findings represent a promising advance in intraoperative decision-making and suggest a strong correlation between near-infrared autofluorescence and diseases. We believe that clarifying the molecular insights underlying these autofluorescent substances may provide new diagnostic directions.

A dual-modal GSH depletion and NIR-triggered nanoplatform for cascade-amplified phototherapy

Shuang Liu,Xingyu Chen,Xiaojin Liu,Hao Zhang,Keyue Zhou,Yuting Shan,Minghui Chen,Dan Wang,Guohui Cheng

In tumor phototherapy, the intracellular antioxidant defenses, such as high concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and inefficient generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly restrict the therapeutic efficacy. In this research, we construct a dual-modal GSH depletion and near-infrared (NIR)-triggered nanoplatform (Ce6@CDP) for cascade-amplified photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). This nanoplatform featured a hollow mesoporous copper sulfide (CuS) core loaded with Ce6 and encapsulated by a disulfide bond-containing polymer (DS-ANPA-PEG). Upon tumor accumulation, the polymer DS-ANPA-PEG reacts with intracellular GSH to form highly reactive quinone methides (QMs), enabling rapid GSH depletion through alkylation. This dual GSH depletion ‌intensifies oxidative stress, potentiating Ce6-based PDT efficacy. Additionally, the CuS carrier exhibits high photothermal conversion performance (η = 39.68 %), enabling‌ PTT under 808 nm laser irradiation ‌for‌ synergistic tumor eradication. Both in vitro and in vivo studies ‌demonstrate that the PDT/PTT combination therapy ‌significantly‌ inhibits tumor growth while maintaining‌ negligible systemic toxicity. Our findings provide a rational design strategy for developing‌ tumor-microenvironment-responsive multimodal nanoplatforms.

Ultra-broadband and high-efficiency phosphors to brighten NIR-II light source applications

Bo-Mei Liu,Si-Min Gu,Lin Huang,Rong-Fu Zhou,Zhi Zhou,Chong-Geng Ma,Rui Zou,Jing Wang

Achieving phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (pc-LEDs) for portable NIR spectroscopy applications has evoked enormous demand for high-efficiency broadband NIR-II (1,000–1,700 nm) phosphors. Herein, a series of Li-alloyed (Li/Mg)O:Ni 2+ phosphors with tunable NIR-II emission is prepared. By alloying Li-ions into MgO:Ni 2+ , we break the uniform coordination environment of Ni 2+ emitters by substitutional disorder and induce many crystallographically equivalent Ni 2+ emitters. This leads to large spectral tuning in the NIR-II region with the peak position and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) varying in the 1,330–1,460 and 204–350 nm regions, respectively. Consequently, ultra-broadband (FWHM = 350 nm, 10.1 mW at 350 mA) and high-efficiency (FWHM = 204 nm, 19.7 mW at 350 mA) NIR-II pc-LEDs have been fabricated simultaneously based on the explored phosphors, and its applications are also demonstrated. We anticipate that this strategy can be used to explore other NIR phosphor systems, thus opening up new avenues for next-generation NIR spectroscopy technology.

NIR-triggered all-in-one polydopamine nanocomposite hydrogel toward synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy

Mengxia Guan,Wenlong Kan,Jiaqi Tang,Tao Chen,Chunxia Wu,Jing Xia,Dong Jiang,Shuyao Zhong,Xingwang Yang,Yan Zou,Lihua Zhou,Xuefeng Li,Dongfang Liu,Yuanyuan Zhang

