CHEMOSPHERE
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2016
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IF 3.698
Zhuang Wang,Se Wang,Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg
Co-exposure of aquatic organisms to engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and antibiotics is likely to take place in the environment. However, the impacts of co-exposure on aquatic organisms are virtually unknown and understanding the joint toxicity of ENPs and antibiotics is a topic of importance. The independent action (IA) model and the concentration addition (CA) model are two of the most common approaches to mixture toxicity assessment. In this study, the joint toxicity of two ENPs (nCeO 2 and nTiO 2 ) and one antibiotic (florfenicol, FLO) to Chlorella pyrenoidosa was determined to compare the applicability of the IA and the CA model. Concentration-response analyses were performed for single toxicants and for binary mixtures containing FLO and one of the ENPs at two suspended particle concentrations. The effect concentrations and the observed effects of the binary mixtures were compared to the predictions of the joint toxicity. The observed toxicity associated with the nCeO 2 or nTiO 2 exposure was enhanced by the concomitant FLO exposure. The joint toxicity of nCeO 2 and FLO was significantly higher than that of nTiO 2 and FLO. Predictions based on the IA and CA models tend to underestimate the overall toxicity (in terms of median effect concentration) of the binary mixtures, but IA performs better than CA, irrespective of the effect level under consideration and the types of mixtures studied. This result underpins the need to consider the effects of mixtures of ENPs and organic chemicals on aquatic organisms, and the practicability of the IA and CA methods in toxicity assessment of ENPs.
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Journal of Physical Chemistry C
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2017
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IF 4.536
Ganeshraja Ayyakannu Sundaram,Minghui Yang,Kiyoshi Nomura,Suresh Maniarasu,Ganapathy Veerappan,Tao Liu,Junhu Wang
Hierarchical tin-doped titania (ST) and tin- and nitrogen-codoped titania (SNT) microspheres were prepared by a hydrothermal method and nitriding treatment, in particular, SNT-enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B in aqueous solution and room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM). We initiated the photovoltaic study of ST and SNT microspheres to confirm the photovoltaic properties of perovskite solar cell (PSC) applications. The SNT microspheres exhibited relatively large saturation magnetization and high photocatalytic activity. To clarify the enhancement of the photoactivity, the prepared samples were characterized by 119Sn Mössbauer spectrometry under external magnetic fields. The broadened peaks of ST and SNT microspheres were decomposed into a doublet and a sextet under an external magnetic field because the samples showed weak ferromagnetism, although these samples are composed of nonmagnetic components. It is noteworthy that ST and SNT microspheres exhibits oxygen vacancies and defect-induced magnetism. The results signify the clear details of the RTFM and the photocatalytic activity of hierarchical ST and SNT microspheres.
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APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING
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2017
·Vol. 123
·期 8
·1-9
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IF 1.455
Feng Cong,Yu Zhichao,Liu Hongjing,Yuan Kangkang,Wang Xinqiang,Zhu Luyi,Zhang Guanghui,Xu Dong
The drawback of using TiO 2 in photocatalytic applications lies in the wide band gap and high recombination rate of charge carriers. To solve the above problems, modification of TiO 2 with Au nanoparticles (NPs) has received considerable attention. Here, TiO 2 nanofibers uniformly deposited with Au NPs which have a narrow size distribution (16 nm) were synthesized. We demonstrate that the photocatalytic performance of Au/TiO 2 heterostructured nanofibers can be effectively enhanced under UV and visible light irradiation by manipulating the dosage of decorated Au NPs. The effect of metal dosage on the photocatalytic performance has been systematically investigated. The enhanced photocatalytic properties are ascribed to the increase of visible light absorption from the Au NP’s surface and the enhancement of separation of electron–hole charge pairs at the interface of Au/TiO 2 junctions. Besides, the decrease of photoactivity with more addition of Au NPs is due to the fact that redundant Au NPs reduce the photon flux reaching the TiO 2 surface and also act as recombination centers for electron–hole pairs. The present work provides guidance toward the fabrication of more efficient Au/TiO 2 photocatalysts.
