JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
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2026
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IF 11.3
Rahim Shahrokhi,Yisup Byun,Hyo-Bang Moon,Junboum Park
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) are among the most frequently detected per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment owing to their prevalence and high stability, raising serious concerns regarding their toxicity and long-term persistence. This study proposes a promising approach for the degradation of PFOS and PFBS using a mechanochemical degradation (MCD) technique, employing tourmaline (TM). A comprehensive suite of characterization techniques — including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction — was used to elucidate the degradation pathways and structural transformations of PFOS and PFBS. The results showed that after just 6 h of milling, PFOS and PFBS were effectively degraded by 96 % and 97 %, respectively, accompanied by significant mineralization, as evidenced by total organic carbon (TOC) reductions of 91 % for PFOS and 82 % for PFBS. Under mechanical stress, TM generates piezo-electrons and forms oxygen vacancies in its metal–oxides, both of which enhance PFAS degradation. Additionally, TM induced a significant breakdown of the C–S/C–C bonds and the immobilization of the released fluoride as stable inorganic species. These findings demonstrate the dual functionality of TM as both an electron generator and a fluoride scavenger, supporting its potential as a sustainable reagent for PFAS remediation via MCD.
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ACS Applied Electronic Materials
·
2026
·Vol. 8
·期 15
·6466-6480
·
IF 4.7
Chang Yi-Hsin,Ejeta Dula Daksa,Su Kuan-Hsuan,Shih Orion,Lin Ching-Hsuan
High-speed electronic interconnects require polymer dielectrics that combine ultralow dissipation factor ( D f ) with excellent thermal and mechanical robustness. In our previous work, the polyimide derived from 3,4 ′ -diaminodiphenyl ether (3,4-ODA) and 1,4-phenylene bis(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carboxylate) (TAHQ) showed a lower dielectric loss ( D f = 0.0017 at 10 GHz) than the corresponding 4,4-ODA/TAHQ polyimide ( D f = 0.0023), suggesting that diamine geometry strongly influences dielectric performance. To further restrict rotational freedom around the aryl–O–aryl linkage and promote more extended chain conformations, a sterically hindered analogue of 3,4-ODA, 2-methyl-3 ′ ,4-oxydianiline (3,4-MODA), was designed and synthesized via a two-step route. DFT torsional scans of representative TAHQ/diamine/TAHQ trimer models supported this design concept by confirming the increased rotational barrier around the aryl–O–aryl linkage in the 3,4-MODA-based structure. 3,4-MODA was then incorporated into TAHQ-based polyimides by copolymerization with either 3,4-ODA or 4,4-ODA, affording the 34PI- X and 44PI- X series, where X is the mole fraction of 3,4-MODA in the diamine feed. The resulting films exhibit excellent thermal stability ( T g > 300 ° C, T d5% up to ∼500 ° C) and good mechanical properties. Moderate incorporation of 3,4-MODA reduced the in-plane coefficient of thermal expansion and increased birefringence, while wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns suggested enhanced molecular ordering. These changes were accompanied by improved dielectric performance. In the 34PI- X series, compositions containing 25–37.5 mol% 3,4-MODA achieved an ultralow D f of 0.0011 at 10 GHz. In the 44PI- X series, D f decreased from 0.0023 to 0.0013 at 50 mol% 3,4-MODA. These results suggest that steric modulation near the ether linkage is an effective strategy for developing PFAS-free polyimides with ultralow dielectric loss for high-frequency flexible printed circuit boards (FPCBs).
