INORGANIC CHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS
·
2024
·
IF 4.4
Tengyue Song,Yuhuai Shi,Xueli Zhang,Wenhui Wang,Wenkuang Pan,Guangwei Xiao,Mengli Yin,Xiong Cao
Energetic solid propellants are critical technologies for advancing strategic and tactical weaponry. To further develop the application of CL-20 to energetic solid propellants, it is necessary to explore more efficient catalysts to enhance their thermal decomposition characteristics. In this paper, three composites of nickel–iron layered double oxides doped with 0 wt%, 5 wt% and 20 wt% g-C 3 N 4 (NiFe-LDO/g-C 3 N 4 ) were synthesized by co-precipitation and heat treatment methods. These composites were characterized using Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-Ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). Three prepared composites were tested for catalytic pyrolysis performance of CL-20 using Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results show that NiFe-LDO/g-C 3 N 4 has an excellent layered structure and can significantly enhance the thermal decomposition performance of CL-20. Compared with 253.52 °C for raw CL-20, the thermal decomposition peak temperatures decreased to 246.61 °C, 245.64 °C and 244.08 °C after addition of the three catalysts, respectively. Additionally, the activation energies declined from 234.02 kJ·mol −1 to 192.55 kJ·mol −1 , 176.33 kJ·mol −1 and 160.78 kJ·mol −1 . Then, a potential catalytic mechanism is proposed. This study shows that NiFe-LDO/g-C 3 N 4 serves as a high-quality catalyst for the enhancement of CL-20 thermal decomposition performance, with further prospective applications in solid propellants.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源技术
·
催化化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CRYSTENGCOMM
·
2025
·
IF 2.6
Justin Darku Quansah,Xuexue Zhang,Zhi-Hua Xue,Qi-Long Yan
Insensitive hybrid energetic crystals of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) were successfully synthesized by intercalation of triaminoguanidine-glyoxal crosslinked graphene oxide (GO-TAGP) at varying concentrations (0.5–2.0 wt%). The resulting composites exhibited enhanced density (3.2% increase for GO–TAGP modified HMX and 2.8% for GO-TAGP modified CL-20) and improved thermal stability, attributed to strong interfacial interactions between the GO-TAGP and the energetic molecules. This study investigates the correlation between GO-TAGP content and mechanical properties, which critically influence the initiation sensitivity of these hybrid nitramine crystals. Nanoindentation tests revealed a 14% increase in maximum load capacity (from 35 mN to 40 mN) for GO-TAGP reinforced HMX compared to pure β-HMX, along with a 10% higher displacement before failure. Similarly, GO-TAGP modified CL-20 demonstrated a 17% improvement in elastic modulus (from 8.7 GPa to 10.2 GPa) and a 22% increase in hardness (from 0.45 GPa to 0.55 GPa) at optimal GO loading. The elevated modulus values confirm that GO-TAGP reinforcement significantly enhances structural rigidity, enabling the composites to endure greater mechanical stress without deformation. Concurrently, the hardness improvements suggest superior resistance to localized plastic deformation, indicative of a more robust interfacial bonding within the modified crystal lattice. These enhancements contribute to reduced mechanical sensitivity, ensuring safer handling and storage of these high-energy materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
应用物理学
·
纳米技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Materials Today Chemistry
·
2021
·
IF 8.301
C. Chen,H. Li,J. Yi,Z. Qin,C. Wang,Z. Sun,Y. Xu,S. Xu,F. Zhao
The study of multiple complex catalytic mechanisms is currently one of the great scientific issues for the application of high-energy solid propellants . Two novel heterobimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), Ba 4 Pb 4 (CH 3 CO 2 ) 8 [(CH 6 CO 2 ) 4 Pb](CH 3 CO 2 ) 4 (PbBa-MOF) and Ba 2 Ni(CO 2 H) 6 (OH 2 ) 4 (NiBa-MOF), were prepared via the solvothermal method, and their structures and composition were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques and N 2 adsorption/desorption experiment. The thermal decomposition characteristics of the two MOFs and their catalytic performances on the hexanitro hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) thermolysis were also studied by differential scanning calorimetr (DSC) and thermogravimetric-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-mass spectrum (TG-FTIR-MS) methods. The results showed that