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Journal of Energy Storage · 2026 · IF 10.7

Bioprocessing-inspired construction of hierarchically porous structure and phosphorus doping in Fe-N-C for high-performance zinc-air battery

Hao Lu,Jiale Niu,Jingjing Xie,Xiu He,Weiming Wang,Zhengyi Fu,Zhaoyong Zou

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are key cathode reactions in clean energy storage devices such as zinc–air batteries. However, their sluggish kinetics severely limit device efficiency and large-scale application. Currently, M–N–C catalysts are considered the most promising candidates, yet they still suffer from issues such as mass transport limitations and insufficient stability. Inspired by the dynamic regulation of organic–inorganic interfaces during the formation of biological materials, we developed a novel method using 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) as a mediating molecule to dynamically regulate the organic-inorganic interface between templates and ZIF-8 precursors, achieving the micro-meso-macropores of ZIF-8, which synergistically enhanced mass transport and active site accessibility. Meanwhile, phosphorus doping modulated the electronic structure of the Fe centers, forming Fe-N-P active sites and thereby significantly enhancing both catalytic activity and stability. Electrochemical tests showed that HPZIF-8-FeNP 5 exhibited excellent ORR performance in alkaline medium, with a half-wave potential of 0.8595 V (vs. RHE), outperforming commercial Pt/C while demonstrating good methanol tolerance and cycling stability. Furthermore, the catalyst also showed promising OER activity, with an over-potential of 284 mV at 10 mA cm −2 . When applied in a zinc–air battery, the device delivered a high open-circuit voltage (1.52 V), a high power density (227.4 mW cm −2 ), and long-term cycling stability (>400 h), surpassing the Pt/C-RuO 2 benchmark. This work provides a new material design strategy to advance rechargeable zinc-air battery technology, enabling efficient and durable energy storage.

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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL · 2026 · IF 12.5

Multiscale magnetic-dielectric coupling in nano-micro-macro Fe/Fe3O4@C aerogels via confinement strategy for broadband electromagnetic wave absorption

Xianlin Zhan,Mengqiu Huang,Bicheng Li,Ge Ma,Wenbin You,Yun Tang,Lei Wang,Renchao Che

Rational design of magnetic-dielectric composites proves essential for developing broadband electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers. However, the non-uniform distribution of magnetic particles within the carbon matrix significantly reduces magnetic coupling efficiency. To overcome this, we employ a confinement strategy to fabricate Fe/Fe 3 O 4 @C composite aerogels that feature a multiscale magnetoelectric coupling network. The confined-growth Fe/Fe 3 O 4 @C nanoscale magnetic‑carbon units construct high-density heterogeneous interfaces, enhancing charge accumulation and interfacial polarization, thereby further strengthening energy dissipation. Meanwhile, under the confinement of the aerogel framework, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived materials in the 2D magnetized micro-flakes maintain their octahedral morphology and collectively establish a continuous, stable nano-micro-macro magnetic coupling network. Moreover, the theoretical investigations including density functional theory calculations, COMSOL Multiphysics simulation, and radar cross-section simulation systematically elucidate the structure-property relationships governing dielectric behavior, magnetic properties, and absorption bandwidth. Notably, the optimized Fe/Fe 3 O 4 @C exhibits remarkable EM absorption performance, achieving a reflection loss of −48.44 dB and a broad bandwidth of 6.88 GHz at 2.15 mm thickness, fully covering the Ku band. Moreover, constructing the periodic structure enables an ultrabroadband absorption of 11.36 GHz at a thickness of only 4.15 mm. This study provides an idea for fabricating multifunctional EM wave absorbers with lightweight, broadband absorption, hydrophobic, thermal insulation, and infrared stealth properties.

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Scientific Reports · 2026 ·Vol. 16 ·期 1 ·7837 · IF 4.9

Next-generation photo-Fenton treatment using MIL-100(Fe) synthesized through a green route for sustainable remediation of pharmaceutical wastewater

Abou-Elyazed Ahmed S.,Genena Eman E.,El-Sayed Ibrahim E. T.,Abdel-Bary Hamed M.,Tony Maha A.

