JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
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2025
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IF 11.3
Ruomeng Shi,Xianxu Li,Huijuan Lv,Qian Wang,Xiangfeng Yao,Yeji Zhang,Huiyan Yang,Jia Ding,Lubsan-zondy Budazhapov,Jun Wang
s Phthalate esters (PAEs) are typically released from agricultural plastic films and veterinary antibiotics introduced through livestock manure. They often accumulate in agricultural soils, posing complex ecological risks and severe biological effects that are not yet fully understood. Therefore, this study investigated the ecotoxicity and risks of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), sulfadiazine (SDZ), and their co-exposure on earthworms. DEHP, SDZ, and their co-exposure was found to significantly impair earthworm growth and reproduction, induced oxidative stress, and altered the expression of functional genes ( tctp , ann , sod , cat , hsp70 , er ). Both DEHP and SDZ strongly bound to key earthworm proteins (SOD and TCTP), further supporting the evidence of oxidative stress and adverse effects on growth and development. Risk assessment revealed that DEHP exacerbated the reproductive and oxidative stress compared to SDZ and the co-exposure. Furthermore, histopathological and flow cytometric results suggested antagonistic interactions between DEHP and SDZ during co-exposure. Transcriptomics data demonstrated that SDZ activated pathways related to oxidative stress repair (peroxisome pathways) and detoxification (glutathione metabolism) in earthworms, which explains the relatively lower toxicity of co-exposure. Overall, these findings provide multi-level insights into the antagonistic effects of compound pollution in soil ecosystems and support the ecological risk assessment of PAEs and antibiotics.
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SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
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2024
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IF 8.2
Sheng-Nan Zhang,Yi-Tong Zhou,Jun Xia,Yu-Meng Wang,Jun-Wei Ma,Li-Kun Wang,Kashif Hayat,Shan-shan Bai,Cheng-han Li,Ming-Rong Qian,Hui Lin
Cadmium (Cd) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) frequently coexist in farmlands, yet their synergistic toxicological impacts on terrestrial invertebrates remain unexplored. In this study, earthworms were exposed to artificial soils percolated with Cd (5 mg/kg), SMX (5 mg/kg) or combination of them for 7 days, followed by a 12-day elimination phase in uncontaminated soil. The uptake of Cd and SMX by the earthworms, along with their subcellular distribution, was meticulously analyzed. Additionally, a suite of biomarkers—including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and weight loss—were evaluated to assess the health status of the earthworms and the toxicological effects of the Cd and SMX mixture. Notably, the cotreatment with Cd and SMX resulted in a significantly higher weight loss in Eisenia fetida (41.25 %) compared to exposure to Cd alone (26.84 %). Moreover, the cotreatment group exhibited substantially higher concentrations of Cd in the total internal body, fraction C (cytosol), and fraction E (tissue fragments and cell membranes) in Eisenia fetida compared to Cd alone counterparts. The combined exposure also significantly elevated the SMX levels in the total body and fraction C compared with the SMX-only treated earthworms. Additionally, Eisenia fetida subjected to the combined treatment showed markedly increased activities of SOD, CAT, and MDA compared to those treated with Cd alone. The effect addition indices (EAIs), ranging from 1.00 to 2.23, unequivocally demonstrated a synergistic effect of the combined treatments. Interestingly, relocating the earthworms to clean soil did not mitigate the observed adverse effects . These findings underscore the increased risk posed by the Cd-SMX complex to terrestrial invertebrates in agricultural areas.