An "all-in-one" polydopamine platform integrates injectable hydrogel, NIR-triggered release, and photothermal therapy for superior combinatory tumor treatment. • This dual-functional design integrates injectable gelation for tumor localization with potent NIR-triggered photothermal conversion. • This design enables on-demand drug release, powered by the synergy between NIR-triggered photothermal heating and the acidic tumor microenvironment. • The resulting hydrogel achieves superior combinatory therapy outcomes, demonstrating high efficacy for localized tumor treatment. Localized therapy is pivotal for overcoming the drawbacks of traditional chemotherapy, including systemic toxicity and inadequate intratumoral drug accumulation. The development of intelligent, biocompatible, and efficient local drug delivery system is therefore essential for precise synergistic therapy. In this study, an injectable all-in-one polydopamine (PDA) nanocomposite hydrogel triggered by near-infrared (NIR) light is reported for synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy of tumors. The system was constructed from doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles (MPDA NPs) into a hydrogel network consisting of PDA and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), and was found to exhibit excellent injectability, potent photothermal responsiveness, and high biocompatibility. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that NIR light irradiation effectively induced mild photothermal effects, which significantly enhanced both the release rate of DOX from the hydrogel and its penetration and distribution within tumor tissues. This chemo-photothermal synergistic effect effectively promoted tumor cell apoptosis and inhibited proliferation, achieving highly efficient tumor growth suppression in 4 T1 tumor-bearing mouse models. Benefiting from the localized drug retention capability of the hydrogel, the system significantly reduced the systemic toxicity of DOX while ensuring therapeutic efficacy. This study provides a promising strategy for developing efficient and low-toxicity localized tumor therapy. An injectable, NIR-triggered integrated polydopamine nanocomposite hydrogel exhibits high photothermal conversion efficiency and on-demand release capability, enabling localized and efficient tumor therapy. Download: Download high-res image (289KB) Download: Download full-size image

Aptamer Regulated NIR Carbon Dot/AuNP Fluorescence Sensing Platform for Selective Sarcosine Detection

Huang Haiyin,Zhou Shuping,Yang Mei,Xie Shenghui,Jiang Xiaohua,Yue Jiahui,Yang Haipeng

A near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence sensing platform based on NIR carbon dots (CDs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and sarcosine-specific aptamers (SA-Apt) was developed for the sensitive and selective detection of sarcosine (SA), a potential biomarker associated with prostate cancer. Nitrogen- and sulfur-co-doped NIR-CDs were synthesized via a solvothermal method using L-glutathione and formamide, while AuNPs were prepared through a classical citrate-reduction approach. The sensing mechanism is based on an aptamer-regulated inner filter effect (IFE) between NIR-CDs and aggregated AuNPs. In the absence of SA, SA-Apt adsorbs onto the AuNP surface, stabilizing the nanoparticles against salt-induced aggregation and preserving the fluorescence of the NIR-CDs. Upon target recognition, SA-Apt preferentially binds to sarcosine and detaches from the AuNP surface, triggering salt-induced aggregation of AuNPs. This aggregation produces significant spectral overlap with the NIR-CD emission band, resulting in efficient fluorescence quenching via the inner filter effect. The incorporation of NIR-CDs enhances detection sensitivity by providing strong fluorescence emission, minimal background interference, and improved photostability. Under optimized conditions, the NIR-CDs/AuNPs/SA-Apt platform exhibited a linear response to sarcosine over the range of 1–15 µM, with a correlation coefficient (R 2 ) of 0.996 and a limit of detection of 0.32 µM (S/ N  = 3). The sensing system demonstrates high selectivity, good reproducibility, and stable NIR fluorescence performance. By integrating NIR-emissive carbon dots with plasmonic aggregation and aptamer-mediated regulation, this work provides a robust non-enzymatic strategy for sarcosine detection.

Programmable Organic A2S-TT NPs for NIR-II/Photoacoustic Imaging-Enabled Precision Therapy