The photocatalytic Fenton oxidation reaction of paracetamol (PCT), as a widely used pharmaceutical and persistent water contaminant, was investigated using RTG-MIL-100(Fe) framework, prepared via a KI-assisted, solvent free, room temperature synthesis, in the presence of H₂O₂ under UV irradiation. The mild conditions synthesis of RTG-MIL-100(Fe) is investigated, and the material is comprehensively assessed through characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The catalytic system is introduced as a source of photo-Fenton-like reaction and demonstrated a dual mechanistic pathway involving both semiconductor-like photoexcitation and open metal site (OMS) activation. The operating Fenton parameters are optimized and the experimental research revealed that the reaction is working at the room temperature using 400 ppm H₂O₂, 20 mg/L of RTG-MIL-100(Fe)at natural pH of wastewater (5.5) and the PCT reached almost complete removal 99.6%. The synergistic interaction of photogenerated charge carriers and OMS-driven Fenton-like processes resulted in efficient oxidative mineralization of PCT to CO₂ and H₂O. Furthermore, the reaction is endothermic in nature and following the first order reaction kinetics. These findings highlight the potential of KI-modified MOF-based photo-Fenton catalysts as sustainable and robust materials for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater.

CAS / MDL: 103-90-2
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PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION · 2026 · IF 7.9

Highly efficient Fe-based single-atom catalysts derived from S-doped metal-organic framework (MOF) for heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions

Dongsheng Zhang,Rui Yang,Ting Wu,Wangbo Wang,Yizhou Feng,Weihuang Zhu

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted considerable interest in heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions (HTFR). However, their efficiency and practical applicability require further improvement. To address this, an S-doping strategy was employed, using zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) as a precursor to fabricate Fe-based SACs (Fe-SNC) for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis confirmed the coordination of atomically dispersed Fe to N and S atoms, forming a Fe–N 2 S 2 configuration. In a separate adsorption test, Fe-SNC achieved 93.1% removal of tetracycline (TC). Furthermore, TC could be removed within 40   min during PMS-based HTFR catalyzed by Fe-SNC, exhibiting significantly high performance compared to the pristine Fe-NC catalyst. Additionally, the activation energy for PMS activation was decreased to 2.87   kJ/mol with Fe-SNC, which is only 26.16% of that required for Fe-NC (10.97   kJ/mol). The superior performance of Fe-SNC is attributed to its enhanced adsorption capacity and high PMS activation ability. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further revealed that S-doping significantly enhanced the adsorption energy between catalyst and PMS to -2.95   eV. It also promoted the elongation of O–O (1.477   Å) and S–O (1.873   Å) bonds, while facilitating charge transfer of 0.79 e. The galvanic oxidation process (GOP) also demonstrated that the electron transfer process played a key role during the PMS-based HTFR catalyzed by Fe-SNC. The quenching experiments and EPR tests further confirmed that the 1 O 2 and Fe(IV)=O were the primary reactive species. This work provides insightful perspectives for the rational design of highly efficient SACs for HTFR.

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APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE · 2026 · IF 6.6

Removal of tetracycline by a Fe doped BiMnO3/N doped RGO composite through activating PMS in a nonradical-dominated pathway

Xiaoyan Yu,Jiatong Tang,Caiyi Chen,Ziwei Qin,Lilin Cai,Jianxin Tan,Hengbao Liang,Xiangpo Du,Wangjian Zhai,Jie Zhong

