POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2021
·
IF 5.03
Jiali Huang,Wenwen Guo,Xin Wang,Lei Song,Yuan Hu
Petroleum-based diglycidyl ether bisphenol A (DGEBA)-type epoxy is one of the most popular thermosetting materials currently, but it suffers from brittleness, flammability and non-renewability. In this study, an intrinsically flame retardant bio-based epoxy monomer (HECarCP) was synthesized from cardanol and cyclophosphazene. Subsequently, HECarCP was cured by 4,4’-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) to obtain a thermosetting material. Compared to the cured DGEBA/DDM thermoset, the cured HECarCP/DDM thermoset showed lower initial decomposition temperature; however, the earlier thermal decomposition caused by cyclophosphazene core contributed to char formation in return. As well, the HECarCP/DDM exhibited slightly lower tensile strength but much higher elongation at break than the DGEBA/DDM, overcoming the drawback of brittleness of the DGEBA/DDM. More importantly, the cyclophosphazene core provided intrinsic flame retardancy to the HECarCP/DDM thermoset, which displayed a relatively high LOI value of 33.0% and UL-94 V-0 classification. In cone calorimeter measurement, the peak heat release rate, total heat release and total smoke production of the HECarCP/DDM thermoset was declined by 63%, 24% and 72%, respectively, compared to those of the DGEBA/DDM, owing to the formation of a thermally stable and insulating char layer during combustion. This study paves the way for broadening applications of cardanol in fabrication of high-performance bio-based thermosetting polymers with excellent comprehensive properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
高分子科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Xiaodi Ye,Cheng Zhan,Bingtao Wang,Ting Sai,Chengfeng Zhang,Juan Li,Zhenghong Guo,Siqi Huo
To cope with the practical demands of high-performance polycarbonate (PC) and explore the application of carbon black (CB) in flame retardant field, a sulfonated carbon black (CB-SS) was synthesized and applied to flame retardant PC in this work. Compared with PC/CB composite, PC/CB-SS composite displays better overall performances under the same flame retardant addition. The PC/3CB-SS composite with 3 wt.% of CB-SS achieves a vertical burning test (UL-94) V-0 rating with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 29.5%, and its peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke release rate (TSR) are respectively reduced by 17% and 6% relative to those of PC/3CB with 3 wt.% of CB. The flame retardancy mechanism is proposed by analyzing the char residue obtained from cone calorimetry test, which confirms the synergistic flame-retardant effect between sodium sulfonate and CB in condensed phase. Moreover, PC/3CB-SS shows much better mechanical properties than PC/3CB, and its elongation at break is increased by 223% compared with that of PC/3CB. This is mainly due to the more even dispersion of CB-SS within PC and the stronger interfacial force between CB-SS and PC. This work provides an effective approach for the creation of fire-retardant and smoke-suppressive PC composites with well-preserved mechanical properties, contributing to expanding the industrial applications of PC.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子工程
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
·
2025
·
IF 5.1
Xiaoge Li,Yuting Dong,Zhiyong Li,Xiangyan Ji,Jingjing Meng,Kai Guo
Since less attention has been paid to the modification of trifunctional N, N-diglycidyl-4-glycidyloxyaniline (NNDG) epoxy resins. Initially, the 4, 4′-methylenedianiline (DDM) hardener was used to fabricate NNDG networks, and then, petroleum-based EPDOPO and vanillin-based BDBEP epoxy monomers containing DOPO motifs were developed to modify the NNDG/DDM network. Finally, the resulting resins were investigated on their thermal curing process and comprehensive behaviors. It is found that NNDG/DDM has an activation energy of 52.2 kJ/mol in polymerization reactions, whereas NNDG/EPDOPO/DDM and NNDG/BDBEP/DDM counterparts have activation energies of 48.7 kJ/mol and 55.4 kJ/mol, respectively. All thermosets have good storage moduli (2116.3–2892.5 MPa) and high phase transition temperatures (218.2–208.1 °C). Besides, the epoxy resins demonstrated favorable mechanical characteristics. On average, as to NNDG/BDBEP/DDM, the bending strength and modulus reached 129.83 MPa and 3.43 GPa, respectively, while its tensile strength reached up to 81.49 MPa. Most importantly, compared to EPDOPO, the bio-based BDBEP exhibits superior flame-retardant properties, thereby augmenting the flame-retardancy of NNDG/BDBEP/DDM to meet the UL-94-V0 rating. Therefore, in terms of excellent functionality and sustainability, the NNDG/BDBEP/DDM networks offer good overall performance for potential future applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Omega