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JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
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2017
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IF 6.035
Xiquan Cheng,Shangang Ding,Jiang Guo,Cong Zhang,Zhanhu Guo,Lu Shao
The separation of active organic molecules is the most challenging in pharmaceutical and petrochemical industries due to the intensive energy consumption of traditional distillation and the deactivation of active molecules during phase transition. Although the organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) with nanoscaled molecular-separation ability is increasingly attractive for active organic molecule separations, the relatively low solvent permeance precludes OSNs from wide applications. Herein, we developed a kind of advanced mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) with both high permeances and high rejection by incorporating TiO 2 into polypyrrole (PPy) selective layer through in-situ hydrolysis of Ti(OC 4 H 9 ) 4 precursor on the surface of moisturized substrates. Owing to the uniform dispersion of in-situ formed TiO 2 nanoparticles , positive tuning effects of Ti(OC 4 H 9 ) 4 hydrolysis on PPy polymerization and structural characteristics of the hybrid selective layer, the in-situ TiO 2 incorporated PPy MMMs demonstrate both high ethanol permeances as 16.2 L m −2 h −1 bar −1 and high brilliant blue rejection (MW=792.85 g mol −1 ) as 92%. Most importantly, the advanced membrane also demonstrates the ethanol permeance over 8.0 L m −2 h −1 bar −1 during the long-term running test which is even higher than the initial permeances of many organic solvent nanofiltration membranes with similar rejection and high stability.
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APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
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2016
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IF 3.15
Zengming Zhang,Yong Hu,Fuyu Qin,Yutian Ding
TiO 2 /ZnO core–shell photo-anodes with a large surface area were synthesised by a combination of chemical growth and direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering (MS). The use of these combined methods for the advancement of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was discussed. An understanding of the morphology and structure of this core–shell material was obtained from the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that the thickness of the ZnO nanoshells (as assessed by using TEM), prepared by MS, has a significant effect on improvements in the conversion efficiency. The conversion efficiency can be greatly improved from 0.06% to 0.72% by optimising different experimental conditions, such as ZnO nanoshell MS time and chemical bath deposition time. The enhanced efficiency may be attributed to the emergence of a ZnO energy barrier and the improvement of the photo-anode surface area.
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NANOTECHNOLOGY
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2016
·Vol. 27
·期 9
·095603
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IF 3.573
Jingjie Cui,Jing Chen,Shaowei Chen,Li Gao,Ping Xu,Hong Li
Cancer is a cell dysfunction disease. The detection of cancer cells is extremely important for early diagnosis and clinical treatments. At present, the pretreatment for the detection of cancer cells is costly, complicated and time-consuming. As different species of the analytes may give rise to specific voltammetric signals at distinctly different potentials, simple potential sensing has the specificity to detect different cellular species. By taking advantage of the different electrochemical characteristics of normal cells, cancer cells and biointeractions between anticancer drugs and cancer cells, we develop a specific, sensitive, direct, cost-effective and rapid method for the detection of cancer cells by electrochemical potential sensing based on Au/TiO2 nanobelt heterostructure electrodes that will be of significance in early cancer diagnosis, in vitro screening of anticancer drugs and molecular biology research.