BMFO/N-RGO activated PMS through multiple pathways. • The redox of Mn(III) and Fe(II) favored the regeneration of active sites. • Doping Fe into BMO and N in RGO were beneficial for the electron transfer. • TC was effectively decomposed by BMFO/N-RGO through PMS activation. Activating persulfate with catalysts has become an efficient way to remove organic pollutants. In particular, the use of dual transition-metal catalysts can not only further increase the quantity of active sites for persulfate activation but also promote the recycling of active sites. In this study, a bimetallic catalyst composed of iron-doped BiMnO 3 and nitrogen-doped RGO (denoted as BMFO/N-RGO) was synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method. The dual metals (Mn and Fe) and N-RGO provided abundant active sites and multiple pathways for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). So the prepared BMFO/N-RGO could activate PMS to effectively decompose tetracycline (TC) with η = 93.31% in 60 min. The removal efficiency of TC was still above 85.53% after five cycles. Based on ESR, trapping experiments, and electrochemical measurements, BMFO/N-RGO activated PMS via a combined radical-nonradical pathway, with the nonradical pathway predominating. In the radical pathway, O 2 •- , •OH, and SO 4 •- attacked TC; while in the nonradical pathway, 1 O 2 , Fe(IV)=O, Mn(IV)=O, and electron transfer dominated TC removal. Furthermore, DFT calculations demonstrated that PMS was more readily adsorbed on BMFO/N-RGO, that l o-o was stretched, and that the Bader charge increased. The redox between Mn 3+ /Fe 2+ and Mn 2+ /Fe 3+ favored the recycling and regeneration of active sites. The BMFO/N-RGO/PMS system showed good resistance to most inorganic ions and HA. A mechanism of TC removal by BMFO/N-RGO/PMS system was proposed. HPLC-MS elucidated the degradation pathway of TC. This study proposed a new approach to construct multiple pathways to activate PMS on bimetallic oxide surfaces for TC removal in complex aqueous environments. A composite BMFO/N-RGO catalyst was synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method. BMFO/N-RGO activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) through the radical and nonradical pathways to degradate TC, in which the nonradical pathway were predominating. Doping Fe into BMO and N in RGO led to higher E ads , larger Bader charge, and longer l O-O of PMS, all of which were beneficial for the decomposition of TC via electron transfer. In the radical pathway, O 2 ▪- and SO 4 ▪- attacked TC; While in the nonradical pathway, 1 O 2 , Fe(IV)=O, Mn(IV)=O, and electon transfer dominated TC elimination. And the redox reaction between Mn 3+ /Fe 2+ and Mn 2+ /Fe 3+ favoured the recycling and regeneration of active sites, thereby sustainably activating PMS. The removal rate of TC reached 93.31% within 60 min in BMFO/N-RGO/PMS system. Download: Download high-res image (72KB) Download: Download full-size image

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WATER RESEARCH · 2026 · IF 12.8

Interfacial Modulation of Oil Microdroplets via 1O2 Stimulated by Exposed Fe Clusters Catalyzing Ozonation of 1-Adamantanecaboxylic Acid for Destabilization

Xuan Qu,Qian Xu,Zhiqiang Chen,Ang Li

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated on or near the oil droplet surface have remarkable potential in altering the structure of 1-adamantanecaboxylic acid (ACA) at the oil-water interface, facilitating separation of oil and water. To stimulate confined multi-phase ROS, a thermodynamic control strategy for ozone catalysis by Fe clusters anchored on nanoscale supports was developed. This strategy explored interfacial pollutant redistribution within film of microdroplets (10-20 μm in size) prepared with a high-speed shear emulsifier. Experimental results indicated that 1 O 2 selectively attacked carboxylic groups confined at the oil-water interface and two-electron migration pathway from ACA to adsorbed O 3 at interfacial oxygen vacancies (O v ) led to spatial redistribution with hydrophilic dihydroxylated intermediates via synchronous electrophilic substitution. ACA attached to interface of microdroplet is fueled by •OH and 1 O 2 , achieving degradation at 89.84% within 30 min, and pseudo-first-order kinetics rate constants ( k obs ) of 0.0793 min –1 . Thermodynamic analysis revealed that 1 O 2 reduced the Gibbs free energy (Δ G ) by 23.98 kJ mol −1 relative to that of •OH. This phenomenon is attributed to the narrow site distribution of Fe clusters, which enhances the overall electron utilization efficiency. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of manipulating ROS to regulate the distribution of interfacial species, representing a promising strategy for promoting the coalescence of oil microdroplets.