·
2021
·
IF 3.512
Yulin Ding,Yumiao Su,Jiajing Huang,Ting Wang,Min-Yu Li,Wenmu Li
Green and environment-friendly high-efficiency flame retardants (FRs) are crucial to polymer FR modification. Here, a green FR 2-((bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane 2-oxide (HAMPP) was synthesized. The HAMPP was incorporated with a cyclic phosphorus structure, which will readily carbonize to inhibit or prevent further combustion. Moreover, the HAMPP contains dihydroxy reactive groups that can be used as a monomer in the polymerization reaction to obtain the main chain containing phosphorus polymer. Research studies on FRs were based on flexible polyurethane foam (PU-HAMPPs). The limiting oxygen index value of PU foam with 10% HAMPP could reach 23.7%, passing a UL-94 V-0 rating together. With the addition of HAMPP, the peak heat release rate of PU foam decreased significantly, the decomposition temperature increased, the heat release capacity reduced by 31%, and the char yield increased by 42%. The chemical composition and morphology of the char residual have been studied and analyzed thoroughly. We find that HAMPP forms a molten viscous protective layer uniformly on the material surface and releases some incombustible gases. These indicated that the FR exploited both condensed-phase and gas-phase flame retardancy mechanisms. Besides, the addition of FRs improved the mechanical properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Journal of Macromolecular Science Part A-Pure and Applied Chemistry
·
2025
·
IF 2.4
Zhenhuan Hu,Zhongze Wang,Song Wang
A silane coupling agent containing DPOP functional group (DSCA) was hydrolyzed in the presence of piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP), thereby preparing surface-modified PAPP, s-PAPP. The obtained s-PAPP was then incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) with the aim of enhancing both the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of EP. Investigations have revealed that when s-PAPP-7:3, prepared at a weight ratio of 7:3 for PAPP to DSCA, was added to EP, the resultant flame-retardant EP, EP7:3, exhibited superior flame retardancy and mechanical properties. Specifically, EP7:3 achieved a UL 94 V-0 rating, with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value reaching up to 31.2%. In comparison with flame-retardant EP containing unmodified PAPP (EP10:0), the tensile strength and impact strength of EP7:3 was enhanced by 95.7% and 155.4%, respectively. The surface contact angle investigation on flame retardants and EP had revealed that the surface contact angles of s-PAPP-7:3 and EP were 57.3° and 73.6°, respectively. Such similarity in their polar characteristics elucidated the reason for which the resultant EP7:3 demonstrated notable flame retardancy and enhanced mechanical properties. Therefore, the incorporation of s-PAPP, a high-performance flame retardant, into EP not only endowed EP with desirable flame retardancy but also maintained the mechanical properties of EP.
研究领域:
高分子科学
·
材料工程
·
阻燃技术
·
表面化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER BULLETIN
·
2020
·Vol. 78
·期 2
·643-662
·
IF 2.014
Yan Jiali,Xu Miaojun
Abstract A novel hyperbranched mono-component intumescent flame retardant poly(piperazine methylphosphonic acid pentaerythritol ester) defined as PPMPPE was synthesized, and its chemical structure was characterized. The individual PPMPPE was incorporated into polyethylene (PE), and the fire resistance, thermal properties and flame retardant mechanism of PE composites were investigated in detail. The 1.6-mm PE/PPMPPE sheets fulfilled UL-94 V-0 level during vertical burning tests, and the limiting oxygen index was 25.3% when the loading amount of PPMPPE was 22 wt%. PPMPPE was completely melted, and the expanded char layer was generated on heating. The addition of PPMPPE stimulated the degradation and charring of PE composites in advance and improved the residual mass and thermal stability of FR-PE at high temperature. The cone calorimeter tests verified that the heat release rate and total heat release of PE/PPMPPE composites were obviously declined. PPMPPE exerted shielding effect in condensed phased and quenching active free radicals in the gas phase. The flame was constrained and even extinguished. Thus, PE composites fulfilled superior flame retardant properties. Graphic abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
阻燃材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER
·
2025
·
IF 4.5
Gui-lin Hu,Ze-Yong Zhao,Qing Zhao,Wei-Chen Zhou,Cong Deng