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Journal of Physical Chemistry C
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2017
·
IF 4.536
Xiumei Wan,Dan-feng Lu,Ran Gao,Jin Cheng,Zhi-mei Qi
A metal-clad optical waveguide sensor based on guided-mode resonance spectroscopy has been developed using a mesoporous TiO2 film as the chemical-sensitive core layer. The sol–gel block copolymer templated mesoporous TiO2 films are ∼275 nm thick, supporting both the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes and thus providing the sensor with the TE- and TM-related dual sensitivities. Both the TE- and TM-mode resonance wavelengths (λR) at the same incident angle were obtained by broadband attenuated total reflection spectroscopy. The film porosity was determined to be ∼0.535 by using the combination of Fresnel formula and Bruggeman approximation to fit the measured values of λR. The TE- and TM-related sensitivities of the sensor to the two analytes of elaidic acid (EA) and Cr6+ were measured at the same incident angle. For each analyte, the TM-related sensitivity is higher than that with the TE-related one. The two sensitivities can be calibrated with each other. Moreover, by adjusting the block copolymer concentration in the coating solution, the mesoporous TiO2 films with different porosities were prepared for investigating the porosity dependence of the sensor’s sensitivity. The findings indicate that a larger-porosity TiO2 film can lead to higher sensitivity. The work demonstrated that the metal-clad mesoporous TiO2 film-based guided-mode resonance sensor is advantageous over a conventional SPR sensor for in situ detection of small molecules.
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Journal of Environmental Sciences
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2016
·
IF 2.208
Zhuowei Cheng,Zhiqi Gu,Jianmeng Chen,Jianming Yu,Lingjun Zhou
The photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous chlorobenzene (CB) by the 365 nm-induced photocatalyst La/N–TiO 2 , synthesized via a sol–gel and hydrothermal method, was evaluated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to model and optimize the conditions for synthesis of the photocatalyst. The optimal photocatalyst was 1.2La/0.5N–TiO 2 (0.5) and the effects of La/N on crystalline structure, particle morphology, surface element content, and other structural characteristics were investigated by XRD (X-ray diffraction), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), UV–vis (Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy), and BET (Brunauer Emmett Teller). Greater surface area and smaller particle size were produced with the co-doped TiO 2 nanotubes than with reference TiO 2 . The removal of CB was effective when performed using the synthesized photocatalyst, though it was less efficient at higher initial CB concentrations. Various modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic models involving the adsorption of chlorobenzene and water on different active sites were evaluated. Fitting results suggested that competitive adsorption caused by water molecules could not be neglected, especially for environments with high relative humidity. The reaction intermediates found after GC–MS (Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis indicated that most were soluble, low-toxicity, or both. The results demonstrated that the prepared photocatalyst had high activity for VOC (volatile organic compounds) conversion and may be used as a pretreatment prior to biopurification.
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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
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2016
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IF 7.145
Yanan Jia,Sihui Zhan,Shuanglong Ma,Qixing Zhou
TiO2–Bi2WO6 binanosheet (TBWO), synthesized by a facile two-step hydrothermal method, was used as an effective visible-light-driven photocatalyst for the inactivation of E. coli and was characterized by TEM, SEM, XRD, FTIR, XPS, and BET. A series of TBWOs with different doping ratios of TiO2 loading from 10 to 55 wt % were synthesized. Among all of the TBWOs, 40% TBWO exhibited the best bacteria disinfection efficiency, and the quantity of viable bacteria could reach 10° with 40% TBWO (100 μg/mL) after being illuminated for 4 h. Furthermore, the confocal fluorescent-based cell live/dead test and the SEM technology were applied to verify the photocatalytically lethal effect toward E. coli and the rupture of bacterial membranes. The leak of bacterial contents, including the bacterial genome represented by relevant 16srDNA, and total protein were detected by PCR and bicinchoninic acid assay. In this work, the antibacterial mechanism was studied by employing photoelectrochemical techniques, electron spin resonance (ESR), and scavengers of different reactive species, revealing the pivotal roles of electron hole (h+) and electron (e–) in the photocatalytic process. In addition, the •O2– and •OH radicals were also detected in the TBWOs system by ESR. It was found that the adsorption of visible light and separation of photogenerated carriers within TiO2 have been largely promoted after being coupled with Bi2WO6, which should be responsible for the improved bactericidal effect.