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ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · 2026 · IF 7.6

Ampere-Level Oxygen Evolution Boosted by Asymmetric Fe–O–Ni Coordination in Roll-to-Roll Synthesized NiFc–Metal–Organic Framework

Tao Wang,Qiudi Zhang,Xupeng Zhu,Yasi Wang,Mengjie Zheng,Jing Wang,Wenbo Liu,Yahui Wang,Xiaojun Pan,Huimin Shi

Transition-metal-based catalysts with asymmetric coordination structures are promising candidates for industrial oxygen evolution reactions. However, the large-scale synthesis of catalysts with precisely constructed asymmetric coordination structures is still challenging. Herein, we developed an industry-compatible roll-to-roll combustion technology to synthesize NiFc–MOFs with reasonably constructed asymmetric Fe–O–Ni coordination. Owing to the modulated electronic spin states, regulated adsorption configurations of oxygen-containing intermediates, and charge redistribution, the as-prepared NiFc–MOF achieved ultralow overpotentials of 196 mV and 257 mV at η10 and η1000, respectively. The long-term stability evaluation of catalysts in a three-electrode system demonstrates excellent durability of 2000 h at 2 A cm–2. Further, the assembled anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE, NiFc–MOF||R–Ni) operated at a current density of 1 A cm–2 achieved high overall water splitting with a low cell voltage of merely 2 V and maintained outstanding durability for over 500 h under ambient atmosphere. More importantly, the NiFc–MOF maintained high stability for over 250 h at 1 A cm–2 in simulated seawater. This study offers a reliable pathway to the large-scale synthesis of low-cost NiFe-based catalysts for ampere-level oxygen evolution in both pure and seawater.

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RSC Advances · 2026 ·Vol. 16 ·期 33 ·30145-30157 · IF 6.1

An injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel integrating Fe(III)-coordination and polymyxin B grafts for accelerated healing of infected diabetic wounds

Mingchen Zhang,Wei Zhao,Yang Zhou,Ruiting Shen,Yiqiong Sun,Lei Jiang,Jiantao Zhang

Diabetic wounds are a serious and increasingly prevalent complication in patients with diabetes, characterized by impaired skin regeneration. A major challenge for effective healing is recurrent bacterial infection, which often resists conventional treatment strategies. In this study, we grafted polymyxin B onto hyaluronic acid and employed Fe3+–EDTA as a cross-linking agent to fabricate HA-B@Fe hydrogels via ionic interactions. Based on the reversible and dynamic coordination between Fe3+ ions and the carboxyl groups of the hyaluronic acid, the resulting hydrogels exhibited shear-thinning behavior and excellent injectability. Based on the combined effects of polymyxin B and Fe3+, the HA-B@Fe hydrogel exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria, achieving >99% bactericidal rates against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and >94% against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In addition, the HA-B@Fe hydrogel demonstrated great biocompatibility, and showed significant therapeutic efficacy in a diabetic mouse wound model. The mice treated with HA-B@Fe showed a marked reduction in wound size (down to 19%), compared to a residual wound size of 32% in group treated with commercial dressings at day 7. Histopathological analysis further confirmed that HA-B@Fe treatment promoted epidermal regeneration and collagen fiber deposition, suggesting its potential as a promiseing strategy for the clinical treatment of diabetic wounds.

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Applied Materials Today · 2026 · IF 7

Synergistic MXene-bridged g-C3N4/MIL-101(Fe) ternary heterostructure for enhanced visible-light-driven photo-Fenton degradation of pollutants

