Journal of Energetic Materials
·
2025
·
IF 1.9
Xiwei Xing,Pengsong Nie,Shaohua Jin,Kun Chen,Junfeng Wang,Feng Qing Shang,Na Wang
Polymer-bonded explosives (PBX) based on HMX offer exceptional detonation performance but are limited by high costs. This study investigates the feasibility of reducing costs by partially substituting HMX with RDX while maintaining energy output. Four HMX-based PBXs with RDX doping ratios of 0%, 8.3%, 16.6%, and 24.9% were prepared and characterized. Results indicate that RDX incorporation has minimal impact on the formulation’s microstructure. However, at 24.9% RDX content, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) revealed a 6°C decrease in decomposition peak temperature and a 15 kJ/mol drop in activation energy. Cylinder tests showed only a marginal reduction in Gurney energy (2.99 mm·μs⁻¹ vs. 2.97 mm·μs⁻¹). Validated by explosive driving tests and multi-physics simulations across various media, the velocity differences remain negligible. These findings confirm that partially replacing HMX with RDX is a viable, cost-effective strategy for PBX formulations without significantly compromising performance.
研究领域:
含能材料
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爆炸工程
·
材料科学
·
热分析
·
爆轰物理
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DOI
高影响因子
FirePhysChem
·
2026
·
IF 3.6
Taixin Liang,Jiao Zhang,Zehao Liu,Yuanyuan Zhang,Lei Zheng,Jiayu Liu,Yajie Mu,Xinyu Fu
The insufficient mechanical properties of hexogen (RDX)-based propellants with high solid content are the main obstacles affecting their reliable performance in barrel launch and rocket propulsion. To effectively improve the mechanical performance of nitramine propellants, this work investigates the design of surface-functionalized RDX coatings. Polydopamine (PDA) coatings with varying deposition times were applied to RDX crystals of different particle sizes via a simple solution oxidation method, and a series of RDX@PDA propellants were subsequently prepared. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle measurements demonstrate that the surface properties of RDX can be tuned by controlling both the particle size of the energetic crystals and the PDA coating duration, thereby effectively enhancing the interfacial interaction strength between RDX and nitrocellulose (NC) binders. Static contact angle measurements and calculation results indicate that as the PDA coating time increases, the water contact angle of RDX@PDA gradually decreases, showing a transition of the RDX crystal surface toward hydrophilicity. Furthermore, with longer coating times, both the surface energy of RDX@PDA and its adhesion work with the NC binder exhibit a progressive upward trend. Mechanical property analysis indicates that after coating PDA on the surface of RDX, the impact strength of the nitramine propellant has been significantly enhanced. The impact strength of the nitramine propellant at low temperature reached 7.1 kJ/m 2 , an increase of about 14%. Mechanism analysis indicates that the rough surface structure of RDX crystals enhances the mechanical anchoring effect within the NC matrix. The PDA coating on the RDX surface enhances the interfacial interaction between the RDX crystal and the NC substrate due to the weak molecular force effect, thereby improving the mechanical stress transmission of the nitramine propellant under external impact loads. This research is of great significance for enhancing the surface functionalization effect of energetic solid fillers and improving the performance of composite energetic materials.