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高影响因子
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
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2023
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IF 8.9
Baikerouzi Baihetiyaer,Nan Jiang,Xianxu Li,Jie Song,Jun Wang,Xiaoteng Fan,Yajie Zuo,Xianqiang Yin
Biodegradable microplastics (BMPs) pose serious environmental problems to soil organisms, and their adsorption capacity might make pesticides more dangerous for soil organisms. Therefore, in this study, polylactic acid (PLA) BMPs and imidacloprid (IMI) were used as a representative of BMPs and pesticides, respectively. Eisenia fetida was used as a test animal to investigate the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of single and compound contaminated PLA BMPs and IMI on mortality, growth, number of offspring, tissue damage, and gut microorganisms of E.fetida . Exposure to PLA BMPs treatment and PLA BMPs + IMI treatment resulted in a sustained increase in E.fetida mortality, reaching 16.7% and 26.7%, respectively. The growth inhibition rate of single treatments was significantly increased. The compound contamination had the greatest effect on E.fetida offspring compared to the control. PLA BMPs and IMI cause histological damage to E.fetida, with the compound treatment causing the most severe damage. Based on the results of 16S sequencing, the bacterial communities in E.fetida gut and soil treated to PLA BMPs and IMI were significantly different. PLA BMPs + IMI treatment suppresses the abundance and diversity of E.fetida gut microorganisms, disrupting the homeostasis of bacterial communities and causing immune and metabolic dysfunction. These findings highlight the more severe damage of combined PLA BMPs and IMI pollution to E.fetida , and help to assess the risk of earthworm exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of PLA BMPs and IMI.
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高影响因子
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
·
2023
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IF 8.9
Baikerouzi Baihetiyaer,Nan Jiang,Xianxu Li,Bo He,Jun Wang,Xiaoteng Fan,Huimin Sun,Xianqiang Yin
The environmental issues caused by biodegradable microplastics (BMPs) from polylactic acid (PLA) as well as pesticides are of increasing concern nowadays. In this study, the toxicological effects of the single and combined exposure of PLA BMPs and imidacloprid (IMI), a neonicotinoid insecticide, on earthworms ( Eisenia fetida ) were investigated in terms of oxidative stress , DNA damage, and gene expression, respectively. The results showed that compared with the control, SOD, CAT and AChE activities in the single and combined treatments decreased significantly, and POD activity showed an “inhibition-activation” trend. SOD and CAT activities of combined treatments on day 28 and AChE activity of combined treatment on day 21 were significantly higher than those of the single treatments. For the rest of the exposure period, SOD, CAT and AChE activities in the combined treatments were lower than those in the single treatments. POD activity in the combined treatment was significantly lower than those of single treatments at day 7 and higher than that of single treatments at day 28. MDA content showed an “inhibition-activation-inhibition” trend, and the ROS level and 8-OHdG content increased significantly in both the single and combined treatments. This shows that both single and combined treatments led to oxidative stress and DNA damage. ANN and HSP70 were expressed abnormally, while the SOD and CAT mRNA expression changes were generally consistent with the corresponding enzyme activities . The integrated biomarker response (IBR) values were higher under combined exposures than single exposures at both biochemical and molecular levels, indicating that combined treatment exacerbated the toxicity. However, the IBR value of the combined treatment decreased consistently at the time axis. Overall, our results suggest that PLA BMPs and IMI induce oxidative stress and gene expression in earthworms at environmentally relevant concentrations, thereby increasing the risk of earthworms.
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高影响因子
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
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2022
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IF 13.352
Jinbo Liu,Jianjun Qin,Lang Zhu,Kecheng Zhu,Ze Liu,Hanzhong Jia,Eric Lichtfouse
The recent discovery of microplastics contaminants in most ecosystems has raised major health issues, yet knowledge on their impact on soil organisms is limited, especially their toxicity evolution with aging. Herein, the toxicity of polystyrene microplastic (PS-MP) to earthworm ( Eisenia fetida ) along with aging was investigated. Results showed that the 28 d-LC 50 (50% lethal concentration) of PS-MP was 25.67 g kg −1 , whereas that increased to 96.47 g kg −1 after PS-MP initially aged in soil for 28 days, indicating the toxicity of PS-MP decreased with aging. Laser scanning confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) found that the toxicity of PS-MP to earthworm may be due to the ingestion of PS-MP by earthworms and the physical damage (e.g., epidermis abrasion and setae loss) of PS-MP to earthworms. Similarly, the levels of reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde content increased with PS-MP concentrations from 0.1 to 1.5 g kg −1 , but decreased with aging from 7 to 28 days. The integrated biomarker response index also confirmed that the toxicity of PS-MP decreased with aging. SEM found that PS-MP were progressively covered by soil particles during soil aging, inducing the formation of protective layer and increasing the particle size of PS-MP, which prevented direct contact with earthworms and decreased the ingestion of PS-MP, in turn decreased PS-MP toxicity. Overall, our study provides valuable insights for elucidating the effect of aging on the toxicity of microplastics.
