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FTIR spectroscopic study of Li+ solvation in the solutions of LiBF4 in propylene carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, and their mixtures

Zhang Binbin,Li Yantao,Hou Baorong

Ionic solvation in solutions of lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ) in propylene carbonate (PC) + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixtures has been studied using Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Dimerization of DMSO molecules in the solutions was taken into account. The obtained results are discussed with respect to the electrolyte concentration and properties of the cations of the electrolyte. Band changes due to solvation interaction were detected in the region of the C=O stretching vibrations and ring deformation for PC, and the S=O stretching vibrations and C–S–C skeleton stretching modes for DMSO, indicating that there is a strong interaction between lithium cations and solvent molecules. In addition, Li + was preferentially solvated by DMSO in these binary solvents as a result of the large difference in their donor number (DN) values. The structures of PC, DMSO, Li + -PC, Li + -DMSO, and Li + -PC+DMSO were given.

Multiple Roles of Unconventional Heteroatom Dopants in Chalcogenide Thermoelectrics: The Influence of Nb on Transport and Defects in Bi2Te3

Xin Guo,Cunyin Zhang,Zhongyuan Liu,Pan He,Robert Szczęsny,Fangjun Jin,Wanqiang Liu,Duncan H. Gregory

Improvements in the thermoelectric performance of n-type Bi2Te3 materials to more closely match their p-type counterparts are critical to promote the continued development of bismuth telluride thermoelectric devices. Here the unconventional heteroatom dopant, niobium, has been employed as a donor in Bi2Te3. Nb substitutes for Bi in the rhombohedral Bi2Te3 structure and exhibits multiple roles in its modulation of electrical transport and defect-induced phonon scattering. The carrier concentration is significantly increased as electrons are afforded by aliovalent doping and formation of vacancies on the Te sites. In addition, incorporation of Nb in the pseudoternary Bi2–xNbxTe3−δ system increases the effective mass, m*, which is consistent with cases of “conventional” elemental doping in Bi2Te3. Lastly, inclusion of Nb induces both point and extended defects (tellurium vacancies and dislocations, respectively), enhancing phonon scattering and reducing the thermal conductivity. As a result, an optimum zT of 0.94 was achieved in n-type Bi0.92Nb0.08Te3 at 505 K, which is dramatically higher than an equivalent undoped Bi2Te3 sample. This study suggests not only that is Nb an exciting and novel electron dopant for the Bi2Te3 system but also that unconventional dopants might be utilized with similar effects in other chalcogenide thermoelectrics.

In situ polymerization of PEGDA/MMA network in sliced wood for high flexibility and thermally induced shape memory functionality

Ohnmar-Kyaw Nan,Ren Xin,Wang Fei,Wu Xinxing,Zhang Haoliang,Bao Xinnan,Wang Hui,Zhang Yan,Qian Jun,Sun Fangli,Han Shuaibo

Sliced wood veneer maintains the natural texture and color of wood, but its lack of flexibility and difficulty in shaping limit its potential applications. In this study, a modified sliced wood veneer was successfully fabricated by employing NaOH hydrothermal pretreatment and in situ polymerization with a reactive monomer solution of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA), with FTIR, DMA, and SEM analyses performed to systematically reveal its chemical structure, thermomechanical behavior, and microscopic morphology. The results showed that the modified sliced wood veneer possessed excellent thermally induced shape memory properties, with a shape recovery ratio of 99.6% and a shape fixity ratio of 97.9%, retaining high recovery efficiency and fixed over 12 consecutive cycles. Moreover, in the transverse direction, the fracture diameter of the sliced veneer at 130 °C was reduced from 12.2 mm to 1.4 mm, indicating a significant enhancement in flexibility. The transverse and longitudinal tensile strengths of the modified sliced veneer were also improved by 37.3% and 12.9% by combining NaOH hydrothermal pretreatment and in situ polymerization, respectively. This approach improves the performance of wood and broadens the potential applications of sliced wood veneer in fields such as architecture, interior decoration, and transportation interiors.