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DOI
高影响因子
MATERIALS LETTERS
·
2023
·
IF 3
Ying Li,Meiqi Liu,Bindong Li
TP has similar advantages to dopamine and can form hydrogen bonds with energetic materials, enhancing interfacial interactions and achieving desensitization. In this study, RDX@TP and HNIW@TP were successfully prepared using TP as desensitized shells. The results indicated that the thermal decomposition temperature of RDX@TP and HNIW@TP increased by 4.4℃ and 11℃ respectively. Moreover, the impact sensitivity of RDX@TP and HNIW@TP decreased by 1.63 times and 2 times respectively. These findings demonstrate the successful application of TP as desensitized shells in energetic materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
生物学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
·
2018
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IF 6.042
Zhenyang Xie,Huilin Ge,Jiayan Du,Tao Duan,Guangcheng Yang,Yi He
We report a visual colorimetric assay for detection of nitramine explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) using a smartphone. This assay is based on compartmentalizing incompatible tandem reactions in Pickering emulsions. The alkaline hydrolysis of RDX or HMX in one Pickering emulsion produces nitrite ions, which autodiffuse into the other Pickering emulsion to form nitrous acid. It oxidizes the 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to generate yellow TMB diimine. The RGB component change of the optical images is applied to quantitatively determine the RDX and HMX at different reaction temperatures. A distinct color change occurs at RDX and HMX concentrations of 1.2 and 12 μM, respectively. The adjusted intensity increases linearly with the increase of the logarithms of the concentrations of RDX and HMX in the range of 1.2–90 μM and 12–90 μM, respectively. The limits of detection of RDX and HMX are 96 and 110 nM, respectively. Importantly, this assay is employed for the detection of RDX and HMX in real water, proving the applicability of the assay in real-world samples.
研究领域:
分析化学
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环境科学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2023
·Vol. 13
·期 26
·17834-17841
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IF 3.9
Ruihao Wang,Lanting Yang,Zhenwei Zhang,Wenkui Song,Dunju Wang,Changping Guo
Composite explosives with fast reaction rate, high energy release efficiency, and remarkable combustion performance can be obtained by the interaction between homogeneous energetic materials and heterogeneous energetic materials and have broad application prospects. However, ordinary physical mixtures can easily cause separation between the components in the preparation process, which is not conducive to reflecting the advantages of composite materials. In this study, high-energy composite structured explosives with RDX modified by polydopamine as the core and PTFE/Al as the shell were prepared using a simple ultrasonic method. The study of morphology, thermal decomposition, heat release, and combustion performance demonstrated that the quasi-core/shell structured samples have higher exothermic energy, faster combustion rate, more stable combustion characteristics, and lower mechanical sensitivity than the physical mixture.
研究领域:
材料科学
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燃烧与爆炸学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
·
2020
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IF 8.758
Jingjing Wang,Xiaoyan Lian,Qilong Yan,Dayuan Gao,Fengqi Zhao,Kangzhen Xu
An interesting Cu–Co/GO composite with special high organic content was accidentally fabricated for the first time via a one-pot solvothermal method in the mixed solvent of isopropanol and glycerol. The Cu–Co/GO composite was calcined separately in three different atmospheres (air, nitrogen, and argon) and further investigated by a series of characterization techniques. The results indicate that the spinel phase nano-CuCo2O4 composite, nanometal oxides (CuO and CoO), and nanometal mixture of Cu and Co were unexpectedly formed after calcination in air, N2, and Ar atmospheres, respectively, and the possible reaction mechanism was discussed. The specific mass losses of the Cu–Co/GO composite calcined in air, N2, and Ar atmospheres were 28.14 %, 21.68 %, and 23.76 %, respectively. The catalytic decomposition performances of the as-prepared samples for cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and the mixture of nitrocellulose (NC) and RDX (NC + RDX) were investigated and compared via DSC method, and the results demonstrate that Cu–Co/GO composites obviously decrease the thermal decomposition temperature of RDX from 242.3 to 236.5 (before calcination), 238.6 (air), 235.8 (N2), and 228.6 °C (Ar), respectively. Cu–Co/GO(Ar) composite exhibits the best catalytic decomposition performance among all samples, which makes the decomposition temperature of RDX and NC + RDX decrease by 13.7 and 4.9 °C and the apparent activation energy of decomposition for RDX decrease by 110.1 kJ/mol. The enhanced catalytic performance of Cu–Co/GO(Ar) composite could be attributed to the smaller particle size, better crystallinity, and specific well-dispersed metal atoms, whereas the Cu–Co/GO(air) composite after air calcination presents a bad catalytic performance due to the removal of GO.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
