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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL · 2024 · IF 13.3

Near-infrared laser induced direct ignition of 4,4′,5,5′-tetranitro-1H,1′H-[2,2′-biimidazole]-1,1′-diamine by constructing diverse crystal structures

Ping Ye,Weimiao Wang,Xiaodong Li,Zhiqiang Qiao,Yirui Lu,Bing Huang,Liangfei Bai,Liang Chen,Xiaoqing Tu,Rui Li,Guangcheng Yang,Guoqing Lv

Although laser ignition is considered to be one of the most promising ways to detonate energetic materials due to its high safety and reliability, it is still a challenge to achieve direct ignition of energetic materials by a laser with low-power and near-infrared (NIR) band. In this paper, a molecular self-assembly strategy based on recrystallization was utilized to prepare 4,4′,5,5′-tetranitro-1H,1′H-[2,2′-biimidazole]-1,1′-diamine (DATNBI) crystals with various micro-nano structures. The characterization results suggest that DATNBI crystals with different degrees of roughness and defects by the induction of solvents and surfactants. The crystal defects can not only bring about the enhancement of light absorption of DATNBI in NIR band, but also advance its thermal decomposition, providing reliable support for direct laser ignition of DATNBI profit from the hot spot ignition theory. Combined with density functional theory, it is speculated that electrons of defect states achieve electron-hole recombination by laser radiation, thereby enhancing photothermal conversion. Compared with raw DATNBI, DATNBI crystals with rough surface and abundant defects can be directly ignited by a NIR laser and exhibits self-sustainable combustion. In summary, a direct NIR laser-ignitable energetic material has been prepared via appropriate crystal structure design.

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INFLAMMATION RESEARCH · 2024 · IF 4.8

Quercetin and Kaempferol inhibit HMC-1 activation via SOCE/NFATc2 signaling and suppress hippocampal mast cell activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive mice

Su Pan,Li Zibo,Yan Xiangli,Wang Baoying,Bai Ming,Li Yucheng,Xu Erping

Objective and design Mast cells (MCs), as the fastest immune responders, play a critical role in the progression of neuroinflammation-related diseases, especially in depression. Quercetin (Que) and kaempferol (Kae), as two major diet-derived flavonoids, inhibit MC activation and exhibit significant antidepressant effect due to their anti-inflammatory capacity. The study aimed to explore the mechanisms of inhibitory effect of Que and Kae on MC activation, and whether Que and Kae suppress hippocampal mast cell activation in LPS-induced depressive mice. Subjects and treatment In vitro assays, human mast cells (HMC-1) were pretreated with Que or Kae for 1 h, then stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and 2,5-di-t-butyl-1,4-benzohydroquinone (tBHQ) for 3 h or 12 h. In vivo assays, Que or Kae was administered by oral gavage once daily for 14 days and then lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneally injection to induce depressive behaviors. Methods The secretion and expression of TNF-α were determined by ELISA and Western blotting. The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcriptional activity was measured in HMC-1 stably expressing NFAT luciferase reporter gene. Nuclear translocation of NFATc2 was detected by nuclear protein extraction and also was fluorescently detected in HMC-1 stably expressing eGFP-NFATc2. We used Ca 2+ imaging to evaluate changes of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) in HMC-1 stably expressing fluorescent Ca 2+ indicator jGCamP7s. Molecular docking was used to assess interaction between the Que or Kae and calcium release-activated calcium modulator (ORAI). The  hippocampal mast cell accumulation and activation  were detected by toluidine blue staining and immunohistochemistry with β-tryptase. Results In vitro assays of HMC-1 activated by PtBHQ (PMA and tBHQ), Que and Kae significantly decreased expression and secretion of TNF-α. Moreover, NFAT transcriptional activity and nuclear translocation of NFATc2 were remarkably inhibited by Que and Kae. In addition, the Ca 2+ influx mediated by SOCE was suppressed by Que, Kae and the YM58483 (ORAI inhibitor), respectively. Importantly, the combination of YM58483 with Que or Kae had no additive effect on the inhibition of SOCE. The molecular docking also showed that Que and Kae both exhibit high binding affinities with ORAI at the same binding site as YM58483. In vivo assays, Que and Kae significantly reversed LPS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice, and inhibited hippocampal mast cell activation  in LPS-induced depressive mice. Conclusions Our results indicated that suppression of SOCE/NFATc2 pathway-mediated by ORAI channels may be the mechanism of inhibitory effect of Que and Kae on MC activation, and also suggested Que and Kae may exert the antidepressant effect through suppressing hippocampal mast cell activation.