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ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
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2019
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IF 4.527
Shuyan Zhao,Tianqi Liu,Bohui Wang,Jia Fu,Tiankun Liang,Zhe Zhong,Jingjing Zhan,Lifen Liu
While N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (EtFOSE) is a precursor of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), its bioaccumulation, transformation and toxicological effects in earthworms ( Eisenia fetida ) exposed to quartz sands are poorly understood. The present study showed that except for parent EtFOSE, N-ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamide acetate (EtFOSAA), N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetate (FOSAA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and PFOS were detected in earthworms, with EtFOSAA as the primary biotransformation product. The biota-to-sand accumulation factor (BSAF) and uptake rate coefficient ( k u ) of EtFOSE were 5.7 and 0.542/d, respectively. The elimination rate constants ( k e ) decreased in the order EtFOSA (0.167/d) ∼ FOSAA (0.147/d) > FOSA (0.119/d) ∼ EtFOSAA (0.117/d) > EtFOSE (0.095/d) > PFOS (0.069/d). No significant effects were observed in malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities between EtFOSE treatments and controls. EtFOSE could cause significant accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in earthworms. Peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly activated by 41.4–74.3%, 37.2–44.4% and 32.4–52.3% from day 4–10, respectively, while 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels were elevated by 47.7–70.3% from day 8–10, demonstrating that EtFOSE induced oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage in earthworms. Significant increase of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) with 41.6–62.8% activation (8–10 d) gave indirect evidence on the conjugation of EtFOSE or its corresponding metabolites during phase II of detoxication. This study provides important information on the fate and potential risks of EtFOSE to terrestrial invertebrates.
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JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
·
2024
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IF 12.2
Ruiquan Hou,Hao Wu,Pengrui Du,Shengnan Li,Jun Liu,Jinzhe Chang,Suqing Huang,Dongmei Cheng,Peiwen Zhang,Zhixiang Zhang
Cationic and anionic castor oil-based waterborne polyurethanes (C-WPU/A and C-WPU/C) have great potential for development in agriculture. However, it is still unclear whether these polyurethanes are harmful or toxic to soil fauna. Based on multilevel toxicity endpoints and transcriptomics, we investigated the effects of C-WPU/A and C-WPU/C on earthworms ( Eisenia fetida ). The acute toxicity results showed that C-WPU/A was highly toxic to the earthworms, whereas C-WPU/C was nearly nontoxic. C-WPU/A significantly affected the body weight, burrowing ability and cocoon production rate of earthworms compared to C-WPU/C. After exposure to C-WPU/A, the results showed accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), abnormal peroxidase activity, and increased malondialdehyde levels. Additionally, more serious histopathological damage was observed in earthworms, such as epidermal damage, vacuolization, longitudinal muscle disorganization, and shedding of intestinal epidermal cells. At the cellular level, C-WPU/A induced more severe lysosomal damage, DNA damage and apoptosis than C-WPU/A. C-WPU/A made more differentially expressed genes and considerably more enriched pathways at the transcriptional level than C-WPU/C. These pathways are largely involved in cell membrane signaling, detoxification, and apoptosis. These results provide an important reference for elucidating the selective toxicity mechanisms of C-WPU/A and C-WPU/C in earthworms.
