JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2025
·
IF 2.8
Yitong Jiang,Jiangsheng Chen,Fengyu Meng,Zhenyang Yin,Kun Peng,Chen Qian,Yaqin Fu
Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is widely recognized as an ideal building material due to its low thermal conductivity and excellent compressive strength. However, achieving flame retardancy in RPUF typically requires high loadings of flame retardants, which can compromise the mechanical properties of the foam. In this study, a two-component waterborne flame-retardant coating (PA x ), composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and polydopamine (PDA), is developed for the flame-retardant modification of RPUF. Experimental results indicate that surface modification with a minimal amount of PDA (1:75, mass ratio of PDA to APP) improves the dispersibility of APP in aqueous solution, resulting in a stable waterborne coating. With the aid of PDA mediated adhesion, APP firmly adheres to the surface of RPUF, forming a dense and stable flame-retardant layer. The PA x -coated foam (RPUF-PA 15 ) demonstrates excellent flame-retardant performance, achieving a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 50.9% and meeting the UL-94 V-0 rating. Additionally, the compressive strength of RPUF-PA 15 (733.5 kPa) is 6.4% higher than pristine RPUF (689.3 kPa). In conclusion, an efficient waterborne flame-retardant coating has been successfully developed, achieving efficient flame retardancy for RPUF and providing a solid foundation for the development of such coatings.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2018
·Vol. 136
·期 11
·47180
·
IF 1.901
Mengwei Jiang,Yunshu Zhang,Yuan Yu,Qingwu Zhang,Bujun Huang,Zhiquan Chen,Tingting Chen,Juncheng Jiang
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was modified using a new method, where the resulting modified APP (MAPP) was obtained by mixing APP with unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). MAPP was more effective in improving the flame retardancy of UPR than APP which was due to the improved dispersion of MAPP in UPR composite. Then, the UPR composites were prepared based on dimethyl methylphosphonate, MAPP, montmorillonite, and zinc borate. Finally, the flame-retardant and mechanical properties of the UPR composites were analyzed using the limited oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis, UL-94 vertical burning test, scanning electron microscopy, cone calorimetry, mechanical tests, and viscosity measurements. The LOI and UL-94 tests showed that the flame-retardant properties clearly improved with the addition of fillers in the UPR composites compared to pristine UPR. The synergistic effect of Si- and P-containing flame retardants in this composite resulted in the LOI value increasing from 18.9 to 31.3% and achieved the UL-94 V-0 rating. Moreover, the heat release rate was lower than the pristine UPR. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136 , 47180.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2020
·Vol. 137
·期 38
·49148
·
IF 2.52
Wei Gao,Yuan Yu,Tingting Chen,Qingwu Zhang,Zhongwei Chen,Zhiquan Chen,Juncheng Jiang
Three metal oxides (MOs) (Fe 2 O 3 , Sb 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 ) were incorporated into blends of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR)/ammonium polyphosphate (APP) composites with the aim of studying and comparing their synergistic effect on flame retardancy with APP. The UPR-APP/MOs composites were prepared, then the thermal stability and flame-retardant properties of the UPR composites were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), and cone calorimetry test (CCT). Besides, residues after CCT were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and laser Raman spectroscopy. The LOI values of the UPR composites with 0.5 wt% MOs increased to around 40%. However, the CCT results indicated that the incorporation of Sb 2 O 3 brought an increase in the total heat release. Moreover, these three MOs had different effects on the process of thermal degradation of UPR composites from the TGA results. Based on the above results, Al 2 O 3 provided a best promotion on flame retardancy among three MOs.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2019
·
IF 3.78
Ruihong Qin,Yinghao Song,Mei Niu,Baoxia Xue,Liyuan Liu
In this study, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was coated on the surface of carbon microspheres (CMSs) to synthesize the CMSs-APP (CA) three-in-one intumescent flame retardant (IFR). Then, CA was coated the surface of polyester fabric (CAP) by flame retardant finishing method to improve the flame retardant of polyester fabric. Morphology, thermal, flame retardant and other properties of CAP was characterized by SEM, TG, LOI, UL94 and CONE. The results show that when two layers of flame retardant (CMSs-APP) coated on polyester fabric (CAP2), the LOI value of CAP2 was 28.1% and the burning rating reached B1 class with no droplet drop during the UL94 test. The residue char has increased by 22.2%. The CA coating significantly reduced the heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR) of the polyester fabric, with the HRR reduced by 51.0%, and produced a more stable and compact carbon layer during combustion. Moreover, the coated polyester fabric has excellent washing durability. Overall, CA flame retardant was coated the surface of polyester fabric endowed the polyester fabric with good flame retardant, broadening its scope of application.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
·
防火安全
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2020
·Vol. 31
·期 5
·1099-1109
·
IF 2.578
Congrui Qi,Bihe Yuan,Haoran Dong,Kaiyuan Li,Sheng Shang,Yaru Sun,Gongqing Chen,Yuanyuan Zhan
In order to improve its water resistance and compatibility with polymer matrix, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is modified with melamine-trimesic acid (MEL-TA) aggregates by supramolecular self-assembly technology. Chemical structure and morphology of APP@MEL-TA are investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Intumescent flame retardant system of APP@MEL-TA and charring-foaming agent is introduced into polypropylene (PP) matrix. The flammability and combustion behavior of PP composites are investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning, and cone calorimetry tests. In terms of LOI values and cone combustion results, APP@MEL-TA performs better than pristine APP. Char residue of PP composites is investigated by SEM and Raman spectra. Flame retardant mechanisms are proposed based on thermal decomposition, combustion results, and analysis on char residue.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
