JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
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2024
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IF 12.2
Chanlin Fang,Shanshan Di,Yundong Yu,Peipei Qi,Xinquan Wang,Yuanxiang Jin
The compound 6PPD is widely acknowledged for its antioxidative properties; however, concerns regarding its impact on aquatic organisms have spurred comprehensive investigations. In our study, we advanced our comprehension by revealing that exposure to 6PPD could induce cardiac dysfunction, myocardial injury and DNA damage in adult zebrafish. Furthermore, our exploration unveiled that the exposure of cardiomyocytes to 6PPD resulted in apoptosis and mitochondrial injury, as corroborated by analyses using transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry. Significantly, our study demonstrated the activation of the autophagy pathway in both the heart of zebrafish and cardiomyocytes, as substantiated by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescent techniques. Importantly, the increased the expression of P62 in the heart and cardiomyocytes suggested an inhibition of the autophagic process. The reduction in autophagy flux was also verified through in vivo experiments involving the infection of mCherry-GFP-LC3. We further identified that the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes was impaired in the 6PPD treatment group. In summary, our findings indicated that the impaired fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes hampered the autophagic degradation process, leading to apoptosis and ultimately resulting in cardiac dysfunction and myocardial injury. This study discovered the crucial role of the autophagy pathway in regulating 6PPD-induced cardiotoxicity. Synopsis 6PPD exposure inhibited the autophagic degradation process and induced mitochondrial injury and apoptosis in the heart of adult zebrafish.
研究领域:
毒理学
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心脏病学
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细胞生物学
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分子生物学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
WATER RESEARCH
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2024
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IF 11.4
Wenyan Yu,Shaoyu Tang,Jonathan W.C. Wong,Zhujun Luo,Zongrui Li,Phong K. Thai,Minghan Zhu,Hua Yin,Junfeng Niu
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q) has been identified to induce acute toxicity to multifarious aquatic organisms at exceptionally low concentrations. The ubiquity and harmful effects of 6PPD-Q emphasize the critical need for its degradation from water ecosystems. Herein, we explored the transformation of 6PPD-Q by an ultraviolet-activated peroxymonosulfate (UV/PMS) system, focusing on mechanism, products and toxicity variation. Results showed that complete degradation of 6PPD-Q was achieved when the initial ratio of PMS and 6PPD-Q was 60:1. The quenching experiments and EPR tests indicated that SO 4 •− and •OH radicals were primarily responsible for 6PPD-Q removal. Twenty-one degradation products were determined through high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry, and it was postulated that hydroxylation, oxidative cleavage, quinone decomposition, ring oxidation, as well as rearrangement and deamination were the major transformation pathways of 6PPD-Q. Toxicity prediction revealed that all identified products exhibited lower acute and chronic toxicities to fish, daphnid and green algae compared to 6PPD-Q. Exposure experiments also uncovered that 6PPD-Q considerably reduced the community diversity and altered the community assembly and functional traits of the sediment microbiome. However, we discovered that the toxicity of 6PPD-Q degradation solutions was effectively decreased, suggesting the superior detoxifying capability of the UV/PMS system for 6PPD-Q. These findings highlight the underlying detrimental impacts of 6PPD-Q on aquatic ecosystems and enrich our understanding of the photochemical oxidation behavior of 6PPD-Q.
研究领域:
环境科学
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生态毒理学
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分析化学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Environmental Technology & Innovation
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2024
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IF 6.7
Zhuanxi Luo,Haiming Wang,Zhenhong Wang,Xin Zhang,Changzhou Yan,Ruilian Yu,Hualan Zhang,Gongren Hu,Baoshan Xing
Tire and road wear particles (TRWPs) have received much attention due to their substantial emission and potentially adverse environmental impacts. The specific contribution of observed contaminants, as critical additives of tires, from TRWPs has not yet been comprehensively studied in the environment. As one of TRWPs generated hotspots, driving school grounds in China were chosen to identify source contributions of heavy metals (HMs) and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′ -phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) from TRWPs. Significant correlations ( P < 0.05) were found between TRWPs and 6PPD and zinc (Zn). The average measured content of 6PPD in road dust was 0.47 ± 0.18 μg/g (n = 50). The estimated level of 6PPD in road dust (5.68 ± 3.36 μg/g, n = 50) was far higher than the measured level of 6PPD in road dust on driving school grounds, implying that TRWPs contributed to 6PPD in road dust from driving school grounds. Compared to the levels of 6PPD in other road dusts, 6PPD in road dust from driving school grounds was higher, exhibiting more significant exposure risks to children with the higher estimated daily intakes. Furthermore, source apportionment through the lead isotopic analysis and positive matrix factorization model revealed that TRWPs were confirmed to contribute more Zn, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) on driving school grounds, notably accounting for 76 %, 31 % and 29 %, respectively. These three HMs presented relatively moderate to strong pollution and corresponding potential ecological risks. Our findings can help identify specific contributions of tire-related additives released from TRWPs in the environment and their potential risks.
