Tao Lu,Youchao Zhu,Jiahui Xu,Mingjing Ke,Meng Zhang,Chengxia Tan,Zhengwei Fu,Haifeng Qian
The top-selling strobilurin, azoxystrobin (AZ), is a broad-spectrum fungicide that protects against many kinds of pathogenic fungi by preventing their ATP production. The extensive use of AZ can have negative consequences on non-target species and its effects and toxic mechanisms on algae are still poorly understood. In this work, Chlorella pyrenoidosa that had been grown in BG-11 medium was exposed to AZ (0.5–10 mg L −1 ) for 10 d. The physiological and molecular responses of the algae to AZ treatment, including photosynthetic efficiency, lipid peroxidation level, antioxidant enzyme activities , as well as transcriptome-based analysis of gene expression, were examined to investigate the potential toxic mechanism. Results shows that the photosynthetic pigment (per cell) increased slightly after AZ treatments, indicating that the photosystem of C. pyrenoidosa may have been strengthened. Glutathione and ascorbate contents were increased, and antioxidant enzyme activities were induced to relieve oxidative damage (e.g., from lipid peroxidation) in algae after AZ treatment. Transcriptome-based analysis of gene expression combined with physiological verification suggested that the 5 mg L −1 AZ treatment did not inhibit ATP generation in C. pyrenoidosa , but did significantly alter amino acid metabolism, especially in aspartate- and glutamine-related reactions. Moreover, perturbation of ascorbate synthesis, fat acid metabolism, and RNA translation was also observed, suggesting that AZ inhibits algal cell growth through multiple pathways. The identification of AZ-responsive genes in the eukaryotic alga C. pyrenoidosa provides new insight into AZ stress responses in a non-target organism.
Hongde An,Zetong Yi,Hao Chen,Wei Jin,Bo Xie,Lianshan Li,Duqiang Luo
In this study, using a facile one-pot approach, we constructed a series of multifunctional and tunable pesticide formulation based on NKMOF-101-M (M = Mg, Mn, Zn, Co, or Ni) for azoxystrobin (AZOX), aiming to efficiently control gray mold disease. The physicochemical properties of AZOX@NKMOF-101-M, including particle size, zeta potential, release profile, and drug adhesion, were systematically characterized. The pesticide loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency reached up to 0.14 mg/mg and 90 %, respectively. Release studies demonstrated a pH-responsive behavior, attributed to the presence of weakly acidic groups in NKMOF-101-M. In vitro antifungal activity assays revealed that the efficacy of AZOX@NKMOF-101-M (M = Mg, Mn, Zn, Ni) was comparable to that of free AZOX. Notably, AZOX@NKMOF-101-Co exhibited significantly enhanced antifungal activity, which might be attributed to the synergistic interaction between AZOX and cobalt ions. In pot trials, AZOX@NKMOF-101-Co demonstrated approximately 80 % efficacy in controlling Botrytis cinerea infection. Fluorescence tracking of NKMOF-101-Co and biosafety experiments showed that NKMOF-101-Co could be absorbed by plant leaves and transported to various parts of tomato seedlings and that AZOX@NKMOF-101-Co was relatively safe for silkworms, zebrafish, and 293 T cells. Furthermore, these formulations could promoted seed germination and tomato growth, thereby functioning as effective fertilizers to enhance crop yield. This work highlights the potential of NKMOF-101-M as a multifunctional platform for the development of novel controlled-release pesticide formulations, offering a promising approach for sustainable agricultural practices.
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