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by significant treatment challenges and poor prognosis. Traditional therapies such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy often suffer from limitations including insufficient therapeutic specificity, potential damage to normal tissues, and limited imaging capability. The integrated diag{Pareja, 2018 #13}nosis-treatment platform combines diagnostic and therapeutic functions, offering a novel approach for real-time tumor monitoring and precision therapy.Methods: Accordingly, this study designed and developed an integrated diagnostic and therapeutic platform called A2S-TT NPs, utilizing self-assembled nanoparticles incorporating organic conjugated molecules for precise photodynamic therapy (PDT) guided by dual modalities of Near-infrared II (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging and photoacoustic imaging (PA).Results: Under 808 nm laser excitation, A2S-TT NPs efficiently generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the tumor site, inducing mitochondrial membrane potential disruption and DNA damage to activate apoptosis. In vitro experiments demonstrated that A2S-TT NPs exhibited intense NIR-II fluorescence and photoacoustic signals, showcasing excellent dual-modal imaging potential. Moreover, it demonstrated minimal cytotoxicity in the absence of light exposure but significantly enhanced tumor cell killing under laser irradiation, demonstrating superior biosafety and photodynamic efficacy. In vivo studies further confirmed that A2S-TT NPs effectively accumulated at tumor sites, enabling visualization-based monitoring through its mediated NIR-II and PA dual-modal imaging. Additionally, A2S-TT NPs-mediated PDT exhibited remarkable tumor-suppressive effects while avoiding significant damage to normal tissues.Discussion: This study constructs a novel PA/NIR-II dual-modal imaging-guided PDT platform based on donor–acceptor conjugated polymer A2S-TT NPs for integrated TNBC theranostics. PA provides high-resolution deep-tissue imaging, while NIR-II fluorescence offers high sensitivity and deep penetration; their complementary strengths support precise tumor localization and real-time therapeutic monitoring. Under dual-modal guidance, A2S-TT NPs enrich in tumors and generate abundant ROS upon 808 nm laser irradiation to boost PDT efficacy. In vitro and in vivo biosafety tests confirm its favorable biocompatibility with minimal systemic toxicity at therapeutic doses.Conclusions: In conclusion, A2S-TT NPs achieved precise, efficient, safe, and controllable PDT through dual-mode imaging using NIR-II and PA, providing a novel strategy with clinical translation potential for the integrated diagnosis and treatment of TNBC.

NIR-Absorbing Organic Charge Transfer Complexes for Photothermal Antibacterial Therapy and Wounds Healing

Peirong Bai,Qiong Zhang,Xiaoyu Zhang,Yating Huang,Jian Gao,Binrong Zhang,Liping Li,Yating Wen,Ruiping Zhang

Bacterial infections and subsequent inflammation are major obstacles to efficient wound healing and present an increasing clinical challenge due to rising antimicrobial resistance. Recently, photothermal therapy (PTT) offers a non-antibiotic, spatiotemporally controllable strategy to eradicate pathogens. However, the development of promising photothermal agents with high NIR response, biocompatibility and facile preparation is still challenging. Here we report supramolecular assembled donor-acceptor charge-transfer complex (CTC) nanoparticles TPD-TCB (TT NPs) achieved by precise modulation of energy-level engineering between commercially available donor and acceptor molecules. CTC formation yields a narrowed effective HOMO-LUMO gap, which enables TT NPs to exhibit broad NIR absorption extending toward ∼1200 nm and a photothermal conversion efficiency of 38%. Notably, under 808 nm irradiation TT NPs achieve potent photothermal killing of Gram-positive (90.7%) and Gram-negative (94.9%) bacteria in vitro and effectively suppress infection in an in vivo wound model. Additionally, TT NPs + NIR accelerate wound closure by clearing pathogens, resolving inflammation and promoting epidermal differentiation and regeneration. This work establishes a practical and generalizable CTC-based bandgap engineering strategy for creating high-performance organic photothermal agents suitable for antibacterial therapy and wound repair.