CAS / MDL: 110429-35-1
✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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Food Science & Nutrition · 2025 ·Vol. 13 ·期 3 ·e70105 · IF 3.8

Rosa roxburghii Fermentation Broths Attenuate Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis by Activating the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 Signaling Pathway and Modulating Gut Microbiota

Heting Zhou,Xinyue Zheng,Shaolin Huang,Xiaomeng Wang,Ting Zhou,Shuwen Zhang,Yihan Ling,Wenxi Wang,Xingjie Li,Shouqian Li,Yongmei Xie,Wenya Yin

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease, and oxidative stress plays a critical role in its pathogenesis. Rosa roxburghii Tratt, known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has been shown to alleviate fibrosis. This study aimed to explore whether two Rosa roxburghii fermentation broths (RRFBs) (with different proportions) could attenuate bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF in mice and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms. The results revealed that RRFBs reduced structural lung damage, collagen deposition, and lung inflammation. RRFBs also suppressed fibrotic markers (Collagen I, Vimentin, and α-SMA) while enhancing epithelial marker E-cadherin expression. Additionally, RRFBs alleviated BLM-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by activating the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 signaling pathway and facilitating Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Furthermore, RRFBs attenuated the BLM-induced changes in the gut microbiota; in particular, they decreased the abundance of the pathogenic bacterium Proteus and increased the abundance of the probiotics Ileibacterium and Dubosiella . Spearman correlation analysis revealed a strong association between oxidative stress inhibition and gut microbiota composition. These results indicated that RRFBs could exert lung-protective effects by inhibiting oxidative stress and alleviating intestinal disturbances.

CAS / MDL: 9041-93-4
✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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BIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY · 2024 ·Vol. 38 ·期 8 ·e5931 · IF 1.8

Screening and analysis of the targeted compounds in Choerospondias axillaris extract by receptor chromatographic column with immobilized angiotensin II type 1 receptor

Xu Ji,Liangxi Li,Kaiyue Zhang,Xinyi Yuan,Qian Li,Ge Bai

As a result of the lack of modern techniques, the study of Tibetan medicine has been hindered in identifying bioactive compounds. Herein, we established a chromatographic approach using an immobilized angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT 1 R) via a one-step method triggered by haloalkane dehalogenase. The bioactive compounds from Choerospondias axillaris (Guangzao) were screened and identified using the immobilized AT 1 R followed by MS. Frontal analysis (FA) and adsorption energy distribution (AED) were used to evaluate the association constants. Molecular docking was used to investigate the binding configurations, and the surface efficiency index, binding efficiency index, and ligand-lipophilicity efficiency (LLE) were calculated to assess the drug-like properties. The results identified naringenin, pinocembrin, and chrysin as the compounds that specifically bind to AT 1 R in Guangzao. FA and AED confirmed that there is only one type of binding site between these compounds and AT 1 R. The association constants were (2.40 ± 0.02) × 10 4 M −1 for naringenin (5.22 ± 0.26) × 10 4 M −1 for pinocembrin, and (4.27 ± 0.14) × 10 4 M −1 for chrysin, respectively. These compounds can bind with AT 1 R through the orthosteric binding pocket. Naringenin exhibited better LLE than pinocembrin and chrysin. These results confirmed the feasibility of using the immobilized AT 1 R column for screening and analyzing bioactive compounds in Tibetan medicines.