·
2024
·
IF 5.1
Zhi Li,Fang Zhou,Min Hu,Miao Liu,Mengtian Sun,Zhenkui Chen,Xiaoxu Wu,Qiong Liu
Enhancing the thermal safety of hydrophobic SiO 2 aerogels (SAs) is crucial for its practical thermal insulation applications. Here, we explore a facile method to enhance the thermal safety of hydrophobic SAs with the introduction of ammonium polyphosphate intercalated layered double hydroxide (APP-LDH). The obtained results show that as-produced APP-LDH/SA composites maintain excellent fundamental properties, including low density (0.14–0.16 g/cm 3 ), high porosity (92.8–93.5 %), high specific surface area (680.0–762.6 m 2 /g), and low thermal conductivity (25.3–26.9 mW/m/K). Notably, APP-LDH effectively inhibits the thermal oxidation decomposition of SAs. In comparison to pristine SAs and those modified solely with LDH, the APP-LDH/SA composites exhibit significantly improved thermal stability. The gross calorific value of the APP-LDH/SA-20 % (i.e., containing 20 wt% APP-LDH) decreases by 13.9 % and 5.2 % compared with that of neat SAs and SAs modified solely with 20 wt% LDH, respectively. The improved thermal stability and reduced gross calorific value completely confirm the enhancement of the thermal safety of the APP-LDH/SA composites. This work provides a simple method to improve the thermal safety of hydrophobic SAs, which expands the thermal insulation application scenarios of SAs.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
热能工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 8
Chao Yan,Yiqun Fang,Mengfan Yan,Ruofan Yang,Weihong Wang,Yongming Song,Qingwen Wang
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and hydrophobic multiwalled carbon nanotubes (M-MWCNT) were introduced into wood to impart flame-retardant properties and hydrophobic. First, the wood was partial delignification followed by TEMPO oxidation (denoted DW). APP and M-MWCNT were then sequentially vacuum impregnated to obtain the DW@APP@M-MWCNT composite. The resulting DW@APP@M-MWCNT exhibited a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 39.5 %, passed the UL-94–0 vertical combustion test, and showed a 39.86 % reduction in total heat release (THR) in the MCC test compared to DW. Additionally, the graphitization degree (ID/IG) of DW@APP@M-MWCNT was 31.82 % lower than that of DW@APP. After combustion, the wood retained its original structure. The FT-IR, TG-IR, and XPS analyses reveal that the flame-retardant mechanism of APP and M-MWCNT in DW is primarily a combined effect of radical trapping, synergistic charring, and thermal inhibition. This study provides an effective method for fabricating wood with both flame-retardant and hydrophobic properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
林业工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Gels
·
2026
·Vol. 12
·期 2
·
IF 6.4
Zhiyu Huo,Yumin Duan,Shaoqian Zhang,Yikai Zhu,Qiao Wang,Zhi Li,Xiaoxu Wu
Hydrophobic silica aerogels (SAs) have attracted much attention because of their excellent thermal insulation performance and have potential applications in energy conservation and emission reduction. However, the organic groups on its surface are flammable, which brings security risks and limits its application scope. In this study, two kinds of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with different polymerization degrees, namely low-polymerization-degree APP (LAPP) and high-polymerization-degree APP (HAPP), were introduced into SA to prepare APP/SA composites, to improve the thermal safety of the materials. The results showed that APP with two polymerization degrees significantly delayed the initial decomposition and peak temperature of heat flow, and HAPP reduced the gross calorific value by 31.01% at most, which is 29.04% greater than that of LAPP, indicating that the effect of HAPP was slightly better than that of LAPP. With the increase in APP with two polymerization degrees, the density increased and the porosity decreased: LAPP system was 0.095–0.196 g/cm3and 96.0–91.0%. Both made the thermal conductivity increase only slightly (up to 26.8 mW/m/K), but the sample still maintained excellent thermal insulation and hydrophobicity, which indicated that the addition of APP improved the thermal safety performance of SA while maintaining its basic excellent performance. This strategy provides an effective and simple way to improve the flame retardancy of SA, which makes SA more widely used in fields with strict requirements on thermal safety.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 8
Jiahao Duan,Yanan Hou,Xiaodong Qian,Congling Shi,Mei Wan,Hongqing Zhu,Houwang Wang
This study, grounded in sustainable development strategies, developed a shell-core flame retardant by coating ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with multiple layers of polyelectrolytes composed of chitosan (CS) and silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) through electrostatic interactions. The entire preparation process did not involve any organic solvents. The resulting APP@CS@SiO 2 -nBL (where “BL” denotes a bilayer structure of CS and SiO 2 , and “n” indicates the number of bilayers, ranging from 1 to 4) significantly enhanced the flame-resistant property of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The TPU composite encompassing 20 wt% APP@CS@SiO 2 -4BL exhibited excellent thermal stability, where the maximum thermal decomposition rate declined by 21 % and the char residue elevated to 33.37 wt%. Additionally, this composite demonstrated superior performance in heat suppression and smoke reduction: the peak heat release rate, total heat release, peak smoke production rate, and total smoke release decreased 65 %, 86 %, 84 %, and 91 %, respectively, versus pure TPU. These enhanced properties relied on the multiple synergistic effects among APP, CS, and SiO 2 .