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JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 11.3
Shan Yao,Jieying Lin,Shaoxiong He,Yang Bai,Mingge Jin,Feng Zhu,Jingyun Fang,Mengye Wang
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmentally persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic pollutants. However, thorough degradation of PFAS remains exceptionally difficult due to the high dissociation energy of the C-F bond. Here, we report a viable strategy to markedly degrade PFAS completely by capitalizing on a harmless polytetrafluoroetylene (PTFE) as a piezocatalyst. Remarkably, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), as one of the widely used PFAS, was almost completely removed with a degradation rate of 93.4 % and a defluorination rate of 91.5 % by the ultrasound excitation of PTFE for 1 h. On the basis of the intermediate analysis, we proposed an oxidation mechanism for the piezocatalytic PFOA degradation. Furthermore, this strategy was also efficient for the degradation of perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (Gen-X), implying its effectiveness to remediate water containing multiple PFAS. Impressively, due to the diverse energy gap between HOMO and LUMO energy of various PFAS, the degradation reaction kinetics of different PFAS are of significant difference. This study provides the deep insight into the piezocatalytic technique for the remediation of persistent and disparate PFAS.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
材料科学
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SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
·
2025
·
IF 8
Yueshu Lu,Yuqing Li,Wenqiang Yang,Kaiyuan Ma,Yanfeng Zhang,Lingyan Zhu
As a widely used alternative to the conventional per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA) is of growing concern due to its toxicity and potential risks to human health. Water quality criteria of HFPO-TA for protecting human health were established, and 412 ng/L was set as the maximum concentration level for groundwater ( MCL gw ) to calculate the soil control value to protect groundwater ( CVS pgw ). Utilizing recommended default values for the properties of HFPO-TA and the soil, the generic CVS pgw value of 24.0 μg/kg was obtained. Subsequently, column experiments were conducted to investigate the transport of HFPO-TA in the site soil of a fluorochemical industrial park (FIP) in China. The resulted retardation factor ( R ) was applied to derive the site-specific CVS pgw , and a value of 2.48 μg/kg was obtained. Using the experimentally measured R instead of the default empirical values reduced the uncertainties in deriving the CVS pgw dramatically. The transport of 13 PFAS in the soil as a mixture was investigated and revealing a significant linear correlation between R and organic carbon-water partition coefficient ( K OC ) ( r 2 = 0.991, p < 0.01), which was utilized to predicted R values for PFAS compounds. Comparison to the site-specific CVS pgw , HFPO-TA in the soil near the FIP may pose a risk to the groundwater quality. HFPO-TA concentrations in the groundwater of certain areas around the FIP were higher than MCL gw and not recommended for directly consumption, while HFPO-TA in the tap water was at the safe level.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
毒理学
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ACS Applied Nano Materials
·
2023
·
IF 5.9
Yating Feng,Jiaxue Dai,Chuyun Wang,Hongyang Zhou,Jianhua Li,Gang Ni,Maofeng Zhang,Youju Huang
Perfluoro- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used throughout the world and are extensively found in the environment. The detection of PFAS has become essential to ensuring environmental sustainability and human health. Herein, AuNRs were synthesized by the seed growth method and then the samples were coated with silver shells to form Au@Ag core–shell nanorods (Au@AgNRs). Au@AgNRs monolayer was prepared by oil–water self-assembly on a silicon wafer and then was constructed as a plasmonic AgNPs/Au@AgNRs sandwich structure for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of PFAS. The shell thickness of Au@AgNRs was optimized and displayed a 11.9-fold SERS intensity higher than the pristine AuNRs. Moreover, the hotspots generated by the electromagnetic field coupling between the interlayer gap achieved 3.6-fold SERS signal enhancement compared to that of the Au@AgNRs monolayer. Besides, the excellent structural uniformity (RSD ∼ 8.0%) makes it ideal for quantitative SERS detection applications. More importantly, the use of the AgNPs/Au@AgNRs sandwich structure sensor enables the highly sensitive detection of model molecules (10–11 M) and quantitative detection of a wide range of fluorinated alkyl substances of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), and potassium perfluorobutanesulfonate (PPFBS), even with a portable Raman device. And the detection concentration can be down to 0.1 ppm for PFAS. This sensitive and quantitative SERS technique has promising prospects in the monitoring of fluorinated alkyl substance contaminations.
研究领域:
环境科学
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材料科学
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分析化学
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JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
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2026
·
IF 3.1
Xingyu Liu,Chan Dong,Jingang Zhang,Jingxia Qian,Jean-Marie Basset,Dongping Sun,Lu Zhou
A fluorine-free hydrophilic coating was fabricated on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes using sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), nano-silica (SiO 2 ), and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) through a simple immersion–drying process. The modification aimed to improve membrane wettability, permeability, and chemical stability. FTIR, XPS, SEM, and AFM analyses confirmed the formation of a uniform organic–inorganic composite coating. AFM further showed that the characteristic granular morphology and surface roughness changed little after immersion in acidic, alkaline, and oxidative solutions, indicating good nanoscale structural stability under harsh conditions. At the optimal composition (SDBS:SiO 2 :EVOH = 2:1:1), the water contact angle decreased from 124.8° for pristine PTFE to 60.6°, while the pure water flux reached 3727.99 L m −2 h −1 . The modified membrane also exhibited high flux recovery after bovine serum albumin fouling, with a flux recovery ratio of 92.3%. In oil–water separation tests, the membrane achieved separation efficiencies above 98% and maintained stable performance during three consecutive filtration cycles. In addition, stable wettability and permeation performance were retained after 1-week immersion in solutions ranging from pH 1–14. The results indicate that the EVOH-stabilized SiO 2 /SDBS coating provides an effective, PFAS-free, and scalable strategy for preparing durable hydrophilic PTFE membranes under harsh operating conditions.