CAS / MDL: 480-40-0 480-39-7
✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · 2024 · IF 7.1

Properties of Rich-Nae Effect and Zero-Phase Transition in P2–Na0.67(Ni0.1Mn0.8Fe0.1)1–xMgxO2 Cathodes for Rapid and Stable Sodium Storage

Rui Huang,Shaohua Luo,Pengyu Li,Qi Sun,Guodong Hao,Jie Feng,Lixiong Qian,Shengxue Yan,Jing Guo

Mn-rich ternary cathodes are highly regarded as a potential option for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their low cost and high theoretical capacity. Nonetheless, cycling stability was hindered by the occurrence of high-voltage phase transitions. In this work, Na0.67(Ni0.1Mn0.8Fe0.1)1–xMgxO2 (NaNMF-Mgx) cathode materials with high-voltage zero-phase transitions property were successfully synthesized. Amazingly, it was found that there was a valuable strengthening in the occupancy of stabler Nae sites by employing the Mg-doping strategy; and the calculation highlighted excellent structural stability and conductivity of NaNMF-Mg0.04, which has the lowest thermodynamic formation energy and a narrow band gap. The combination of theory and experiment demonstrated the underlying mechanisms of Mg substitution. Especially, Mg doping had the potential to regulate Nae/Naf ratio, and the ratio of NaNMF-Mg0.04 reached the maximum, indicating its most remarkable “rich-Nae” effect. Moreover, ex-situ XRD and ADF-STEM certified that NaNMF-Mg0.04 cathode maintained an intact P2 phase structure during high-voltage charging process. The “rich-Nae” and “zero-phase transitions” effects enabled NaNMF-Mg0.04 cathode to express remarkable initial capacitance (119.5 mAh g–1, 0.1 C), stability (80.0% over 200 cycles), and energy density (356.5 Wh kg–1). This unique mechanism provided fresh insights into revisiting the relationship between structure and performance and might open up a new idea for designing novel Mn-rich ternary cathodes with zero-phase transitions property in the future.

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Journal of Materials Chemistry A · 2020 ·Vol. 9 ·期 7 ·4066-4074 · IF 11.301

Engineering bidirectional CMC-foam-supported HKUST-1@graphdiyne with enhanced heat/mass transfer for the highly efficient adsorption and regeneration of acetaldehyde

Hanzhuo Zhang,Yaseen Muhammad,Xinfang Cui,Zhengsheng Zhang,Long Liu,Zhe Chu,Jing Li,Yanjuan Zhang,Syed Jalil Shah,Zhenxia Zhao

Carboxymethyl cellulose-foam-supported HKUST-1@graphdiyne (HK@GDY/CMC-B) was constructed with high thermal conductivity and directional channels to enhance the ad-/de-sorption efficiency of acetaldehyde. Characterization results showed that (1) HKUST-1 grew within CMC and GDY via an in situ tri-phase cross-linking strategy, forming a special “alkynyl|Cu|COOH” interface, which maintained the high BET surface area (945.1 m2 g−1) of the HK@GDY/CMC-B foam and established a tight connection among the different components of the composite; (2) the π-conjugated carbon structure of GDY and the unique “alkynyl|Cu|COOH” interface within HK@GDY/CMC-B accelerated the phonon conduction and significantly enhanced the thermal conductivity of HK@GDY/CMC-B (336 mW m−1 K−1); (3) the directional channels and the hierarchical pore structure with a unique interface in the HK@GDY/CMC-B foam facilitated the diffusion and adsorption of VOCs; (4) the compact “alkynyl|Cu|COOH” interface generated more unsaturated Cu(II) and Cu(I) sites and increased adsorbent surface polarity to capture acetaldehyde. Consequently, the obtained HK@GDY/CMC-B exhibited an excellent acetaldehyde adsorption capacity of up to 11.0 mmol g−1, which was 1.3–3.4 times higher than that of many state-of-the-art adsorbents. Kinetics performance data revealed that the diffusivity of acetaldehyde on the HK@GDY/CMC-B foam increased by 60% compared to that of the pristine HKUST-1. Similarly, the desorption rate of HK@GDY/CMC-B was 2.2–6.5 times faster than that of several state-of-the-art adsorbents under similar temperature programmed desorption. This greatly realized an energy-conserving approach for adsorbent regeneration. Based on these findings, the current tri-phase cross-linking strategy can be deemed as an efficient tactic to further improve the adsorption efficiency of MOFs for fast adsorption of VOCs on the commercial level.