Madiha Rafiq,Dan Liao,Changkun Liu

Ternary g-C 3 N 4 /Ti 3 C 2 T x /MIL-101(Fe) photocatalyst was constructed via in situ assembly. • Ti 3 C 2 T x promotes interfacial charge separation and accelerates electron transfer. • Rapid in situ H 2 O 2 generation enables an oxidant-free visible-light photo-Fenton process. • CTF achieves efficient, broad-spectrum degradation of dyes and PPCPs. Visible-light photo-Fenton oxidation represents a promising strategy for removing dyes and pharmaceuticals/personal care products (PPCPs), which are persistent water contaminants. However, its broader application is constrained by challenges such as inefficient charge separation and dependence on externally added hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). In this study, a ternary g-C 3 N 4 /Ti 3 C 2 T x /MIL-101(Fe) photocatalyst was synthesized via the in-situ growth of MIL-101(Fe) on g-C 3 N 4 /Ti 3 C 2 T x , enabling efficient visible-light-driven, zero-external H 2 O 2 -added photo-Fenton degradation of organic pollutants. The hybrid system exhibits significantly enhanced oxygen activation and interfacial electron-transfer capability, with in situ H 2 O 2 generation rates about three times higher than those of pristine g-C 3 N 4 . Under visible-light irradiation, the composite continuously produces reactive oxygen species ( ∙ O 2 - , and ∙ OH) at substantially higher levels than g-C 3 N 4 and g-C 3 N 4 /MIL-101(Fe), indicating promoted charge separation and faster interfacial electron transfer. As a result, the catalyst enables broad-spectrum pollutant removal within 60 min, achieving degradation efficiencies of 99.78% (methylene blue), 99.49% (rhodamine B), 88.27% (tribromophenol), 61.50% (doxycycline hydrochloride), and 78.98% (levofloxacin). Overall, rapid in situ H 2 O 2 formation, coupled with efficient ROS generation, enables high-performance pollutant degradation without the need for external oxidant dosing, providing a green strategy for degrading dyes and PPCPs under visible light. Download: Download high-res image (174KB) Download: Download full-size image A ternary g-C 3 N 4 /Ti 3 C 2 T x /MIL-101(Fe) photocatalyst enables visible-light-driven, oxidant-free photo-Fenton degradation of dyes and PPCPs through MXene-promoted charge separation and rapid in situ H 2 O 2 generation. The self-generated H 2 O 2 activates Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ cycling to continuously produce h + , ∙O 2 - , and ∙OH, achieving efficient pollutant mineralization.

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APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL · 2026 · IF 19.7

Mechanistic switching in carbon paper supported Fe, Ni, and Mn-doped CoP nanosheets for efficient OER via DHS-OPM pathway

Muhammad Rafiq,Sami Ur Rahman,Wenjuan Xu,Shehna Farooq,Jiangyan Dang,Muhammad Saad,Omme Habiba Abbasi,Adel Al-Salihy,Wenliang Li,Jingping Zhang

Fe@CoP-NSs/CP is synthesized and shows superior OER activity (272 mV at 10 mA cm⁻²). • DFT reveals Fe doping optimizes the d -band center (-1.92 eV) and adsorption energetics of Fe@CoP-NSs/CP. • DHS-OPM on Fe-Co sites of Fe@CoP-NSs/CP achieves a low overpotential of 0.35 V, outperforming AEM. • Fe@CoP-NSs/CP exhibits excellent stability over 30 h tested by chronoamperometry. • Machine learning identifies TM-OOH* and RDS as key predictors of catalytic efficiency (ROC-AUC up to 0.99). The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains a critical bottleneck for efficient oxygen production via water splitting due to its sluggish kinetics and high overpotential. Herein, we systematically investigated the OER mechanism on 3d transition metal-doped (Iron, Nickle, and Manganese) and pristine cobalt phosphide nanosheet carbon paper supported (Fe@CoP-NSs/CP, Ni@CoP-NSs/CP, Mn@CoP-NSs/CP, and CoP-NSs/CP) through a density functional theory (DFT) and experimental approach. The DFT calculations reveal that doping modulates the electronic structure of Fe@CoP-NSs/CP among the investigated systems exhibiting a d-band center closest to the Fermi level (-1.92 eV), leading to optimized adsorption energetics for key intermediates. Mechanistic mapping identifies the Dual Hetero-Site Oxide Path Mechanism (DHS-OPM) as the dominant pathway. In this mechanism, Fe-Co bimetallic sites achieve a remarkably low overpotential of 0.35 V, significantly outperforming the Adsorbate Evolution Mechanism (AEM). Experimentally, Fe@CoP-NSs/CP shows superior OER activity with an overpotential of 272 mV at 10 mA cm −2 and a Tafel slope of 47.4 mV dec −1 , with excellent stability over 30 h. Furthermore, supervised machine learning identifies TM-OOH* and rate-determining step (RDS) energies as the key predictors of catalytic efficiency, achieving ROC-AUC values up to 0.99. This work establishes a DFT-driven mechanistic framework, demonstrating that Fe@CoP-NSs/CP provides a highly efficient and durable pathway for OER. Download: Download high-res image (185KB) Download: Download full-size image

