JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
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2024
·Vol. 141
·期 26
·e55561
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IF 2.7
Kaiqi Fan,Jiwei Peng,Wentong Yang,Xiaobo Wang,Sen Liu,Luxin Cao,Haijun Sun,Xiaojing Zhang
Gels with excellent ionic conductivity and resilience to temperature extremes are sought in practical applications due to their potential for building flexible and wearable soft electronics. In this work, highly conductive eutectogels are fabricated by one-step polymerization of (3-acrylamidopropyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride in deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Owing to the ion-conductive polymer networks facilitating ion conduction, these eutectogels exhibit a significant enhancement in ionic conductivity (27.1 mS cm −1 ), demonstrating an order of magnitude higher than that of pure DES. Furthermore, due to several unique properties of DES, these eutectogels exhibit excellent stretchability (>1000%), good adhesion, as well as nonflammability performance over a wide temperature range (−40 to 100°C). Moreover, the strain sensor based on the eutectogel shows a highly sensitive response (gauge factor = 6.92) to a broad strain range (from 450% to 550%), enabling the accurate and reliable detection of various human movements. Additionally, our findings reveal that the eutectogel-based sensor displays a comparable pattern of response curves with negligible signal deterioration, even at extreme temperatures of −20 and 60°C. The results of this work will promote novel applications in the construction of flexible and safe devices.
研究领域:
材料科学
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软体电子学
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Nano Research
·
2024
·Vol. 17
·期 6
·5559-5568
·
IF 9.5
Wu Junpeng,Teng Xinru,Liu Lu,Cui Hongzhi,Li Xiaoyi
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) have emerged as a highly promising energy harvesting technology, attracting significant attention in recent years for their broad applications. Gel-based TENGs, with superior stretchability and sensitivity, have been widely reported as wearable sensors. However, the traditional hydrogel-based TENGs suffer from freezing at low temperatures and drying at high temperatures, resulting in malfunctions. In this study, we introduce an anti-freezing eutectogel, which uses a deep eutectic solvent (DES), to improve the stability and electrical conductivity of TENGs in harsh environmental conditions. The eutectogel-based TENG (E-TENG) produces an open-circuit voltage of 776 V, a short-circuit current of 1.54 µA, and a maximum peak power of 1.1 mW. Moreover, the E-TENG exhibits exceptional mechanical properties with an elongation at a break of 476% under tension. Importantly, it maintains impressive performances across a wide temperature range from −18 to 60 °C, with conductivities of 2.15 S/m at −10 °C and 1.75 S/m at −18 °C. Based on the excellent weight stability of the E-TENG sensor, motion sensing can be achieved in the air, and even underwater. Finally, the versatility of the E-TENG can serve as a wearable sensor, by integrating it with Bluetooth technology. The self-powered E-TENG can monitor various human motion signals in realtime and send the health signals directly to mobile phones. This research paves a new road for the applications of TENGs in harsh environments, offering wireless flexible sensors with real-time health signal monitoring capabilities.
研究领域:
材料科学
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生物医学工程
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能源技术
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高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
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2026
·
IF 12.5
Xinpeng Lv,Kai Gong,Ze Li,Zhongyuan Lin,Hongqiu Wei,Jianhui Sun,Yongjun Liu,Peng Li
Human-machine interaction (HMI) devices based on conductive gel interfaces provide an effective approach for recognizing users' manipulation intentions by capturing mechanical signals. However, achieving intuitive feedback, high accuracy, and environmental adaptability remains challenging. Herein, we report a novel dual-mode photoelectric eutectogel interface (PEGI) constructed by incorporating deep eutectic solvents (DES) and ionic liquid into a photonic crystal-embedded matrix for HMI applications. The strain-induced structural color change of PEGI provides intuitive visual feedback (1.99 nm per %) and serves as a calibration reference for strain response, thereby effectively enhancing the HMI experience. Moreover, PEGI demonstrates high sensitivity, characterized by an ultra-low detection limit (< 1% strain) and a gauge factor of 3.0, along with a good linearity over a broad strain range (0–100%) and outstanding cycling stability (>5000 cycles). Significantly, PEGI remains mechanically stable and flexible under extreme conditions down to −50 °C, and exhibits exceptional stretchability exceeding 2400% at room temperature, owing to the multiple hydrogen-bond network formed between the deep eutectic solvent (betaine and ethylene glycol) and the ionic liquid. The remote end-effectors (e.g., trolley and manipulator) designed based on PEGI and a microcontroller enable continuous operation, high signal stability, and efficient interactive control guided by optical feedback. This study demonstrates the great potential of PEGI for the development of closed-loop HMI systems integrating sensing, feedback, and actuation.
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JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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2024
·
IF 4.5
Qinghua Yang,Zhuoni Liu,Tianxiang Yin,Xiaoyong Wang,Jing Yuan
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), as a new type of green and easily designable solvent, showed great potential applications in various fields. In this work, a novel deep eutectic solvent based on active pharmaceutical ingredient matrine and lauric acid was developed. The structure, thermal stability, and cytotoxicity were investigated by various technologies. The prepared DES displayed excellent ability on enhancing the solubility of curcumin, and the curcuim showed high stability in DES. Moreover, DES as well as curcumin-contained DES possessed good antioxidant and anti- P. acne activity. More importantly, the prepared DES can act as a gelator to form eutectogel in water, which was confirmed from the rheological behavior and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurement. The curcumin-contained eutectogel displayed good injectable and permeation ability. Therefore, the prepared multi-functional DES (i.e. antioxidant, antibacterial agent, solvent and stabilizer of curcumin, and gelator) provides a new strategy to construct transdermal delivery system that displays potential application on treatment of acne infection.