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Biomaterials Science · 2020 ·Vol. 8 ·期 8 ·2212-2226 · IF 6.183

Enhanced regeneration of osteochondral defects by using an aggrecanase-1 responsively degradable and N-cadherin mimetic peptide-conjugated hydrogel loaded with BMSCs

Xue Feng,Tong Zhou,Peifang Xu,Juan Ye,Zhongru Gou,Changyou Gao

Due to the poor self-repair capabilities of articular cartilage, chondral or osteochondral injuries are difficult to be recovered. In this study, an N-cadherin mimetic peptide sequence HAVDIGGGC (HAV) was conjugated to direct cell–cell interactions, and an aggrecanase-1 cleavable peptide sequence CRDTEGE-ARGSVIDRC (ACpep) was used to crosslink hyperbranched PEG-based multi-acrylate polymer (HBPEG) with cysteamine-modified chondroitin sulfate (Cys-CS), obtaining an aggrecanase-1 responsively degradable and HAV-conjugated hydrogel ((HAV-HBPEG)-CS-ACpep). A HBPEG-CS-ACpep hydrogel without the HAV motif was also prepared. The two hydrogels exhibited similar equilibrium swelling ratios, elastic moduli and pore sizes after lyophilization, indicating the negligible influence of conjugated HAV on the crosslinking networks and mechanical properties of the hydrogels. After being degraded in PBS, aggrecanase-1 (ADAMTS4) and trypsin, the HBPEG-CS-ACpep hydrogel exhibited significantly decreased elastic moduli with a much lower value when incubated in enzyme solutions. The two hydrogels could maintain the viability of encapsulated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and the (HAV-HBPEG)-CS-ACpep hydrogel better promoted the cell–cell interactions. After being implanted into osteochondral defects in rabbits for 18 weeks, the two cell-laden hydrogel groups achieved better repair effects than the blank control group. Moreover, hyaline cartilage was formed in the (HAV-HBPEG)-CS-ACpep/BMSCs hydrogel group, while a hybrid of hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage was found in the HBPEG-CS-ACpep/BMSCs hydrogel group.

✓ 已验证 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY · 2021 · IF 4.432

MIL-1, a novel antitumor agent derived from natural product millepachine, acts as tubulin polymerization inhibitor for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Jun Yan,Qizhen Zhuang,Zhenzhen Li,Yujuan Xiong,Min He,Cunmin Kang,Qiaoxuan Zhang,Liqiao Han,Enyu Liang,Hongcan Liu,Peifeng Ke,Xianzhang Huang

Natural products are a large source of clinically effective antitumor drugs . Millepachine, a natural product derived from leguminous plants, was reported to display antitumor activity . In this study, the novel compound, (1H-indol-5-yl) (5-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-8-yl)methanone (MIL-1), was designed and synthesized by fusing millepachine and indole rings. MIL-1 exerted much better antitumor activity than millepachine, manifesting as a 24- to 201-fold increase in vitro cytotoxicity and a 2.4-fold increase in in vivo antitumor activity in hepatocellular cell lines-derived models. The immunofluorescence and HPLC detection revealed that MIL-1 was a potent microtubule targeting agent by interfering with the equilibrium of tubulin-microtubule dynamics and irreversibly binding to tubulin. MIL-1 displayed remarkable antitumor activity with an IC 50 of 31–207 nM towards various human cancer cell lines derived from various organs and tissues, and it exerted no evidence of toxicity against normal cells. Mechanistic studies showed that MIL-1 arrested the cell cycle at G2/M phase and induced apoptosis by activating caspase-3 activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Moreover, the superior antitumor effect of MIL-1 is worthy of further detailed study for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