the NiBa-MOF presented a lower initial decomposition temperature than the PbBa-MOF, and the difference of the MOFs structures affected the starting point of thermal decomposition. Compared with the pure CL-20, the thermolysis peak temperature and apparent activation energy ( E a ) of the CL-20/PbBa-MOF mixture were decreased by 2.2 °C and 23.76 kJ‧mol −1 , respectively. The E a of CL-20/NiBa-MOF mixture was lower and 42.01 kJ‧mol −1 , indicating the better catalytic activity of NiBa-MOF. The thermolysis catalytic mechanisms were studied by analyzing the transformation of gas products during the pyrolysis of mixtures. The effect of these two MOFs on the CL-20 thermolysis is primarily owing to the strong attraction of metal cations to electronics, bimetallic synergistic catalysis, and the release of active free radicals. Furthermore, the laser ignition and flame propagation features showed that these two MOFs reduced the minimum ignition power density and ignition delay time of the CL-20, and the flame becomes brighter and more luminous. The influence of the two MOFs on the flame bright spot of CL-20 based mixtures was described.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
燃烧与推进
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
·
2022
·Vol. 23
·期 12
·6710
·
IF 6.208
Binghui Duan,Xianming Lu,Hongchang Mo,Bojun Tan,Bozhou Wang,Ning Liu
Safety concerns remain a bottleneck for the application of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro- 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)/1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane (HMX) cocrystal. Melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin was chosen to fabricate CL-20/HMX cocrystal-based core–shell composites (CH@MF composites) via a facile in situ polymerization method. The resulted CH@MF composites were comprehensively characterized, and a compact core–shell structure was confirmed. The effects of the shell content on the properties of the composites were explored as well. As a result, we found that, except for CH@MF–2 with a 1% shell content, the increase in shell content led to a rougher surface morphology and more close-packed structure. The thermal decomposition peak temperature improved by 5.3 °C for the cocrystal enabled in 1.0 wt% MF resin. Regarding the sensitivity, the CH@MF composites exhibited a significantly reduced impact and friction sensitivity with negligible energy loss compared with the raw cocrystal and physical mixtures due to the cushioning and insulation effects of the MF coating. The formation mechanism of the core–shell micro-composites was further clarified. Overall, this work provides a green, facile and industrially potential strategy for the desensitization of energetic cocrystals. The CH@MF composites with high thermal stability and low sensitivity are promising to be applied in propellants and polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) formulations.Keywords:CL-20/HMX cocrystal;in situ polymerization;core–shell structure;desensitization;thermal stability
研究领域:
材料科学
·
爆炸物化学
·
高能材料工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS
·
2021
·
IF 3.995
Chao Chen,Haijian Li,Zhao Qin,Changjian Wang,Yi Xu,Zhihua Sun,Siyu Xu,Jianhua Yi,Fengqi Zhao
Hexanitro complex K 2 Ba[Ni(NO 2 ) 6 ] was prepared via the co-precipitation method, and its composition and morphology were characterized by XRD , SEM , XPS and FT-IR techniques. The catalytic performances of K 2 Ba[Ni(NO 2 ) 6 ] for CL-20, FOX-7 and TKX-50 thermolysis were also discussed and studied by using DSC and TG-DTG-MS. After K 2 Ba[Ni(NO 2 ) 6 ] were mixed with CL-20, the activation energy ( E a ) of thermolysis reaction was increased, while the heat release was greatly improved, and the transformation from NH 3 to NO occurred. It is attributed to that the decomposition products of K 2 Ba[Ni(NO 2 ) 6 ] have strong effects on the oxidation of the radicals and the electrons transfer . Besides, the thermolysis E a of FOX-7 by addition of the K 2 Ba[Ni(NO 2 ) 6 ] was increased by 81.03 kJ mol −1 , and the heat release was greatly increased. In addition to that the two-step separate thermolysis processes of pure FOX-7 was almost replaced by a one-step exothermic reaction for the FOX-7/K 2 Ba[Ni(NO 2 ) 6 ] mixture, which was due to that Ni 2+ cations could effectively increase the activity of amino groups in the FOX-7 thermolysis process. Finally, K 2 Ba[Ni(NO 2 ) 6 ] scarcely has the thermolysis catalytic activity of TKX-50 owing to the influence of metal cations on the decomposition of the hydroxylamine . Furtherly, the characteristics of ignition and flame propagation on the three energetic mixtures were strongly correlated to their thermolysis pathway and mechanism. The comparative study on the effects of K 2 Ba[Ni(NO 2 ) 6 ] to the CL-20, FOX-7 and TKX-50 thermolysis and ignition showed that the hexanitro complex has great significance on promoting the heat release efficiency of solid propellants for future study.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学动力学