The catastrophic fire hazards associated with natural rubber (NR) present critical challenges for its deployment in emerging energy and transportation systems, particularly in rail transit applications. Conventional flame-retardant modifications often compromise mechanical integrity due to interfacial incompatibility and uncontrolled filler distribution. Herein, we propose a dual interfacial engineering strategy that reconciles flame resistance with mechanical enhancement through: (1) Molecular-level interfacial integration at the surfaces of flame retardants by encapsulating and (2) Mesoscale phase-structure control via a biphasic crosslinking system. The first interfacial hierarchy establishes flame-retardant-enriched high-crosslink rubber (MFRHNR) with interfacial bonding at the phase boundaries. The second interfacial hierarchy arises from precisely engineered polysulfide bridges between MFRHNR and low-crosslink rubber (LNR) phases. This strategy of dual-interfacial graded vulcanization engineering-induced gradient crosslinked structure achieved unprecedented performance harmonization: The optimized composite attains the UL-94 V0 rating with a limiting oxygen index of 26 %, while exhibiting exceptional tensile strength (23.4 MPa) and elongation at break (993.3 %) – surpassing state-of-the-art flame-retardant NR systems. Remarkably, the strategy enables breakthrough dynamic performance: 51.3 % reduction in hysteretic heat generation and 26.4 % enhancement in wear resistance compared with that of control sample with equal amount of flame retardant, and outstanding low-temperature flexibility with 98.5 % angular deflection retention at −40 °C. This work provides a new design paradigm for mechanical robustness in flame-retarded elastomers.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子科学
·
化学工程
·
机械工程
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 8
Pei-Yuan Lv,Xiao-Lan Feng,Qi Shi,Jun-Jie Wan,Sai-Yu He,De-Mei Kong,Yang Li,Cheng-Fei Cao,Jie-Feng Gao,Wei Wang,Guo-Dong Zhang,Long-Cheng Tang
Wood, as a biomaterial with abundant reserves and ease of processing, is widely used in construction, furniture, and other sectors. However, its high flammability poses significant risks, leading to substantial property damage and casualties in the event of a fire. Therefore, the development of transparent coatings that integrate passive flame retardancy with an active fire warning response is crucial yet challenging for improving the fire safety of wood materials. In this study, we present a chitosan-based transparent hybrid network by combining cost-effective biomass-derived chitosan with NaH 2 PO 4 . The optimized network exhibits impressive tensile strength (∼30 MPa) and excellent transparency .(∼83 %). When applied to wood surfaces, it significantly enhances the fire resistance of the wood subtract, achieving a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 51.0 % and a UL-94 V0 rating. In addition, it demonstrates rapid fire alarm activation (<2 s) and reliable cyclic fire warning performance. Based on the burnt zone observation and chemical analysis, the flame-retardant mechanism was discussed. Furthermore, the flame -induced resistance transition mechanism of the chitosan composite was well investigated and presented. These remarkable properties render such chitosan-based bio-composite coatings as highly promising candidate for fire safety and protection applications of wooden construction.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子科学
·
消防安全工程
·
生物材料
·
涂层技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
·
2021
·
IF 3.531
Guangxu Bo,Xiaoling Xu,Xiaoke Tian,Jiao Wu,Xin He,Li Xu,Yunjun Yan
Silica aerogel (SA) was successfully synthesized by sol-gel method under ambient pressure drying. The first and second type silica aerogel/castor oil-based flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam (SA/RPUF) composites were then fabricated via blending SA into the interior of RPUFs and coating SA onto the surface of RPUFs, respectively. Properties of the composites, including density, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, specific modulus, hydrophobicity, chemical component, morphology, thermal stability, limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 tests, cone calorimetry (CC) testing, and char residues stability were characterized. The results showed RPUFs with larger cell size via coating SA onto their surface had cracking properties on the physical and flame retardancy, especially RPUF-4. Compared with neat RPUF, RPUF-4 obtained greatly improved properties with specific modulus an increment of 107.62%, the LOI value an increase of 50.76%, the first and second peak heat release rates with respective reduction of 52.43% and 40.78%, and respective 56.86% and 47.82% reduction in the first and second peak smoke production release rates. Thus, this study shows RPUFs with larger cell size via coating SA onto their surface have great potential for fire safety as building insulation materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子科学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2025