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JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS · 2026 · IF 6.7

Integrated in-situ construction of electrode matrix and surface amorphous Ni-Co-Fe LDH catalytic layer for efficient water splitting

Lixin Wang,Renjie Ji,Chunge Wang,Fanbo Meng,Zhongwu Luo,Mengran Wang,Hui Jin,Shijie Yang,Shi’an Zhao,Dahao Han,Yongjie Cheng,Tianyu Liu,Jianmin Ma,Yonghong Liu

To address the limited activity and durability of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts, we present an integrated in situ strategy for constructing a three-dimensional Ni-Co dendritic electrode matrix coupled with a surface amorphous Ni-Co-Fe layered double hydroxide (LDH) catalytic layer. A Ni-Co dendritic matrix (NCDEM) with enhanced electrolyte accessibility and mass transport properties is first fabricated via jet electrodeposition, followed by the in situ hydrothermal growth of Ni-Co-Fe LDH nanosheets to construct a Ni-Co-Fe dendritic electrode (NCFDE). The introduction of NaBO₂ during the hydrothermal process regulates surface etching kinetics and the Fe³ ⁺ coordination environment, promoting uniform nanosheet growth and triggering the crystalline-to-amorphous transition of the LDH structure. The amorphous LDH layer increases the accessible active surface area, facilitates the formation of reconstructed NiOOH active species during OER, and enhances structural stability during prolonged electrochemical operation. The optimized B2-NCFDE exhibits outstanding OER performance in 1 M KOH, requiring an overpotential of only 215.34 mV to achieve 100 mA cm⁻², with a Tafel slope of 38.29 mV dec⁻¹ and stable operation at 500 mA cm⁻² for 2000 h. Furthermore, the B2-NCFDE||B2-NCFDE electrolyzer achieves 100 mA cm⁻² at a cell voltage of 1.822 V and demonstrates excellent durability for overall water splitting. This work provides a scalable strategy that integrates electrode architecture engineering with amorphous LDH regulation for efficient and durable hydrogen production.

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International Journal of Environmental Research · 2026 ·Vol. 20 ·期 6 ·269 · IF 4.3

Hydroxylamine and Nitrilotriacetic Acid Co-Improved Fe(III)/Peroxydisulfate Process for Elimination of Organic Pollutant: Performance, Influence Factors and Mechanism

Liu Yiqing,Hu Hong,Chen Chuanzeng,Zou Qinghua,Ruan Zhitian,Tang Lun

To resolve two main drawbacks of Fe(II/III)/peroxydisulfate (PDS) system, i.e., sluggish Fe(II) regeneration and strongly acidic operating environment, hydroxylamine (HAm) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) were introduced simultaneously to Fe(III)/PDS system to degrade orange G (OG) under neutral condition in this study. The results shown that Fe(III)-NTA/HAm/PDS system could effectively remove OG at pH 7.0 and the removal ratio of OG reached 86.4% in 15 min. In this system, Fe(III)/Fe(II) could complex with NTA to improve their solubility, leading to the broadening of pH application range from acidic condition to weakly alkaline circumstance (pH 3–9) and the decrease of iron sludge production; HAm could drive Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle via reducing Fe(III) to Fe(II), ensuring the sustainability of catalytic reaction and lowering the Fe(III) dosage. Sulfate radical (SO 4 ·− ) and hydroxyl radical (HO·) mainly contribute to OG degradation in Fe(III)-NTA/HAm/PDS process. The increase of reagents dosage could accelerate the removal of OG, while excess HAm (> 1 mM) and NTA (> 25 µM) could depress OG degradation because of their competition with OG for active radicals. The existence of Cl − (0.5–5 mM) could slightly promote the removal of OG, but HCO 3 − (0.5-5–mM) and fulvic acid (2–10 mg L − 1 ) obviously suppressed OG degradation. This research offers a strategy to extend the pH application range of Fe(II/III)/PDS process with low Fe dosage and a technique to remove OG from contaminated water. Graphical abstract

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