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SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
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2021
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IF 7.963
Yingfei Sheng,Yi Liu,Kewei Wang,James V. Cizdziel,Yichun Wu,Ying Zhou
As one of the most common and persistent emerging human-made pollutants, microplastics (MPs) have become a global environmental problem. Although many studies have demonstrated the impact of MPs on aquatic organisms, the potential effects on terrestrial fauna are relatively unknown, even though soil is a major sink for plastic pollution. In this study, earthworms ( Eisenia fetida ) were exposed to MPs from tires (TMPs) in artificial soil at different TMP concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, and 20%, w /w), at different TMP size fractions (2 mm–350 μm; 350 μm–50 μm; 50 μm–25 μm; and <25 μm), and time periods (14 and 28 days). The purpose was to evaluate the impact of TMPs on the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, and Pb) and levels of oxidative stress in the earthworms. Fluorescence imaging of TMPs stained with Nile red dye clearly showed that the worms had ingested the TMPs, with smaller particles preferentially consumed. The ingested TMPs had altered the surface morphology, degradation that increased surface area and uptake of heavy metals into the organisms. Earthworms exposed to TMPs at the higher concentrations showed clear signs of oxidative stress, with significantly ( p < 0.05) increased catalase and peroxidase activity and lipid peroxidation levels, and reduced activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase. SOD, POD, and CAT are important cell protection enzymes that prevent excessive levels of reactive oxygen species in cells. MDA represents the total scavenging ability of free radicals in the tissue. SOD decreases and MDA accumulates rapidly. GST has a detoxification effect. Overall, this study adds to the growing body of evidence that TMPs are harmful to certain terrestrial organisms.
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Environmental Technology & Innovation
·
2024
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IF 6.7
Yaxin Liu,Congbin Xu,Tianran Sun,Jiemin Cheng
The toxicity of nanoparticles has attracted much attention, but the toxicity of nanoparticle types to soil fauna remains unclear. In this study, the earthworm ( Eisenia fetida ) was selected as a representative soil fauna to evaluate the toxicity of nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAP), -zeolite (n-zeolite), and -iron tetroxide (n-Fe 3 O 4 ) to soil fauna. The results showed that the skin ultrastructure, mortality, growth, antioxidant systems, and genetic material of the earthworms were affected to varying degrees by different nanoparticles. A filter paper test indicated that dermal exposure to nanoparticles primarily caused lesions in the cuticle, microvilli, and nucleus of the epithelial cells of earthworm skin. Soil incubation experiments showed that all types of nanoparticles could cause weight loss in earthworms, but only n-Fe 3 O 4 resulted in their death. The reactive oxygen species and glutathione contents in earthworms exposed to n-Fe 3 O 4 were much higher than those in earthworms exposed to n-HAP and n-zeolite. All nanoparticles stimulated the catalase and lactate dehydrogenase activity and damaged the DNA of earthworms. Integrated biomarker responses showed that the toxicity to earthworms increased in the following order: n-HAP < n-zeolite < n-Fe 3 O 4 . The characterization results indicated that the differences in surface hydroxyl groups and surface charge may be the cause of the differences in toxicity between n-HAP and n-zeolite with similar properties. The highest toxicity of n-Fe 3 O 4 could be due to the size, spherical morphology, positive surface charge and the presence of Fe(II).
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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
·
2026
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IF 7.3
Xiaoyu Ma,Lusheng Xu,Jinhai Tan,Xiaowei Cui,Li Zhu,Xinlei Wang,Zhifeng Wang
Microplastics (MPs) derived from degraded agricultural mulching films frequently co-occur with arsenic in cropland soils, yet their joint toxic effects on soil fauna remain insufficiently understood. This study compared conventional non-biodegradable microplastics (polyethylene, PE) with biodegradable microplastics (polylactic acid, PLA; and polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate, PBAT) co-exposed with arsenate (As(V)) in a 28-day soil exposure experiment using earthworm Eisenia fetida as model organism. Results showed that microplastic abundance in the earthworm gut increased over time, whereas co-exposure consistently reduced arsenic bioaccumulation in tissues, with stronger reductions observed for PLA and PBAT than for PE. Across multiple physiological and oxidative stress-related biomarkers, As(V) induced growth inhibition and oxidative injury, while the presence of microplastics generally mitigated these adverse responses. Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) analysis indicated lower overall stress in the combined treatments than in the corresponding single As(V) treatments, and interaction assessment based on the IBR-Effect Addition Index (EAI) model further suggested antagonistic effects between As(V) and all three microplastics. Overall, biodegradable microplastics (PLA MPs and PBAT MPs) exhibited a greater capacity to attenuate arsenic toxicity than conventional PE MPs. These findings demonstrate polymer-dependent interactions in arsenic-microplastic co-contamination and provide a scientific basis for ecological risk assessment of conventional and biodegradable mulching films in agricultural soils.