·
含能材料
·
催化化学
·
热分析
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
·
2020
·Vol. 44
·期 5
·1858-1864
·
IF 3.288
Zongkai Wu,Jiangfeng Pei,Xiuduo Song,Ning Liu,Jianguo Li,Ming Zhang,Jun Zhang,Dongxiang Zhang,Fengqi Zhao
The DSC-TG-MS-FTIR coupling technique and in situ FTIR technique were used to study the catalytic effects of nano-Fe2O3 and rGO–Fe2O3 on the thermal decomposition behaviors of CL-20/HMX cocrystals. The results showed nano-Fe2O3 having a good catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of the CL-20/HMX cocrystal. Nano-Fe2O3 was found to enhance CO2 production and prevent the production of NH2+, HCN, and CHO or N2H+ during the decomposition of cocrystalline CL-20/HMX. Meanwhile, both the CL-20/HMX thermal decomposition peak temperature and Ea were reduced by including nano-Fe2O3. The inclusion of rGO–Fe2O3 did not enhance the catalytic effect of nano-Fe2O3, but did reduce residue formation during the CL-20/HMX decomposition process. Breaking of N–N bonds and the release of NO2 were concluded to constitute the initial steps of the decomposition of the CL-20/HMX cocrystal. This investigation has contributed to our understanding of the thermal decomposition of the CL-20/HMX cocrystal and provides guidance for the catalytic decomposition of energetic material cocrystals.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学动力学
·
能量材料
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
LANGMUIR
·
2023
·
IF 3.9
Hongqi Nie,Zikangping Wang,Xue-Xue Zhang,Su-Lan Yang,Zhi Ren,Qi-Long Yan
In this study, a 2D structured triaminoguanidine-glyoxal polymer with a high nitrogen content has been coordinated with metal ions to produce energetic metal complexes (TAGP-Ms) employed as energetic burn rate inhibitors. The metal ions (Ba2+, K+, and Ca2+) are elaborately selected based on their ability of suppressing the burn rate of composite propellants. The CL-20 crystals were intercalated with prepared TAGP-Ms materials via a solvent–antisolvent method for realization of the precise control on burning behaviors of studied propellants. The influence of TAGP-Ms inhibitors on thermal decomposition and combustion characteristics of high-energy composite propellants was evaluated using thermal analysis and a combustion diagnostic method. Results of TGA/DSC-FTIR measurements suggest that the thermal decomposition of CL-20-containing composite propellants was found to be constrained by varied degrees as a result of TAGP-Ms additions, in which the TAGP-K displays a stronger effect on suppressing the thermal decomposition of CL-20 compared with that of other TAGP-Ms. The FTIR spectra indicate that the primary gaseous phase products are composed of N2O, H2O, and CO2 in CL-20 decomposition, as well as by HCl, H2O, NO2, and N2O in the decomposition of AP for all studied composite propellants. The combustion characterizations show that the TAGP-K-containing composite propellant exhibits a significantly reduced rate of heat release but is associated with a higher flame radiation intensity increased by 4.2% compared with that of the reference propellant, which clearly implies that the TAGP-K is capable of suppressing the energy release rate while ensuring the high energetic features of propellants to be well maintained. Moreover, the burn rate pressure exponents are considerably decreased by ∼10% for the TAGP-K-containing propellants in comparison with those of propellants with the typical formulation, which strongly suggests that TGAP-Ms are promising candidates for tuning the combustion behaviors of composite propellants by influencing the decomposition processes of CL-20 and AP collectively.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
燃烧与爆炸学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
·
2025
·
IF 6.2
Yanggang Huang,Yong Kou,Ting Chang,Jiaqi Wei,Hongfei Liu,Lei Xiao,Wei Jiang,Gazi Hao