研究领域:
环境科学
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毒理学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
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2024
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IF 8.2
Yuexing Zhao,Weitao Liu,Jinzheng Liu,Ruiying Shi,Aurang Zeb,Xiang Li,Yichen Ge
N -(1,3-dimethylbutyl)- N′ -phenyl- p -phenylenediamine (6PPD), a widely utilized antioxidant in automobile tires and rubber goods, is frequently detected in aquatic ecosystems and poses a potential threat to aquatic organisms. However, research on the impact of 6PPD on aquatic plants is still scarce. Here, we investigated the bioaccumulation of 6PPD in Myriophyllum verticillatum ( M. verticillatum ) (watermilfoil), and its impacts on biochemical characteristics and metabolomics. 6PPD (10,100 mg/L) significantly inhibited the growth and photosynthetic pigment content of M. verticillatum . After 14 days of exposure to 100 μg/L 6PPD, accumulation levels of 6PPD and its metabolite 6PPDQ in M. verticillatum reached 0.52 mg/kg and 0.09 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, 6PPD significantly induced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) enzymes and glutathione (GSH), reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), thereby mitigating oxidative damage in M. verticillatum . Furthermore, metabolic pathway analysis revealed that 6PPD has remarkable effects on amino acid and sugar metabolism. This study provides data support for understanding the toxic effects of 6PPD on aquatic plants and evaluating its potential risks.
研究领域:
环境科学
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水生植物学
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毒理学
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代谢组学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
WATER RESEARCH
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2026
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IF 12.8
Jingqi Ruan,Teng Zhang,Peizeng Yang,Xinping Yang,Bin Gao,Junhe Lu,Deyang Kong
The widespread occurrence of 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), a highly toxic transformation product of the tire-derived antioxidant 6PPD, poses serious threat to salmon fisheries. Here, we provide the first quantitative evaluation of 6PPD phototransformation in ice under UV irradiation, a condition directly relevant to salmon habitats. Freezing markedly accelerated both 6PPD photodegradation and its conversion to 6PPD-Q, with a molar yield of 4% in ice versus 1.7% in liquid water. This enhancement arises from the freeze-concentration effect, which enriches 6PPD and oxygen molecules within the quasi-liquid boundary region, selectively amplifying singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) production. In ice, 1 O 2 accounted for 45.9% of 6PPD degradation and 70.2% of 6PPD-Q formation, compared to 4.1% and 35.0%, respectively, in liquid water, where • OH dominated 6PPD-Q formation. These findings highlight ice as an active photochemical medium and identify ice-covered urban waters as potentially overlooked hotspots for 6PPD-Q formation, with direct implications for salmon-bearing ecosystems in cold regions.
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高影响因子
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
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2026
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IF 10.6
Yu Lei,Xiaopeng Yan,Shengwen Zhao,Qian Zhang,Luo Liu,Qian Sun
The tire-derived antioxidant 6PPD and its highly toxic transformation product (TP) 6PPD-Q represent an emerging threat to aquatic ecosystems. For example, 6PPD-Q is identified as the cause of acute mortality in coho salmon . This study investigates the phytoremediation potential of riverine plants in natural wetlands (e.g. Typha minima ( T. minima )) to remove 6PPD and 6PPD-Q. T. minima accelerated the removal of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q from the medium compared to the unplanted controls, with a half-life of 21.31 min and 23.97 h respectively. Total 80 TPs were identified in roots and leaves. Multiple novel pathways were proposed to elucidate the biotransformation processes. The formation of hydrophilic TPs demonstrated the potential of T. minima in detoxifying 6PPD and 6PPD-Q. The occurrence of TPs was related to the activities of detoxification enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. Although 6PPD and 6PPD-Q resulted in oxidative stress symptoms in T. minima , these stresses could be mitigated by their antioxidant defense system. The findings of the present study provide insights into the metabolic fate of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q in T. minima . This offers a foundation for natural wetlands in mitigating the ecological risks of tire-derived micropollutants in river basin management.