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Journal of Water Process Engineering
·
2026
·
IF 6.6
Yi Zhong,Chunlan He,Yunxi Tang,Binglei Li,Siyu Huang,Yamin Bai,Shiqi Chen,Huilian Yang,Yuhan Fan,Zhong Chen
A novel simultaneous hydrothermal treatment and ball milling (SHTBM) is developed. • SHTBM disrupts plant tissues efficiently and releases PFOA and PFOS completely. • NaOH is confirmed to achieve de-SO 3 H, de-COOH, and defluorination. • Mg 2 Al-LDH is confirmed to achieve adsorption, de-SO 3 H, and de-COOH. Phytoremediation using aquatic plants is a promising and sustainable strategy for in-situ per - and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) removal from contaminated waters. However, the PFAS-enriched wet biomass is difficult to handle due to the strong embedding of PFAS within plant tissues and the lack of environmentally friendly degradation processes. This study develops a novel process-intensification strategy called simultaneous hydrothermal treatment and ball milling (SHTBM). It can completely disrupt plant structures and ensure the thorough release of embedded perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Solid layered double hydroxide (LDH) is employed as a catalyst to replace conventional strong alkalis, yielding a neutral effluent (pH = 6.5–7.5) and simplifying downstream wastewater management. Corrosion of iron-based milling balls in the hydrothermal environment generates reactive species (e − and HO·), which enhance PFAS removal through a two-step radical pathway. The control test of traditional NaOH catalysis confirms that the one-step ionic substitution by OH − is more efficient in all degradation reactions of de-SO 3 H, de-COOH and defluorination. However, defluorination in LDH tests remains uncertain due to its strong adsorption. Under the optimal conditions of 250 °C and cast‑iron balls, all three enriched plants achieve 100% removal of PFOA. PFOS removal exceeds 80% in the LDH-catalyzed system and surpasses 90% in the NaOH-catalyzed system, with defluorination rates ranging from 52.51% to 90.35%. Future work should focus on developing solid catalysts without adsorption capacity and increasing the reaction temperature to achieve complete mineralization of PFAS. Nevertheless, this work provides an innovative post-treatment solution for phytoremediation. Download: Download high-res image (259KB) Download: Download full-size image
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JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
·
2026
·
IF 10.6
Jin Zhang,Wei Li,Jinxing Ma,Jianghu Cui,Kuanchang He,Kui Yang,Qian Liu,Min Zhang,Sihao Lv,Faliang Cheng,Defeng Xing
Contact-electro-catalysis (CEC) provides a promising route for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) remediation, yet the mechanistic role of chloride ions (Cl − ) in real water matrices remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Cl − markedly enhances removal of perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid, perfluorononyloxybenzene sulfonate, and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate, achieving 97.04 −99.99% degradation and 96.90 −99.98% defluorination within 120 min at 200 mM Cl − . These rates were 1.43–2.29-fold higher than Cl − -free systems. Mechanistic analyses reveal that hydroxyl radicals ( • OH) oxidizes Cl − to generate chlorine radicals (Cl • ), which selectively attack the carboxylate group of PFAS, enabling thermodynamically favorable decarboxylation followed by mineralization. Unlike conventional electrochemical methods, the Cl • -mediated pathway avoids oxychlorine and chlorinated byproducts. Zebrafish embryo assays further confirmed negligible toxicity of treated solutions. These results establish a sustainable paradigm that achieves high defluorination efficiency and operational safety, offering strong potential for PFAS remediation in saline and industrial waters.
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ACS ES&T Water
·
2026
·
IF 4.5
Xin Huang,Mohamed Ateia,Yucui Xu,Xuehui Zhang,Baoyou Shi
Abstract Activated carbons (ACs) with various pore structures were prepared via steam activation, the most commercially viable method, and their adsorption isotherms and kinetics were evaluated for PFOA, PFOS, and GenX in ultrapure water and water containing dissolved organic matter (DOM). Results showed that moderate overactivation developed more mesopores, improving PFAS adsorption in both ultrapure and DOM-rich waters, likely due to the accommodation of PFAS aggregates requiring larger pore volume. Pearson correlation analysis confirmed that mesopore volume significantly correlated with adsorption capacity and kinetics. The overactivated mesoporous AC exhibited superior adsorption of PFAS compared to lightly activated microporous AC, showing nearly doubled adsorption capacities and faster kinetics for PFOA and PFOS, despite similar surface areas and total pore volumes, and its performance was less affected by background DOM molecular weight. Pore size distribution indicated that mesopores were the primary adsorption sites, and density functional theory calculations proved that the adsorption energy for PFAS aggregates in mesopores was much lower than in other pores. Secondary activation of commercial Calgon F400 also enhanced trace PFOA/PFOS removal (∼200 ng/L) in real water. This study clarifies the critical role of mesopores in PFAS adsorption and provides a feasible strategy for designing high-performance AC adsorbents.