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2026
·Vol. 18
·期 10
·1158
·
IF 5.8
Yiwen Wang,Qian Hu,Miaojia Ye,Xiaoyue Huang,Quankai Chen,Chuanqun Hu
Epoxy resins have been extensively applied in aerospace and automotive fields. Nevertheless, their inherent flammability significantly restricts broader applications. In this study, carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNTs) were first aminated to obtain aminated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (NH2-MWCNTs). Subsequently, NH2-MWCNTs and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were incorporated into the epoxy resin via mechanical stirring, thereby constructing a phosphorus–carbon synergistic flame-retardant system. Compared with the neat epoxy thermoset, the EP/17.5APP/0.1NH2-MWCNTs composite showed a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 29.6% and attained a UL-94 V-0 rating. In addition, for the modified composite material, the maximum thermal decomposition rate (RTmax) is 12.4 wt%/min, the char residue at 600 °C (C600) reaches 44.2%, and the smoke density is 425.8. The impact strength and tensile modulus are increased to 10.1 Mpa and 3.0 Gpa, respectively, while the compressive strength remains essentially unchanged. Furthermore, the synergistic flame-retardant mechanism between phosphorus and carbon was investigated by analyzing the char residues of the epoxy resin and its composites. This study offers a promising approach for designing epoxy composites with improved flame retardancy and enhanced thermal stability for high fire-safety applications, such as electronic encapsulation and structural materials.
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2022
·Vol. 12
·期 15
·9223-9237
·
IF 4.036
Chen Cheng,Yi Wang,Yanling Lu,Shaojie Li,Hua Li,Jun Yan,Shiguo Du
In this work, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was surface-modified by bio-based arginine (Arg) for the first time to enhance its flame retardance for fire-safety epoxy resin (EP). The structure of Arg modified APP (Arg-APP) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results illustrated that Arg was attached on the surface of APP through a cation exchange reaction. With Arg acting as the efficient carbon source, the char-forming ability of Arg-APP was significantly improved as illustrated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The flame retardance of EP/APP and EP/Arg-APP composites was evaluated using the limit oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests (UL-94), and cone calorimeter tests (CCT). The results showed that at the same weight loading (15 wt%), Arg-APP had better flame retardance and smoke suppression performance compared with pristine APP, which can be attributed to Arg-APP constituting an integrated intumescent flame retardant (IFR) and facilitating formation of char residues with significantly expanded structures and higher carbonization degrees. When the weight loading of Arg-APP reached 25 wt%, the EP/Arg-APP composite could achieve an LOI value as high as 34.7%, pass V-0 requirements in UL-94 tests, and decrease the peak heat release rate and total smoke production by 83.5% and 61.1% compared with neat EP in CCT, respectively, indicating the superior flame retardance performance of Arg-APP. Finally, the effects of the flame retardant additives on the mechanical properties of EP were evaluated by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests and tensile-strain tests. At the same additive weight loading (15 wt%), the EP/Arg-APP composite showed higher glass-transition temperature and better tensile-strain properties compared with EP/APP composite, which can be attributed to the Arg shell structure improving the compatibility between APP and the organic substrate. In conclusion, this work presents a convenient and environmentally friendly method to improve the practical performance of APP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE
·
2013
·Vol. 54
·期 4
·766-776
·
IF 1.243
Long Li,Yi Qian,Chuanmei Jiao
Mg–Al–Fe ternary layered double hydroxides (LDH) were synthesized based on bayer red mud by calcination-rehydration method, and characterized using X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The synergistic flame retardant effects of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with LDH in ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) composites were studied using limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 test, cone calorimeter test (CCT), and smoke density test (SDT). The thermal degradation behavior of EVA/LDH/APP composites was examined by thermal gravimetric analysis-fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR). The results showed that LOI values decreased by incorporation of APP together with LDH; and, a suitable amount of APP in EVA/LDH composites can apparently improve UL 94 rating. The CCT results indicated that heat release rate (HRR) of the EVA/LDH/APP composites with APP decreased in comparison with that of the EVA/LDH composites. The SDT results showed that APP was helpful to suppress smoke. The TG-FTIR data showed that the composites with APP had a higher thermal stability than the EVA/LDH composites at high temperature. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:766–776, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）