✓ 已验证 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE · 2023 · IF 9.9

Original self-assembled S-scheme BiOBr-(0 0 1)/Bi2SiO5/Bi heterojunction photocatalyst with rich oxygen vacancy for boosting CO2 reduction performance

Xiushuai Guan,Xiaochao Zhang,Changming Zhang,Rui Li,Jianxin Liu,Yunfang Wang,Yawen Wang,Caimei Fan,Zhong Li

Photocatalysis CO 2 reduction into high-value-added chemical feedstocks is desirable for simultaneously addressing the solar energy storage, CO 2 excess and energy shortage issues. In this work, a kind of original S-scheme BiOBr-(0   0   1)/Bi 2 SiO 5 /Bi (OSB) heterostructure photocatalyst with rich oxygen vacancies is in-situ synthesized, which significantly promotes the photocatalytic CO 2 reduction performance. Interestingly, the lower formation energy of oxygen vacancy exhibits the easy feasibility on the BiOBr-(0   0   1) surface via the assistant of ultrasound. There exists the highest photocatalytic CO 2 reduction activity to CO of 234.05 μmol g -1 h −1 for OSB-20 sample (ultrasound time: 20 min), higher 3.3 times than OSB-0 sample (without ultrasound). Combined with experimental and calculated results, the significative formation mechanism, widened light-response range, highly-efficient separation/transfer paths and improved redox-reduction abilities of photogenerated electron-hole pairs for S-scheme OSB-20 heterostructure are investigated and proposed. Our findings provide new insights for the construction and synthesis of the S-scheme Bi-based heterojunction photocatalyst system.

✓ 已验证 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY · 2020 · IF 7.864

Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate Reduces the Lifespan via Activation of an Unconventional Insulin/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Signaling Pathway

Chen Wang,Haibo Chen,Hui Li,Yunchao Zhang,Luyao Ren,Chao Chen,Xiaoli Wang,Jun Yu,Zongrui Li,Yongdi Liu

Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) is an environmental contaminant that has attracted increasing concern due to its presence in environmental media and biological samples. Our previous study demonstrated that exposure to TDCPP reduced the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans, but the mechanisms, including the relevant signaling pathways, are unclear. The current study found that TDCPP exposure triggers an unconventional insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway, not by disrupting the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor DAF-2/IGF1R but by inhibiting the downstream tumor-suppressor factor DAF-18/PTEN. This inhibition reduces PI(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) dephosphorylation, causing buildup that increases the activation of the Akt/Protein Kinase B (PKB) family of serine/threonine kinases. This activation induces DAF-16/FoxO phosphorylation and promotes the sequestration of DAF-16/FoxO in the cytoplasm, reducing the lifespan of nematodes. Our results have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications for controlling TDCPP-related diseases, especially those originating with IIS pathway components.

✓ 已验证 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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Theranostics · 2021 · IF 11.556

Pectin supplement significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 efficacy in tumor-bearing mice humanized with gut microbiota from patients with colorectal cancer

Shi-Long Zhang,Yu-Qin Mao,Zheng-Yan Zhang,Zhan-Ming Li,Chao-Yue Kong,Hui-Ling Chen,Pei-Ran Cai,Bing Han,Tao Ye,Li-Shun Wang