·
2025
·
IF 3.3
Tao Huang,Hong Wu,Ping Qing,Xiaosen Wang,Wei Pan,Liqiong Luo,Rufang Peng,Bo Jin
To improve the combustion performance of solid propellant and study a new environmentally friendly combustion catalyst simultaneously, we synthesized a novel green combustion catalyst, [Bi₂(pzdc)₄]·2DMF, based on 2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid with multiple coordination sites and green metallic bismuth. The structure of the MOF was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, while its morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thermal analysis methods such as differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry were used to study the thermal stability of the catalyst and its influence on the combustion performance of RDX and NC+NG. In addition, thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) was used to monitor the gaseous products generated during the reaction process. Results indicated that this catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic performance for oxidizers such as RDX.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
含能材料
·
催化化学
·
无机化学
·
热分析
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Energetic Materials Frontiers
·
2025
·
IF 3.9
Chao Zhang,Xue-Xue Zhang,Ha Xiang,Xiao-hong Zhang,Qi-Long Yan
Low temperature sensitivity coefficients are of great significance for improving the combustion stability of modified double-base propellants (MDBPs) under sensitive environmental conditions. In this work, different combined catalyst systems containing Pb-complex, magnesium oxide (MgO), carbon black (CB) and Cu-complex have been employed to tune the combustion behavior of MDBPs. The effects of these catalysts on the combustion properties of MDBP have been comprehensively investigated at the pressure range of 4-15 MPa and different initial temperatures (-40, 20 and 50°C). The MDBPs with composite catalysts of Pb-complex, MgO, CB and Cu-complex (NR PbMgCBCu ) has almost zero temperature sensitivity coefficient. The combined catalyst systems have catalytic effect on thermal decomposition and combustion of MDBPs, which is more likely to cause an intensive combustion especially at lower pressures. The burning rate temperature sensitivity and pressure exponent of NR PbMgCBCu have been largely reduced by adding this combined catalyst systems. The results show that the exothermic peak temperature of NR PbMgCBCu was decreased by 8.2 °C, and its heat release has been increased by 26.4%, whereas the heat of combustion is 4.1 % higher than that of the blank MDBP. More importantly, the burning rates of MDB propellants with catalysts are notably increased by 86.9% to 169.8% at 4 MPa. The combination of Pb-complex, MgO, CB and Cu-complex may have the best stabilization effect on the burn rate sensitivity to the initial temperature for MDBPs. The calculated pressure exponent of NR PbMgCBCu at 6-12 MPa was largely reduced to 0.03, whereas the corresponding temperature sensitivity coefficient was only 5.4E-4 %·°C -1 .
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2022
·
IF 16.744
Xue-Xue Zhang,Su-Lan Yang,Zhi-Hua Xue,Shuwen Chen,Qi-Long Yan
High-energy solid propellants with lower pressure exponent, lower burn rate but with high combustion efficiency are usually desired. The use of catalysts in less amount but maintained high efficiency is essential for high-energy content and better combustion performances. The fine combination of catalyst with energetic fillers as oxidizer has been found to be a promising strategy to achieve this goal. In this paper, a widely used nitramine oxidizer, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) has been selected as a typical example, which was first intercalated for lower sensitivity and lower burn rate, and then it was coated with in-situ synthesized nanosized metal oxides as catalysts for lower pressure exponent using polydopamine as the interfacial binding layer. Two types of catalyst-coated hybrid RDX crystals (named as qy-RDX@Fe 2 O 3 and qy-RDX@CuO) have been prepared and