Minute-scale red phosphorescence in carbon nanodots

Ding Fan,Li Fu-Kui,Hu Yan-Wei,Song Shi-Yu,Zhao Wen-Bo,Cao Qing,Shan Chong-Xin,Liu Kai-Kai

Red phosphorescent materials with long-lived triplet excitons are highly desirable for optoelectronic and bio-related applications but remain limited by short emission lifetime. Here we show ultralong red phosphorescent carbon nanodots, which exhibit minute-scale phosphorescence. Through combining excited-state engineering assisted by machine learning optimization, the obtained red carbon nanodots achieve the phosphorescence lifetime of 353 second, with emission persistence exceeding 4000 second. Spectroscopic analysis reveals the coexistence of a fast radiative transition channel from 3 ( n , π * ) to 1 n 2 and a slow transition channel from 3 ( π , π * ) to 1 ( π , π * ), where the latter dominates the ultralong phosphorescence. As a proof of concept, a wearable passive light-emitting-diode indicator based on the carbon nanodots is demonstrated, enabling visual signaling in time-limited environments after power-off.

Characterization of fluxapyroxad-induced cardiotoxicity in zebrafish

Huilin Yu,Aijun Gui,Zhenkun Zhang,Juan Xu,Xueqian Wu,Menghui Lin,Haiying Cai,Junhui Zhang

● FLU induces cardiotoxicity in zebrafish at embryonic and adult stages. ● FLU-induced cardiac injury is driven by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. ● FLU suppresses mitochondrial complex genes and oxidative phosphorylation. ● FLU disrupts glycolysis and TCA cycle metabolism in the heart. ● FLU shows strong binding affinity to multiple zebrafish SDH subunits. Fluxapyroxad (FLU), a widely detected succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide, poses potential cardiotoxic risks to aquatic organisms. In this study, we explored the cardiotoxic mechanisms of FLU in zebrafish at both embryonic and adult stages. Embryonic FLU exposure caused significant cardiac structural and functional abnormalities, accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species, elevated malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, and heightened apoptosis. Ultrastructural analysis revealed mitochondrial vacuolization, matrix rarefaction, and myofibril disorganization. Mitochondrial respiration, including basal respiration, ATP production, and maximal respiration, was significantly suppressed. In adult zebrafish, FLU led to atrial enlargement, ventricular wall thickening, reduced blood flow, and additional mitochondrial damage. Transcriptomic data showed marked downregulation of mitochondrial complex subunit genes and disruptions in oxidative phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species pathways. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated significant alterations in glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites, reflecting impaired cardiac energy metabolism. Molecular docking further demonstrated strong binding of FLU to zebrafish succinate dehydrogenase subunits, supporting direct inhibition at the protein level. Collectively, these findings reveal that FLU induces cardiotoxicity by promoting oxidative stress, disrupting mitochondrial function, and impairing energy metabolism. This study offers mechanistic insight into SDHI fungicide toxicity and supports their ecological risk assessment. Download: Download high-res image (207KB) Download: Download full-size image

Evidence of Spin Density Waves in La3⁢Ni2⁢O7−????

Kaiwen Chen,Xiangqi Liu,Jiachen Jiao,Muyuan Zou,Chengyu Jiang,Xin Li,Yixuan Luo,Qiong Wu,Ningyuan Zhang,Yanfeng Guo,Lei Shu

A positive muon spin relaxation study of polycrystalline La${}_{3}$Ni${}_{2}$O${}_{6.92}$ under ambient pressure reveals static long range bulk magnetic order consistent with a spin density wave.