·
IF 7.3
Cijian Zhang,Jing Zhao,Yi Zhao,Ce Song,Chengwen Gu,Yan Kou,Xigao Jian,Zhihuan Weng
High-temperature oxidation and salt spray corrosion synergistically degrade marine propulsion components, demanding protective coatings that integrate thermal stability, interfacial adhesion, and electrochemical barrier properties. To address this, novel series of poly(biphenyl ether triazine nitrile)s (PBTNs) were prepared by incorporating rigid phenyl- s -triazine moieties into polyarylether backbones. The materials exhibit exceptional thermal resilience with high decomposition thresholds exceeding 550 °C under nitrogen atmosphere and glass transition temperatures above 215 °C, coupled with intrinsic self-extinguishing behavior validated by UL-94 V-0 certification. As coatings, PBTNs demonstrate comprehensive mechanical robustness including superior surface hardness, excellent impact resistance and strong substrate adhesion. Crucially, electrochemical verification confirms outstanding long-term corrosion protection in marine conditions, where the optimal sample maintains protective integrity through 1200 h of continuous salt spray testing without visible rust formation. Selected formulations further resist concentrated alkaline solutions (35 wt% NaOH) and acidic media (10 wt% H 3 PO 4 ) for extended 30 d exposures. This molecular design establishes a new paradigm for high-temperature protective coatings in marine engineering applications, significantly enhancing operational durability while reducing lifecycle maintenance burdens across maritime infrastructure systems.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
腐蚀工程
·
海洋工程
·
表面涂层
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Small
·
2025
·
IF 12.1
Zongsheng Liu,Meng Ma,Kaiming Du,Huadong Wang,Zewei Yan,Si Chen,Yanqin Shi,Huiwen He,Yulu Zhu,Xu Wang
Bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) is facing severe challenges in balancing flame retardancy with optical transparency and mechanical strength, especially in the ultra-thin configuration required for advanced electronic products and 5G applications. Here, a kind of flame-retardant polycarbonate (PC-SDP n ) is reported and synthesized by interfacial polycondensation of 4,4'-sulfonyl diphenol (SDP) and bisphenol A. The radical quenching in gas phase, the dilution of combustible gas, and the catalytic char formation in condensed phase can be realized by chemically embedding sulfonyl into the polymer backbone. This molecular design avoids the inherent contradiction in modification based on additives. The PC-SDP n showed excellent flame retardancy and fire safety, and it can still pass the UL-94 V-0 rating when the thickness is 0.8 mm, the limiting oxygen index increased to 32.1%, the peak heat release rate and smoke production rate decreased by 55.7% and 62.5% respectively. In addition, PC-SDP 5 maintains a light transmittance of 89.6% and a notched impact strength of 88.3 kJ m −2 , which is superior to most commercial PC. This work shows its application potential in microelectronics and fire-proof transparent buildings, which require transparency and ultra-thin flame retardant.
研究领域:
高分子科学
·
材料工程
·
消防安全
·
光学材料
·
微电子学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2025
·
IF 7.4
Yao Yan,Zuanxin Yang,Songming Chen,Rong Yang
The flame-retardant modification of polymers, while preserving or enhancing their mechanical properties, is critical for engineering plastics. In this study, we develop flame-retardant polycarbonate (PC) composites with improved mechanical performance by incorporating cinnamate-containing liquid crystalline copolyester (CLCP). During the injection molding process, CLCP forms oriented microfibrils in situ, boosting the tensile strength of the composites by up to 66 %. The cinnamate groups in CLCP undergo radical-initiated thermal crosslinking, which increases melt viscosity, prevents dripping, and achieves a UL-94 V-0 rating. The primary flame retardancy mechanism occurs in the condensed phase: early decomposition of CLCP triggers thermal crosslinking, leading to the formation of a dense, graphitized char layer that reduces the peak heat release rate (PHRR) by 46.8 %, total smoke production by 17.9 %, and increases the limiting oxygen index (LOI) to 32.5 % (compared to 27.0 % for neat PC). This dual-functionality of CLCP addresses both the flammability and mechanical limitations of PC, making it a promising candidate for engineering applications requiring high-performance materials. This work introduces a novel molecular design strategy, integrating liquid crystallinity and cinnamate crosslinking, to enhance both flame resistance and mechanical properties in engineering plastics.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子工程
·
消防安全工程
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）