characterized. It is found that the in-situ grafted nano-Fe 2 O 3 and CuO crystals have significant catalytic effect on qy-RDX, which increased the heat release of qy-RDX@Fe 2 O 3 and qy-RDX@CuO from 1747 J·g −1 to 2159 J·g −1 and 2133 J·g −1 , respectively. The results show that both qy-RDX@Fe 2 O 3 and qy-RDX@CuO could reduce the ignition delay time and largely improve the burn rate of corresponding propellants at lower pressure (e.g. increased from 3.14 mm·s −1 to 5.50 mm·s −1 at 1 MPa) by coating only 0.13 wt% Fe 2 O 3 and 0.15 wt% CuO catalysts, resulting in much lower pressure exponent (from 0.32 to 0.15). In particular, the decomposition heat of propellant containing only 10 wt% of qy-RDX@CuO is 1.5 times higher than the reference blank sample, so that its flame temperature was increased from 1800 °C to 2400 °C due to higher combustion efficiency with more energy release.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
推进剂技术
·
催化化学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CRYSTENGCOMM
·
2026
·
IF 2.6
Tao Huang,Rufang Peng,Bo Jin
The combustion efficacy of propellants is crucial to the overall performance of rockets and missiles. Conventional propellant combustion catalysts suffer from toxicity and severe environmental pollution. To meet the demand for new green and non-toxic combustion catalysts, we synthesized three novel bismuth-based combustion catalysts, namely, [Bi2(DHBQDC)(OX)2(DMF)6] 1, [Bi(BPSA)(PHON)(Ph)]·3DMF 2, and [BiO(TFPHA)H2O]·H2O 3, in this study. The structures of the catalysts were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), and their thermal stability was investigated. Results demonstrated that all three catalysts exhibited excellent thermal stability, with the decomposition temperature of their organic frameworks exceeding 200 °C. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry were employed to study the thermal decomposition performance of the catalyst–RDX mixed systems. The introduction of these catalysts promoted the decomposition of RDX, leading to a reduction in the decomposition temperature of the systems to varying degrees and a decrease in the activation energy of the reaction. A high-speed camera was used to study the flame combustion performance of the mixed catalyst systems with RDX + NC/NG, which further confirmed the catalytic performance of various catalysts.
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DOI
高影响因子
CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN
·
2020
·
IF 4.089
Mi Yan,Yu Liu,Jinjiang Xu,Liyuan Yang,Lin Zhang,Fude Nie,Shiliang Huang
A crystal engineering strategy has been adopted to prepare a porous high explosive, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX). Raw RDX was crystallized with TMS, CAM, and HMPT (TMS = tetramethylene sulfone, CAM = ε-caprolactone monomer, and HMPT = hexamethylphosphoramide), forming three solvates, RDX·TMS, RDX·CAM, and RDX·HMPT, respectively. After desolvation by vacuum pyrolysis and antisolvent extraction, porous RDX containing micro- and nanoscale pores was successfully prepared. The porous RDX exhibits remarkably reduced impact, friction, and electrostatic spark sensitivity in comparison to raw RDX. A mechanism of the reduced sensitivity of porous RDX has also been proposed.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
材料科学
·
爆炸物研究
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2020
·
IF 10.652
Jie-Yao Lyu,Jia-Hao Yu,De-Yun Tang,Wei He,Bo-Wen Tao,Xiang Guo,Qi-Long Yan
In this paper, micro-spherical Al@PDA@RDX composites with fine interfacial control have been fabricated by spray-drying technique, where poly-dopamine (PDA) is employed as a binding layer. These composites have been applied in HTPB/AP/RDX/Al propellants, which have the same theoretical formulation and hence identical specific impulse ( I sp ). However, these propellants differ in the interfacial structure due to different ways of assembling the ingredients, resulting in significant changes in their combustion performance. The thermal reactivity, burning rate, flame structure and the morphology of condensed combustion products (CCPs) of the prepared propellants have been investigated comprehensively. It has been shown that the pressure exponent (1–4 MPa) can be decreased from 0.236 to 0.024 (10 times lower) by the fine interfacial control, with more than 500 °C increase in flame temperature and 45.5% drop-off in the flame stand-off distance. In addition, the CCPs size distributions of the propellants have shown the enhanced interfacial interaction from Al@PDA@RDX composites can greatly inhibit the large-sized agglomeration of Al particles during the burning process.
研究领域:
推进剂工程
·
材料科学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）