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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
·
2016
·
IF 7.145
Weiyong Yuan,Jia Yuan,Jiale Xie,Chang Ming Li
Phototoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting represents a highly promising strategy to convert solar energy to chemical energy in the form of hydrogen, but its performance is severely limited by the water oxidation reaction. We conformally grew an ultrathin and continuous coating of Cu2O on TiO2 nanowire array (NWA) to form a truly core–shell TiO2@Cu2O NWA via a new facile, economical, and scalable polymer-mediated self-assembly approach, in which the polymer serves as a stabilizer, reductant, and linker simultaneously. This heteronanostructure was subsequently directly used as a photoanode for PEC water splitting, showing a photocurrent density of 4.66 mA cm–2 at 1.23 V vs RHE in 0.5 M Na2SO4 solution and a maximum photoconversion efficiency of 0.71%, both of which are the highest reported for TiO2-based photoanodes measured under the same conditions (neutral conditions and without any sacrificial agent). The superior PEC performance of the TiO2@Cu2O NWA toward water oxidation is primarily due to much enhanced visible light collection and charge separation for high charge carrier density as well as greatly facilitated charge transfer and transport. This work not only offers a novel TiO2@Cu2O core–shell NWA photoanode for highly efficient PEC water oxidation and investigate its enhancement mechanism but also provides scientific insights into the mechanism of the polymer-mediated self-assembly, which can be further extended to fabricate various other core–shell nanoarchitectures for broad applications.
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CRYSTENGCOMM
·
2016
·Vol. 19
·期 2
·325-334
·
IF 3.849
Javid Khan,Jiuwang Gu,Yuying Meng,Zhisheng Chai,Shiman He,Qili Wu,Shengfu Tong,Gulzar Ahmed,Wenjie Mai,Mingmei Wu
In this paper, we successfully synthesized anatase TiO2 hierarchical microspheres (S0), anatase TiO2 sub-micro hollow mesospheres (S50), anatase TiO2 single crystal hollow nanoparticles (S100), nanoparticles (S250) and (S500) by using different amounts of hydrofluoric acid (HF) versus titanium n-tetrabutoxide (TBT) and acetic acid (AcOH). The structure and morphology of the as-prepared materials were confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The DSSCs (dye-sensitized solar cells) based on anatase single crystal hollow TiO2 nanoparticles (S100) as a photoanode showed an efficient power conversion efficiency of 8.94% along with a current density of 17.39 mA cm−2 and an open circuit voltage of 778 mV, which is higher than the DSSCs based on S0 (8.10%), S50 (8.57%), S250 (7.25%) and S500 (6.12%). The high performance of S100 as a DSSC is attributed to their hollow structure which might help to harvest more light, higher light scattering and trapping abilities and comparatively higher surface area. Therefore, we can expect that our materials are promising for assembling superior photoelectrodes for future preparation of highly-efficient DSSCs and may lead to applications for energy storage, water splitting, catalysis, and gas sensing.
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JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
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2016
·
IF 4.179
Yinhua Jiang,Fan Li,Yan Liu,Yuanzhi Hong,Peipei Liu,Liang Ni
An interlayer structure hybrid photocatalyst of TiO 2 hollow sphere/g-C 3 N 4 (TOCN) has been successfully constructed via a facile impregnation process. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by degrading Rhodamine B under visible irradiation. TOCN-2 with 33 wt.% g-C 3 N 4 had much higher photocatalytic efficiency (98.09%) than pure g-C 3 N 4 (18.62%) and TiO 2 hollow sphere (16.37%). Significantly, TOCN-2 showed much superior photocatalytic performance than TiO 2 nanoparticle/g-C 3 N 4 composite (53.16%), indicating the hollow morphology of TiO 2 also played a crucial role for RhB degradation. In TOCN system, both the morphology effect of TiO 2 and the synergistic effects between TiO 2 and g-C 3 N 4 resulted in significantly enhancing photocatalytic performance.
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