Lithiation-Driven Phase Engineering Unlocking Broadband NIR Emission in Cr-Doped Zinc Tantalate

Xiaohong Zhang,Siyuan Lin,Changfu Xu,Haiyan Shi,Kai Li,Pan Zhou,Pengbo Lyu,Lizhong Sun

Structural phase evolution is among the most powerful tools for tuning material properties, enabling advancements in catalysis, dielectrics, optoelectronics, and photoluminescence. Such an evolution can significantly enhance the near-infrared (NIR) emission properties of Cr3+-doped phosphors. Herein, we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first observation of lithiation-induced continuous structural phase evolution in ZnTa2O6 phosphors, driven by Li+ incorporation. This evolution proceeds systematically from orthorhombic ZnTa2O6 (Pbcn) to tetragonal ZnTa2O6 (P42/mnm) and ultimately to trigonal (Li0.5Zn0.5)TaO3 (R3c) as the Li+ content increases. When doped with Cr3+, the NIR emission peak exhibits a progressive blue shift, moving from 949 to 885 nm and eventually to 862 nm, in tandem with the phase evolution. This phase evolution also yields significant enhancements in photoluminescent intensity, internal quantum yield (IQY), and photoluminescence thermal stability. Our findings establish a new paradigm for designing highly efficient ultra-broadband NIR phosphors and offer a foundation for developing tantalate-based materials with versatile functionalities, including improved dielectric properties.

High-Temperature Negative-Thermal-Quenching in Broadband NIR Light-Emitting ScF3:Cr3+ Phosphors

Yongjie Wang,Yingju Yan,Dongshuo Li,Qingzhou Bu,Guotao Xiang,Li Li,Sha Jiang,Xianju Zhou,Qilong Gao,Yaroslav Zhydachevskyy,Mikhail G. Brik,Andrzej Suchocki

Broadband near-infrared (NIR) phosphors with superior thermal stability are critical enablers of high-power NIR pc-LEDs, emerging as essential light sources for NIR spectroscopy applications. In this work, an unprecedented high-temperature negative thermal quenching (NTQ) phenomenon persisting up to 500 K is reported in Cr 3+ -activated ScF 3 phosphors, which emit broadband NIR emission in the 700–1200 nm (λ em = 850 nm, FWHM = 132 nm). The theoretical calculations employing the Exchange-Charge Model (EMC) for crystal field parameters of Cr 3+ ions in [ScF 6 ] octahedral sites remain in perfect agreement with the experimental results. Critically, Yb 3+ -codoping enables efficient Cr 3+ → Yb 3+ energy transfer, achieving substantial spectral broadening (FWHM = 254 nm) and significantly enhanced thermal stability. The temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction (XRD) and theoretical calculations reveal that anisotropic F-atom vibrations drive negative thermal expansion (NTE) in cubic ScF 3 , distorting [ScF 6 ] octahedra. It is demonstrated that synergistic electron-phonon coupling and NTE-driven structural dynamics underpin the superior thermal stability of NIR emission. These findings establish a design paradigm for new broadband NIR phosphors with outstanding thermal stability for next-generation high-power NIR pc-LED applications.

NIR Light-Triggered Degradable MoTe2 Nanosheets for Combined Photothermal and Chemotherapy of Cancer

Ning Ma,Ming-Kang Zhang,Xiao-Shuang Wang,Lu Zhang,Jun Feng,Xian-Zheng Zhang

Telluride molybdenum (MoTe 2 ) nanosheets with wide near-infrared (NIR) absorbance are functionalized with polyethylene glycol-cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid tripeptide (PEG-cRGD). After loading a chemotherapeutic drug (doxorubicin, DOX), MoTe 2 -PEG-cRGD/DOX is used for combined photothermal therapy and chemotherapy. With the high photothermal conversion efficiency, MoTe 2 -PEG-cRGD/DOX exhibits favorable cells killing ability under NIR irradiation. Owing to the cRGD-mediated specific tumor targeting, MoTe 2 -PEG-cRGD/DOX shows efficient accumulation in tumors to induce a strong tumor ablation effect. MoTe 2 -PEG-cRGD nanosheets, which are relatively stable in the circulation, could be degraded under NIR ray. The in vitro and in vivo experimental results demonstrate that this theranostic nanoagent, which could accumulate in tumors to allow photothermal imaging and combined therapy, is readily degradable in normal organs to enable rapid excretion and avoid long-term retention/toxicity, holding great potential to treat tumor effectively.