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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2024
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IF 10.8
Lifang Zhang,Wenting Yuan,Wangchao Zhao,Bo Yang,Xiaoqiao Jiao,Li Zhou,Shiqian Long,Jiwen Xu,Weilin Huang,Chenglin Liu,Guomao Zheng,Huizhong Shen,Jianhuai Ye,Lei Zhu,Tzung-May Fu,Xin Yang,Chen Wang
Carcinogenic nitrosamines have been widely studied due to their risk to human health. However, the universality and evolutionary processes of their generation, particularly concerning their secondary sources, remain unclear at present. We demonstrated through laboratory flow tube experiments that corresponding nitrosamines were generated from heterogeneous reactions of nitrous acid (HONO) with five structurally diverse amines commonly found indoors, including diphenylamine (DPhA), dibenzylamine (DBzA), dioctylamine (DOtA), N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), and N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (PANA). The heterogeneous reaction rate constants of DBzA and DOtA with HONO (∼70 ppb) were 1.21 × 10–3 and 2.13 × 10–3 min–1 at 30% relative humidity (RH), resulting in a lifetime of 13.8 and 7.8 h. As compared to higher RH (∼80%), more nitrosamines were produced from the reaction of HONO with surface-sorbed DBzA, DOtA, 6PPD, and PANA at lower RH (30%), with product yields ranging from <0.1% to 0.5%. Furthermore, we observed the formation of nitroso-6PPDs and nitro-6PPDs during room air exposure of 6PPD in a genuine indoor environment, in addition to various other transformation products indicative of reactions of 6PPD with HONO, NOx, and ozone indoors. This study confirmed the universality of the heterogeneous reaction of surface-sorbed amine with HONO as a source of nitrosamines indoors.
研究领域:
环境化学
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室内空气质量
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大气科学
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化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Journal of Environmental Sciences
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2026
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IF 6.5
Jingqi Ruan,Teng Zhang,Peizeng Yang,Xinping Yang,Jing Chen,Yuefei Ji,Junhe Lu
Quantitatively analyzed 6PPD degradation and 6PPD-Q formation in UV/NOM. • • OH dominated 6PPD photodegradation, followed by 3 NOM* and 1 O 2 . • 3 NOM* and 1 O 2 mainly contributed to 6PPD-Q formation, while • OH played less. • 6PPD-Q molar yields followed the trend: 1 O 2 > 3 NOM* > • OH > direct photolysis. Photochemical transformation of the tire-derived antioxidant N -(1,3-dimethylbutyl)- N' -phenyl- p -phenylenediamine (6PPD) in sunlit waters has been recognized as an important source of 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), a product with reported acute toxicity to coho salmon. However, the relative contributions of transient reactive species to 6PPD photodegradation and 6PPD-Q formation remain poorly understood. Here, we quantitatively evaluated the photochemical transformation mediated by natural organic matter (NOM), which serves as an important photosensitizer and significantly accelerates both 6PPD degradation and 6PPD-Q generation. Through radical scavenging and kinetic solvent isotopic effect experiments, we identified the excited triplet state NOM ( 3 NOM*), singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), and hydroxyl radical ( • OH) as the key reactive species driving these processes. At 3 mg C /L NOM, their contributions to 6PPD degradation follow descending order: • OH (30.9 %) > 3 NOM* (27.4 %) > 1 O 2 (18.5 %) > direct photolysis (17.6 %). Interestingly, kinetic modeling revealed a shift in dominance for 6PPD-Q formation, with 3 NOM* and 1 O 2 contributing 38.7 % and 30.2 %, respectively, followed by • OH (26.1 %) and direct photolysis (4.7 %). This shift is due to the higher molar yields of 6PPD-Q from 1 O 2 (10.8 %) and 3 NOM* (9.4 %), compared to • OH (5.6 %) and direct photolysis (1.8 %). This quantitative understanding is essential for predicting the environmental fate of 6PPD and informing strategies to mitigate its ecological risks. Download: Download high-res image (347KB) Download: Download full-size image
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DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
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2024
·
IF 12.2
Haiming Wang,Zhuanxi Luo,Anteng Dai,Xu Liao,Changzhou Yan,Ruilian Yu,Shufeng Zhou,Baoshan Xing
Tire wear particles (TWPs) are garnering increasing attention due to their potential adverse environmental impacts. However, precisely ascertaining TWPs content is challenging due to the complexity and variability of the tire components used in the environment, indicating that more reliable methods to accurately determine TWPs are necessary. In this study, driving school grounds were used as a case study to ascertain an appropriate and reliable method to determine TWPs levels based on a comprehensive comparison between different analytical results using styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), and zinc (Zn) as analytical markers. Thermogravimetric analysis-Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TGA-GC-MS) method reliability using SBR was verified and applied to measure TWPs levels on driving school grounds. By reliably converting SBR content to TWPs content, the average TWPs content on driving school grounds was measured at 190.13 ± 101.89 mg/g. The highest TWPs content was 281.83 ± 171.44 mg/g under the reverse stall parking driving programs, while the slope start and stop driving programs was lower at 208.36 ± 124.11 mg/g. Our findings highlight the importance of accurately determining TWPs content within specific environments while comprehensively exploring associated patterns of change to better understand the environmental risks of TWPs.