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Nature Communications
·
2025
·Vol. 16
·期 1
·10283
·
IF 15.7
Guo Xinyu,Zhang Xinxin,Chen Jie,Shan Wenyu,Wang Runyun,Wang Ke,Chen Zhenhuan,Wang Lei,Zhang Yanyan
Remediation of soils contaminated by the globally concerning per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is imperative yet challenging. Herein, we identify a PFAS hyperaccumulator, the herbaceous Oenothera rosea , in soil near a fluorochemical facility and demonstrate root-to-shoot translocation factors of 3.07 − 58.6 for 18 distinct PFAS. Comparative hydroponic/pot experiments using conspecifics from non-polluted areas confirm that hyperaccumulation arises from domestication after prolonged PFAS exposure. Root cell wall pectin and hemicellulose are critical PFAS binding sites, significantly affecting root-to-shoot translocation. Subcellular and transcriptomic analyses reveal that the hyperaccumulating O. rosea undergoes minimal cell wall remodeling under PFAS stress, a signature of adaptive evolution. Life cycle assessment further validates the environmental superiority of an integrated strategy combining O. rosea phytoremediation with biomass pyrolysis for PFAS destruction and biochar production, achieving a net-negative carbon footprint (–17.9 kg CO 2 /ton soil). Our work provides a comprehensive framework for PFAS remediation, from hyperaccumulator identification to sustainable field application.
研究领域:
环境科学
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植物修复
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植物生理学
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生态毒理学
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土壤修复
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分子生物学
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可持续工程
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Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
·
2026
·Vol. 14
·期 2
·121966
·
IF 7.5
Yinhui Li,Naiju Che,Minggu Zhang,Chengliang Li
Given the threat posed by various legacy and novel per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to the global environment and human health, it remains a priority to acquire information on associations with their structural merits for potential removal and understand their behavior in treatment processes. Herein, we investigated the effectiveness against 9 representative PFAS in a synergetic electrochemical system combining boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodic oxidation and Fe 3 O 4 -rGA cathodic Fenton-like reaction. Under optimized conditions (20 mA cm −2 , 10 mM Na 2 SO 4 , pH 6.0), this system was applicable for remediating various PFAS in water, with high destruction and removal efficiencies (>98%) and defluorination ratios (>50%), except for perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS). The results reveal that the rate and extent of degradation and defluorination have strong relationships with (i) PFAS initial concentration, (ii) fluoroalkyl chain length, and (iii) head functional groups. The coupled technology was valid over a broad initial concentration range (1–40 mg L −1 ), although the decay rate constant and defluorination decreased with increasing PFAS concentrations. Moreover, longer alkyl chain accelerated degradation and mineralization of PFAS. PFAS with different head groups exhibited varying degradation and defluorination rates and efficiencies. Degradation products were examined here to reveal the decomposition pathways of all PFAS. In conclusion, the efficient PFAS destruction and removal and the elucidated structure–reactivity relationships from this cooperative approach may provide valuable insights for developing effective strategies for combating PFAS contamination.
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AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY
·
2026
·
IF 4.6
Mingzhu Zhang,Linyue Xu,Xue Du,Jiahui Wan,Wenming Pei,Jingjing Yun,Xin Liu,Meiyun Feng,Tong Wei,Keke Xu,Feng Ge,Xun Wang,Ningyuan Zhu
Natural biofilms developing on mineral substrates at the soil-water interface in freshwater ecosystems are important sinks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). However, the role of mineral-biofilm interactions in regulating their trophic transfer remains poorly understood. This study investigates how Fe 2 O 3 is associated with changes in the distribution of PFAS within the biofilm matrix in a carbon chain length-dependent manner, which may further affect PFAS trophic transfer to snails. Fe 2 O 3 preferentially localizes within the tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (TB-EPS) layer, coincides with stimulated EPS production and altering PFAS partitioning within biofilms, and correlates with the redistribution of long-chain PFAS (e.g., PFNA) from loosely bound to tightly bound EPS fractions. In addition, Fe 2 O 3 alleviates PFNA-induced toxicity and reshapes microbial community composition, increasing the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria and improving biofilm nutritional quality, which in turn may enhance snail grazing. Consequently, Fe 2 O 3 is associated with a significant increase in the trophic transfer factor of PFNA from biofilms to snails (approximately 35%), while showing negligible effects on short-chain PFAS. Overall, these results suggest that Fe 2 O 3 may enhance the trophic transfer of long-chain PFAS through combined effects on contaminant partitioning and biofilm quality, highlighting the important role of mineral-associated biofilms in PFAS bioaccumulation and providing new insights for ecological risk assessment in freshwater ecosystems.
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