Outstanding Reviewers for Sensors & Diagnostics in 2024

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Laser Ultrafast In Situ-Integrated COF Crystals

Ziyu Liu,Xin Wen,Chenqi Yi,Zongsong Gan

Crystallization of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is fundamentally limited by the high activation energies and slow bond-exchange dynamics of imine linkages, rendering solvothermal synthesis intrinsically sluggish (hours to days) and difficult to control. Here, we report a nonequilibrium crystallization strategy in which a 473 nm continuous-wave laser creates a confined photothermal microreactor at the solid–liquid interface. Gaussian focusing generates microsecond local hotspots and steep temperature gradients, producing instantaneous supersaturation in the focal region and driving dynamic covalent exchange into an ultrafast, far-from-equilibrium regime. As a result, COF-300 nucleates and grows in situ within seconds, without catalysts and with submicrometer spatial confinement. Laser power and exposure provide real-time, deterministic control over nucleation and crystal growth, enabling the on-demand, in situ integration of COF microcrystals. Moreover, the highly localized photothermal pathway allows direct laser writing of ordered COF microstructures without transfer or postprocessing. This work establishes an accessible nonequilibrium synthesis route for dynamic covalent materials and offers a generalizable strategy for rapid, programmable crystallization toward integrated photonic architectures.

Anthraquinones Inhibit Insulin Amyloidosis in Crowded Environments

Jiaxing Zhang,Wen Wang,Zubiyan Yibula,Xin Peng,Rongxin Su,Wei Qi

Natural anthraquinones possess a wide range of biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, and antioxidant effects. However, studies on their ability to inhibit amyloid protein aggregation remain relatively limited. In this study, we used insulin as a model protein to investigate the anti-amyloidogenic potential of several natural anthraquinones. Specifically, the inhibitory mechanisms of five anthraquinones (emodin, anthraflavin, aloe-emodin, alizarin, and purpurin) on insulin amyloid fibrillation were explored in both dilute and crowded environments (PEG 2000 and PEG 4000). Multidisciplinary analytical results demonstrated that all five anthraquinones could effectively inhibit insulin amyloid fibrillation in both dilute and crowded environments. Simultaneously, crowded agents themselves also exhibited inhibitory effects on insulin amyloid aggregation. However, the inhibitory efficacy of anthraquinones was weaker in crowded environments than in dilute solutions, indicating that although crowded agents themselves suppressed insulin aggregation, they may interfere with the regulatory roles of anthraquinones on insulin aggregation behavior. Interestingly, purpurin showed stronger inhibitory activity in crowded environments compared to dilute solutions. Furthermore, fluorescence spectral analysis suggested that the quenching mechanism of insulin by all these anthraquinones was identified as static quenching mode. Molecular simulation studies revealed that anthraquinones could bind to the aggregation-prone regions of insulin via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, thereby inhibiting insulin amyloid aggregation. Notably, the inhibitory capacity of these compounds was correlated with their structural features and the binding affinities to insulin. Collectively, this study explored the anti-amyloid activity of anthraquinones, which held significant research value for the development of potential therapeutic agents for amyloid-associated proteinopathies.

Anion Order Triggered Janus Ferroelectricity in Chalcogenides

Zhiguo Li,Qiang Li,Jinpeng Cao,Xiaoge Wang,Xiang Xu,Jochi Tseng,Peixi Zhang,Jinxia Deng,Kun Lin,Tianyou Zhai,Xianran Xing

2D Janus structures break the mirror symmetry, thereby leading to the emergence of novel properties. Anion-ordered Janus structures hold potential for developing large spontaneous polarization ferroelectrics. However, van der Waals disordered alloys are generally more thermodynamically stable; anion-ordered Janus structures can only be realized in certain monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides so far. The polarization in these materials cannot be reversed; therefore, the realization of anion order triggered ferroelectricity remains a challenge. Here, we report that S/Se ordering induces Janus ferroelectricity in SnS 0.6 Se 0.4 nanobelts with a high Curie temperature of approximately 600 K. The second-harmonic generation of SnS 0.6 Se 0.4 nanobelts is approximately 300 times more intense than that of SnS nanobelts. The switchable spontaneous polarization of SnS 0.6 Se 0.4 nanobelts was confirmed by piezoelectric force microscopy, representing the first realization of anion-ordered Janus ferroelectricity. This anion ordering induces a structural phase transition from the non-ferroelectric Pnma to the ferroelectric phase Pm. Our work has realized a periodically anion-ordered Janus structure with ferroelectricity in van der Waals materials and provided a candidate material for novel non-volatile memory devices and optoelectronic applications.

