This paper presents some insight to the problem of heating of housing in Jordan. Residential space and water heating are dependent particularly upon the combustion of fossil fuels, which thereby contribute significantly to air pollution and the build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The results of a recent survey were used to evaluate the energy demand and conservation in Jordanian residential buildings. Space heating accounts for 61% of the total residential energy consumption with kerosene being the most popular fuel used, followed by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), for heating purposes. Unvented combustion appliances employed to provide space heating produce high levels of combustion by-products that often exceed acceptable concentrations, degraded indoor air quality and cause unnecessary exposure to toxic gases such as carbon monoxide. During 1999, the number of accidents in households due to the use of different energy forms accounted for about 40% of all accidents, except road accidents, in Jordan. In light of the fact that only 5% of dwellings in Jordan have been provided with wall insulation and none employ roof insulation, the overall heat transfer coefficients, and consequently heating loads, were estimated for a typical single house using different constructions for external walls. It is concluded that space heating load can be reduced by about 50%, when economically-viable insulating measures are applied to the building envelopes, i.e. to ceilings and walls. These lead to corresponding reductions in fossil fuels consumption and in emissions of air pollutants.
Chen LIANG,Bang TONG,Shi LI,Ze-sen WEI,Jin-hua SUN,Qing-song WANG
To reveal how the performance of LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 (NCM) changes as a function of transition metal (TM) composition, the effect of TM ratio on the structure, morphology, electrochemical performance and thermal behavior of different NCMs was systematically investigated. Increasing Ni content leads to higher reversible capacity but worse rate capability and cycling stability. Inhibited kinetics of Li + and poor electronic conductivity cause major capacity loss in Ni-rich NCMs. Comparison of thermal behaviors was carried out via in-situ and ex-situ micro-calorimetry. With the decrease of Ni content, the thermal stability is significantly improved. The oxygen release related to phase transitions was evaluated based on Li residuals in delithiated NCMs, which verifies that Ni-rich materials exhibit severer structural deterioration, lower onset temperature and more heat release. Comprehensive characterization identifies that LiNi 0.5 Co 0.3 Mn 0.2 O 2 strikes a well-balanced combination of electrochemical performance and safety features.
To detect furaltadone metabolite 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) in fish sample, a Eu 3+ labeling time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) was developed. The experimental conditions were optimized as follows: the AMOZA-OVA concentration was 0.25 μg mL −1 ; the antibody was diluted by 50000 folds, and the competitive reaction time was 50 min. Under the optimal conditions, the method showed a detection limit of 0.01 ng mL −1 , an IC 50 of 0.26 ng mL −1 and a linear range (IC 20 −IC 80 ) of 0.025−2.83 ng mL −1 . The spiked recoveries of AMOZ in fish at three spiked levels ranged from 78.0% to 86.0%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 15%. Good correlation between ic-TRFIA and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was obtained for spiked food samples. The proposed ic-TRFIA method was suitable for the determination of AMOZ residue in food samples.
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