Aiming at the critical issues of uneven dispersion, inadequate interfacial contact, and significant mass/heat transfer resistance inherent in the mechanical mixing process for traditional solid propellant charging, this study proposes a novel strategy for constructing energetic micro-units through core-shell structural design, with the aim of achieving highly reactive and integrated composites tailored for practical solid propellant applications. Using etched aluminum (Al) powder as the core and ammonium perchlorate (AP) together with hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) as the composite shell, Al@AP/CL-20 micro-units with uniform coatings of AP/CL-20 and well-defined core-shell structures were successfully fabricated via solvent evaporation. The thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) and combustion analyses indicate that Al@AP/CL-20 energetic micro-units exhibit significantly earlier decomposition peak temperature compared to pure AP, larger and more concentrated exothermic peaks, as well as stronger combustion intensity and higher flame temperature than the Al/AP/CL-20 composite in the physical mixture. The result confirms that the Al@AP/CL-20 composite structure can effectively enhance the synergistic effect between components, thereby improving the performance of the micro-units. Moreover, as the etching time increases, the porosity of the Al powder surface rises, leading to a further enhancement in the combustion performance of the Al@AP/CL-20 energetic micro-unit. In particular, when the Al powder etching time reached 5 h and the mass ratio of Al/AP/CL-20 was 1:2:2, the Al@AP/CL-20 micro-units demonstrated the best combustion performance, with the highest light intensity and a maximum flame temperature of 1094 °C — a 49 % improvement over the physically blended sample (PAAC-2) with the same mass ratio. This is attributed to the well-defined core-shell structure, which significantly shortens mass and heat transfer distances between components, and a better-matched oxygen balance that imparts the best combustion efficiency. The study affirms that the core-shell energetic micro-unit strategy effectively overcomes the limitations of conventional mixing methods and provides a pathway for formulating highly reactive solid propellant with enhanced energy release efficiency.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
推进剂化学
·
纳米复合材料
·
燃烧学
·
热力学
·
功能材料
·
能源材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2024
·
IF 4.9
Peng Bao,Su Jiang,Yang Chen,Yuanlin Fan,Yaning Li,Boliang Wang
Despite the extensive researches on CL-20 crystals, the mechanical safety issues and process problems of CL-20 applications have not been studied in-depth. Herein, the cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) was doped in microcrystalline wax (MW), oxidized microcrystalline wax (OMW) and hydrogel (PPC) to design and fabricate the cross-linked CL-20 composites by simple water-suspension melting and freeze-drying methods. The composites were characterized by SEM, XPS, TG-DSC, XRD, mechanical sensitivity device and inclined chute tester. It is found that the CNC@OMW composite film exhibits excellent coating effect (99.96%) on CL-20 due to the cross-linking results. The E a of CL-20 is increased from 190.92 to 388.71 kJ/mol under the synergistic effect of the excellent compatibility between components and the compact coating structure of CNC@OMW. Additionally, the film enhances the T p0 of CL-20 from 218.15 to 222.66 ℃ and T b from 220.27 to 223.73 ℃, respectively. While, the PPC@CNC only promoted E a , T p0 and T b of CL-20–292.89.71 kJ/mol, 224.22 ℃ and 225.66 ℃, respectively. Besides, the XRD results confirms that three composite films dose not cause a transformation of the ε- CL-20 crystal phase. Most importantly, the cross-linked film brings mechanical sensitivity of CL-20 from 60 N and 3.5 J to a level of over 360 N and 10.4 J, comparable to WO 3 /Al nanothermite with 5 wt% polyaniline (360 N) and composite with 95 wt% LLM-105 and 5 wt% ternary (11–12 J). This improvement enables the composite explosives to be handled using standard procedures. Furthermore, the ability of the particles to accumulate electrostatic charge after cross-linking coating is significantly reduced, and PVC is more suitable as the contact material of CL-20 and composite particles than copper for use in the transportation and packaging. These findings can serve as a reference for wide application of CL-20.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
炸药工程
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2024
·
IF 13.3
Wenqing Li,Shimin Zhang,Songchao Shi,Xiaoying Cheng,Chongwei An,Jingyu Wang,Baoyun Ye