研究领域:
环境科学
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分析化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY
·
2026
·
IF 4.6
Lipeng Liang,Hao Wang,Luning Cai,Jiaxin Liang,Xiaojun Niu,Xiaofei Song
The ubiquitous presence of the tire rubber antioxidant 6PPD and its toxic transformation product, 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ), poses emerging risks to aquatic ecosystems. This study evaluated the comparative hepatotoxicity and enterotoxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of 6PPD and 6PPDQ in adult zebrafish ( Danio rerio ), with a specific focus on the gut-liver axis. Histopathological analysis revealed that both compounds induced dose-dependent liver damage, characterized by hepatocyte vacuolation and nuclear degeneration; notably, 6PPDQ elicited distinct, and in some aspects comparable, tissue injury relative to the parent compound. Biochemical assays confirmed that oxidative stress is a key mechanism of toxicity, evidenced by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (increased by up to 62.2%) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity (increased by up to 257.1%), alongside inhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities (reduced by up to 15.2% and 25.3%, respectively). In the intestine, exposure compromised barrier integrity and triggered inflammation, indicated by villus structural damage and the upregulation of NF-κB p65 expression. 16S rRNA sequencing unveiled distinct dysbiosis patterns: 6PPD exposure reduced the abundance of Firmicutes and enriched Proteobacteria, whereas 6PPDQ significantly altered the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. Functional prediction analysis indicated hypothetical functional shifts, suggesting that 6PPDQ may specifically impair immune-related pathways while enhancing energy metabolism. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that 6PPD and 6PPDQ induce concurrent multi-organ toxicity via the gut-liver axis, with the transformation product 6PPDQ presenting a distinct ecological risk profile. This study highlights the critical need to incorporate transformation products into the risk assessment of tire-derived contaminants.
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
TALANTA
·
2025
·
IF 6.1
Mingyi Du,Zhiyuan Xu,Dongying Zhang,Yingxi Shi,Mengyu Zhang,Renli Yin,Adela Jing Li,Rongliang Qiu
N -(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)- N′ -phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), a widely used rubber antioxidant, and its ozonolysis derivative, 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), have recently attracted significant attention due to their toxic effect in urban runoff mortality syndrome and widespread occurrence in aquatic environments. In this study, a magnetic covalent organic framework (Fe 3 O 4 @TpPa-NO 2 ) was synthesized and applied as a magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent for the selective extraction of environmentally relevant levels of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q from road runoff, Pearl River water, tap water and human urine samples. The nanocomposite exhibited a uniform spherical morphology, high surface area, well-defined mesoporous structure and strong magnetic responsiveness, enabling rapid efficient analyte capture via synergistic hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions. Critical adsorption parameters were systematically optimized to enhance the overall performance. Combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), the developed method demonstrated good sensitivity (limit of detection: 0.004–0.005 μg L −1 ), high linearity (R 2 ≥ 0.9942) and qualified recoveries (70.2−112.0%) in real samples. The concentrations of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q ranged from 0.013 to 0.15 μg L −1 , further highlighting the widespread occurrence in aquatic environments. Compared to traditional pretreatment methods, the Fe 3 O 4 @TpPa-NO 2 -based MSPE method offers a sensitive and reliable approach for monitoring rubber-derived pollutants in environmental and biological samples.
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PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
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2024
·
IF 12.2
Qicai Zhang,Xianli Wang,Chengbin Liu,Huaxi Li,Zhongsheng Deng,Chunxia Yao,Yameng Li,Qinxiong Rao,Weiguo Song
Given the high toxicity of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl- p -phenylenediamine (6PPD) derivatives, such as 6PPD quinone (6PPDQ) to salmon, as well as their ubiquitous presence in the environment, the contaminant of aquatic food products has drawn significant attention. However, analytical methods for p -Phenylenediamines (PPDs) and their transformation products (TPs) in aquatic products remain underdeveloped. In particular, the degradation of some compounds and strong matrix effects complicate detection. In this study, we present a stable, rapid, and sensitive method combining salt-out assisted extraction, antioxidant protection, and multi-plug filtration clean-up (m-PFC) to detect two PPDs and five TPs in aquatic products. Crucially, the appropriate selection of antioxidants prevented the degradation of the easily oxidized target compounds. Further, the m-PFC method significantly enhanced the purification efficiency, achieving satisfactory recoveries (62.1–115 %), and method detection limits (MDLs) ranging from 0.00300 to 0.400 μg/kg. Subsequently, the method was applied to monitor PPDs and their TPs in aquatic products systematically, revealing the presence of 6PPD and N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (IPPD) in white shrimp from aquafarms, whereas none of the seven target analytes were detected in fish and crab samples. These findings contribute to the detection of PPDs, their TPs and other unstable chemicals in aquatic products, thereby providing insights into their concentrations in these products.
研究领域:
分析化学
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环境科学
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食品安全
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）