Multifunctional optical applications in CaLaGaO4:Er3+ phosphors

Yuanjian Huang,Heng Yu,Zhanghai Tian,Ruirui Cui,Zijiang Luo,Xiang Guo

To construct high-performance green fluorescent media suitable for non-contact optical temperature measurement and information anti-counterfeiting, excellent fluorescence thermal stability phosphors are required. In this paper, CaLa 1- x GaO 4 : x Er 3+ phosphors were synthesized using a high-temperature solid-state method. When excited at 378 nm, the optimized CaLaGaO 4 :2%Er 3+ sample yielded efficient downshifting luminescence, with prominent green bands centered at 523 and 552 nm originating from the 2 H 11/2  →  4 I 15/2 and 4 S 3/2  →  4 I 15/2 transitions, respectively. Weak red emission near 669 nm, attributed to the 4 F 9/2  →  4 I 15/2 transition, was also observed. Leveraging fluorescence intensity ratio methodology based on thermally coupled energy levels ( 2 H 11/2 and 4 S 3/2 ) for non-contact optical temperature measurements, the system yielded a maximal relative sensitivity of 1.97% K −1 at 298 K, while the absolute sensitivity reached 0.89% K −1 at 473 K, highlighting its superior thermal sensing properties. Moreover, the refined luminescent powders were blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to formulate a security printing medium. This ink remains colorless under ambient illumination; however, upon exposure to 365 nm ultraviolet radiation, it distinctly exposes concealed alphanumeric characters and designs. Consequently, this system exhibits significant applicability within the domain of optical information encryption and forgery prevention. The synergistic combination of efficient downshifting luminescence and high temperature measurement sensitivity establishes the potential of synthesized CaLaGaO 4 :Er 3+ phosphors as a multifunctional platform for luminescence sensing.

Dicofol induces neurotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Xianlang Liu,Han Xiao,Zhipeng Liao,Xuyang Zhang,Weixin Zhang,Qiang Luo,Guiyou Tian

Dicofol (DCF), a widely used organochlorine pesticide, is classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP). However, its toxicological profile and the underlying mechanisms of action in vertebrates remain poorly understood. In this study, exposure of zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) to sublethal concentrations of DCF led to notable behavioral abnormalities in both larvae and adults, effects that were accompanied by increased apoptosis in brain tissues. Additionally, molecular docking analysis identified the α3-subunit containing Na + /K + -ATPase (ATP1A3A) as a potential target of DCF; this finding was corroborated by significant inhibition of Na + /K + -ATPase activity observed in brain tissue samples upon DCF treatment. Further investigation demonstrated elevated intracerebral calcium levels, enhanced oxidative stress, downregulation of chaperones involved in protein folding, increased protein ubiquitylation, and accumulation of phosphorylated microtubule-associated tau protein in the brains of DCF-treated adults. Transcriptomic profiling corroborated these findings, revealing activation of apoptotic pathways, dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, impairment of ROS clearance, and aberrant expression of genes related to neuronal function. In summary, our findings demonstrate that DCF exposure induces toxicity in zebrafish by disrupting multiple signaling cascades, culminating in neuronal apoptosis and neurotoxicity. These findings underscore the potential ecological risks and human health implications associated with DCF exposure. Environmental implication Exposure to the persistent organic pollutant dicofol (DCF) induces neurotoxicity in zebrafish by disrupting multiple signaling cascades. Such disruption triggers calcium dysregulation, oxidative stress, protein misfolding, phosphorylated tau protein accumulation, and neuronal apoptosis, which are hallmarks of neurodegeneration. Given the evolutionary conservation of these toxicity mechanisms across vertebrates, DCF may pose potential ecological risks to other aquatic species, suggesting that DCF contamination in water sources could represent an unrecognized environmental risk factor for human neurological health. These findings warrant regulatory attention to this legacy pesticide.