Realizing the balance between high energy density and multifunctionality of energetic materials is a hot spot in current research, and its study is of great significance for the application of energetic materials. Regulating microstructure is widely recognized as an effective strategy for solving such problems. In this paper, four different microstructures of Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane(CL-20)/1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene(FOX-7) composite microspheres, namely, hollow, porous irregular microspheres, porous microspheres, and layered porous microspheres, were prepared by microchannel recrystallization technology. The effects of crystal precipitation rate, binder mechanical properties, and purity of water phase on the microstructure of composite microspheres were systematically investigated. The four prepared samples were spherical particles with regular morphology and uniform particle size. The angle of repose and mechanical sensitivity tests showed that the CL-20/FOX-7 composite microspheres had good dispersibility and mechanical sensitivity. Ignition experiments show that hollow microspheres have the best energy release efficiency, while porous microspheres have higher energy density and more stable energy release efficiency. The results show that the combustion performance and safety of the composite microspheres can be effectively enhanced by adjusting the microstructure. Microchannel recrystallization technology can realize the controllable preparation of the microstructure of composite microspheres, which provides a reference for the design and preparation of other composite microspheres.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
·
2025
·
IF 3.1
Ma SongYuChen,Li YinHui,Di Yang,Liu Tao,Wang DeQi,Shi WenJing,Ling ZhiGang,Li FengSheng,Liu Jie
To enhance the safety performance and thermal stability of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexazepane (CL-20), a core–shell composite was synthesized via in situ polymerization of aniline on polyethyleneimine (PEI)-modified CL-20. PEI modification introduced –NH 2 groups onto CL-20 surface, providing active sites for aniline polymerization and inhibiting its self-polymerization, thus forming dense polyaniline (PANI) shells with uniform thickness (about 2.8 mass%) while maintaining the high-energy crystal structure of CL-20. Compared to pure CL-20, CL-20-P@PANI showed a 15.8 °C increase in phase transition temperature (185.5 °C) and a 4 °C rise in thermal decomposition temperature (247.21 °C), attributed to the thermal barrier effect of PANI shells. The results of the mechanical sensitivity test indicate that the dense polyaniline shell layer effectively dissipates external forces, leading to a 51.43% reduction in impact sensitivity and a 20% decrease in friction sensitivity. This study provides a novel modification approach for high-energy materials by combining PEI-mediated interface engineering with in situ polymerization, ensuring both safety and energy characteristics. Graphic abstract
研究领域:
含能材料
·
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
热工学
·
安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
·
2025
·
IF 6.2
Zhiyuan Feng,Yunjie Liu,Yajing Xiao,Yunlong Zhang,Ruixuan Xu,Qi-Long Yan,Hongqi Nie
s High burning rate pressure exponent and incomplete combustion of Al constrains the further application of the composite propellant containing CL-20. In this study, various Al@CL-20 composites constructed by spray-drying method were applied to modify the HTPB/AP/Al/CL-20 propellant through interfacial control and synergistic effect of catalysts (GO CHZ-M, M =Co 2+ or Ni 2+ ) without changing the propellant formulations. The results show that the modified propellant have a greater heat of reaction (5977 J g -1 , increased by 7.3 %), a reduced ignition delay time of 477 ms, an 32.1 % increase in the burning rate at 1 MPa, and the pressure exponent decreased from 0.49 to 0.15 within 0–2 MPa (about 69.4 % reduction), the mechanism can be attributed to the catalytic decomposition of CL-20 and AP by the presence of GO CHZ-M. Moreover, the agglomeration of Al was remarkably inhibited by interfacial control and precise catalysis, the proportion of condensed phase combustion products with particle size larger than 10 μm decreased from 35.1 % to 23.4 %, while the active Al content in the products declined significantly, indicating that the combustion efficiency of the propellant was greatly improved.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
推进剂化学
·
燃烧学
·
纳米催化
·
复合材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）