Background: Anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy has emerged as a promising therapy for several cancers. However, it only benefits a small subset of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Mounting data supports the pivotal role of gut microbiota in shaping immune system. Pectin, a widely consumed soluble fiber, has been reported to ameliorate the imbalance of gut microbiota. Therefore, we aimed to explore the effect and the underlying mechanisms of pectin in improving anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy. Methods: The C57BL/6 mice were treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ATB) cocktail to depleted endogenous gut microbiota and subsequently humanized with feces from healthy controls or newly diagnosed CRC patients. The antitumor efficacies of anti-PD-1 mAb combined with or without pectin were assessed using these mice. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were conducted to investigate the tumor immune microenvironment after treatment. The gut microbiota profiles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels were determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. The effect of gut microbiota on anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy after pectin supplement was further tested by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Results: The anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy was largely impaired in the mice humanized with feces from newly diagnosed CRC patients compared to those from healthy controls. However, pectin significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in the tumor-bearing mice humanized with CRC patient gut microbiota. Flow cytometry and IHC analysis revealed increased T cell infiltration and activation in the tumor microenvironment of mice treated with anti-PD-1 mAb plus pectin. In vivo depletion of CD8 + T cells diminished the anti-tumor effect of anti-PD-1 mAb combined with pectin. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that pectin significantly increased gut microbial diversity and beneficially regulated microbial composition. In addition, we identified unique bacterial modules that were significantly enriched in the anti-PD-1 mAb + pectin group, which composed of butyrate-producing bacteria indicative of good response to immunotherapy. Meanwhile, GC-MS showed that pectin altered the level of SCFA butyrate. Furthermore, butyrate, a main product of dietary fiber in gut microbial fermentation, was found to be sufficient to promote T cells infiltration and thus enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb. In addition, FMT demonstrated the effects of pectin were dependent on gut microbiota. Importantly, the beneficial effects of pectin were confirmed in the mice humanized with gut microbiota from patient with resistance to anti-PD-1 mAb. Conclusion: Pectin facilitated the anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in CRC via regulating the T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment, which was potentially mediated by the metabolite butyrate.

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Frontiers in Microbiology · 2022 · IF 6.064

Early life administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum BD-1 alleviates long-term colitis by remodeling the gut microbiota and promoting intestinal barrier development

Chenrui Peng,Jinxing Li,Zhonghua Miao,Yunyi Wang,Simou Wu,Yimei Wang,Silu Wang,Ruyue Cheng,Fang He,Xi Shen

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal disease characterized by microbiota disturbance and intestinal mucosal damage. The current study aimed to investigate the preventive effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum BD-1 (BD-1) against long-term IBD and possible mechanism by which it alters the gut microbiota, immune response, and mucosal barrier. Our study found that early treatment of BD-1 + Ceftri (ceftriaxone followed by BD-1) and BD-1 confers a certain protective effect against the occurrence of long-term Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, which manifests as a decrease in inflammation scores and MPO activity levels, as well as a relatively intact intestinal epithelial structure. Moreover, compared to BD-1, Ceftri, and NS, early treatment with BD-1 + Ceftri promoted greater expression levels of mucosal barrier-related proteins [KI67, MUC2, ZO-1, secretory immunoglobulin A (slgA), Clauding-1, and Occludin], better local immune responses activation, and moderately better modulation of systemic immune responses during long-term colitis. This may be due to the fact that BD-1 + Ceftri can deliberately prolong the colonization time of some beneficial microbiota (e.g., Bifidobacterium ) and reduce the relative abundance of inflammation-related microbiota (e.g., Escherichia/Shigella and Ruminococcus ). Interestingly, we found that the changes in the gut barrier and immunity were already present immediately after early intervention with BD-1 + Ceftri, implying that early effects can persist with appropriate intervention. Furthermore, intervention with BD-1 alone in early life confers an anti-inflammatory effect to a certain degree in the long-term, which may be due to the interaction between BD-1 and the host’s native gut microbiota affecting intestinal metabolites. In conclusion, BD-1 was not as effective as BD-1 + Ceftri in early life, perhaps due to its failure to fully play the role of the strain itself under the influence of the host’s complex microbiota. Therefore, further research is needed to explore specific mechanisms for single strain and native microbiota or the combination between probiotics and antibiotics.

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