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高影响因子
CHEMOSPHERE
·
2023
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IF 8.8
Falin He,Tianyu Qi,Shuqi Guo,Hao Wang,Zhuo Zhang,Rutao Liu,Wansong Zong
Pyridine and its derivatives are widely used in many applications and inevitably cause extreme scenarios of serious soil contamination, which pose a threat to soil organisms. Still, the eco-toxicological effects and underlying mechanisms of pyridine-caused toxicity toward soil fauna have not been well established. Thus, earthworms ( Eisenia fetida ), coelomocytes, and oxidative stress-related proteins were selected as targeted receptors to probe the ecotoxicity mechanism of extreme pyridine soil exposure targeted to earthworms by using a combination of in vivo animal experiments, cell-based in vitro tests, in vitro functional and conformational analyses, and in silico analyses. The results showed that pyridine caused severe toxicity to E. fetida at extreme environmental concentrations. Exposure of pyridine induced excessive ROS formation in earthworms, causing oxidative stress and various deleterious effects, including lipid damage, DNA injury, histopathological change, and decreased defense capacity. Also, pyridine destroyed the cell membrane of earthworm coelomic cells and triggered a significant cytotoxicity. Importantly, the intracellular ROS (e.g., O 2 − , H 2 O 2 , and OH· – ) was release-activated, which eventually inducing oxidative stress effects (lipid peroxidation, inhibited defense capacity, and genotoxicity) through the ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Moreover, the antioxidant defence mechanisms in coelomocytes responded quickly to reduce ROS-mediated oxidative injury. It was conformed that the abnormal expression of targeted genes associated with oxidative stress in coelomic cells was activated after pyridine exposure. Particularly, we found that the normal conformation (particle sizes, intrinsic fluorescence, and polypeptide backbone structure) of CAT/SOD was destroyed by the direct binding of pyridine. Furthermore, pyridine bound easily to the active center of CAT , but preferentially to the junction cavity of two subunits of SOD, which is considered to be a reason for impaired protein function in cells and in vitro. Based on these evidences, the ecotoxicity mechanisms of pyridine toward soil fauna are elucidated based on multi-level evaluation.
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PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY
·
2024
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IF 4.2
Zhiyuan Meng,Zixin Yan,Ruixian Yang,Xinyi Wu,Xiuli Zhang,Hui Pan,Xin Bao,Li Liu,Xiaojun Chen
The widespread application of neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) has attracted widespread attention to their potential ecotoxicological effects. In this study, we systematically evaluated the toxic effects of thiamethoxam (TMX) and its metabolite clothianidin (CLO) on earthworms ( Eisenia fetida ). Specifically, the antioxidant system responses and endogenous metabolite metabolism responses in earthworms were analyzed in the temporal dimension after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of exposure to TMX and CLO. The results found that TMX and CLO could inhibit the growth phenotype of earthworms and cause significant changes in antioxidant system related indicators. More importantly, we found that TMX and CLO could cause significant changes in the metabolic profiles of earthworms through NMR-based metabolomics. From the changes in endogenous metabolites, the toxicity effects of TMX on earthworms gradually increases with prolonged exposure time. Differently, the toxicity effects of CLO on earthworms is significantly higher than that of TMX in the early stages of exposure. Meanwhile, these impacts will not weaken with prolonged exposure time. Furthermore, the results of KEGG enrichment pathway analysis indicated that TMX and CLO could significantly interfere with energy homeostasis, redox homeostasis, osmotic regulation, amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis in earthworms. These findings further deepen our understanding of the ecotoxicological effects of NNIs on soil organism.
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