研究领域:
药学
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材料科学
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化学
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生物技术
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高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
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2026
·
IF 12.5
Yuxi Chen,Gonghua Hong,Xuning Song,Jiali Jiang,Yunhao Zhang,Long Zhao
Bioinspired hierarchical structure engineering enables high-performance eutectogels. • Hierarchical gel networks show low hysteresis (10.71% dissipation at 500% strain). • Liquid metal-composited eutectogels achieve high conductivity (31.19 mS cm −1 ). • Ionic gradient converts low-grade waste heat and mechanical energy into electricity. • Excellent signal reproducibility enables high-accuracy (99.5%) gesture recognition. Balancing mechanical properties and electrical conductivity is a critical challenge in the development of flexible conductive gel materials. Inspired by the hierarchical structure of brain's blood vessels and neural networks, which enables synergistic trade-offs among multiple properties, we developed a structural biomimetic strategy to create liquid metal (LM)-initiated polymerizable deep eutectic solvents (PDES) eutectogels. In this design, the polymerizable hydrogen bond donor forms polymer chains that provide mechanical support akin to vascular networks, while the hydrogen bond acceptor enables ion transport for signal transmission, analogous to neurotransmitter-mediated communication. LM acts as a “growth factor” that introduces ionic coordination bonds to construct a hierarchical supramolecular network, serves as a conductive filler to establish ion-electron pathways, and promotes acceptor dissociation via interfacial modification. Consequently, the resulting eutectogels achieve a balanced combination of mechanical strength, ultrastretchability ((451.8 kPa, 1106%), ~7-fold increase in tensile strength over LM-free PDES eutectogels), low hysteresis (energy dissipation ratio: 10.71% at 500% strain), and excellent ionic conductivity (~31.19 mS cm −1 ). This strategy effectively overcomes the practical application limitations of PDES eutectogels arising from their insufficient mechanical performance and low ionic conductivity. Furthermore, based on this platform, a “dynamic-static” self-powered system enables low-grade heat and mechanical energy conversion into electricity while serving as a supercapacitor (SC) electrolyte for energy storage. Integrated with a convolutional neural network (CNN), the PDES-LM 20 eutectogel enabled multi-channel gesture recognition with 99.5% accuracy for ten gestures. This work bridges structural biomimicry and functional synergy, advancing integrated gel platforms for energy conversion, storage, and intelligent perception. Inspired by brain vascular–neural synergy, LM acts as a “growth factor” to induce PDES polymerization and hierarchical network formation in PDES-LM x eutectogels. Polymerizable hydrogen bond donors provide mechanical support, while hydrogen bond acceptors enable signal transmission through ion transport. By integrating hierarchical supramolecular interactions with LM-mediated ion-electron conductive pathways, the eutectogel achieves strong synergy between mechanical stability and high conductivity, enabling efficient energy conversion, storage and highly accurate gesture recognition for intelligent perception. Download: Download high-res image (196KB) Download: Download full-size image
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COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
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2026
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IF 5.4
Yiwei Dong,Bing Ren,Yubing Yang,Yongchang Mu,Yunlan Liu,Chenxu Wang,Jie Li,Jing Han
A eutectic solvent replacement strategy is proposed to synergistically regulate the polymer network and the conductive phase of PEDOT: PSS-based gels. • The optimized eutectogel achieves exceptional fracture strength, toughness and a high gauge factor. • The electrical enhancement involves conformational transition of PEDOT and improved conductivity from metal ion. • The sensor based on PEDOT: PSS eutectogel successfully enables monitoring during post operative cervical spine rehabilitation. Flexible electronics have sparked significant interest for their potential applications in diverse fields. Among these, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS)-based hydrogels have emerged as star materials in flexible electronics, yet their sensing capabilities remain constrained by compromised mechanoelectrical coordination. Herein, we present an approach through a eutectic solvent exchange strategy that synergistically regulates mechanical and electrical performance. Specifically, molecular engineering via eutectic solvent-enhanced hydrogen bonding strengthens interchain interactions to improve toughness, while electrical engineering involves (i) conformational transition of PEDOT from coiled benzoid to linear quinoid structure and (ii) the ionic conductivity contributed by Fe 3 + further enhances the conductivity. The optimized eutectogel (MSPFe60) achieves fracture strength (0.98 MPa), toughness (9.97 MJ·m −3 ), and gauge factor (GF= 21.2). We further demonstrate MSPFe60’s potential in postoperative cervical spine rehabilitation monitoring through real-time motion signal capture. Download: Download high-res image (283KB) Download: Download full-size image
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高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2026
·
IF 12.5
Nanjun Shen,Yafei Liang,Jing Huang,Xuejing Huang,Haishu Pan,Lingyong Kong,Wenfeng Zhang,Ling Fan,Ronghua Jin
Novel PLT eutectogel overcomes hydrogel susceptible to UV-induced damage and aging. • It provides long-term UV shielding while maintaining original performance. • TA cross-linking agent prevents depolymerization to boost mechanical stress. • It provides excellent temperature stability (60 °C) and low swelling in water/saline. • Reliable strain detection across extreme conditions (ambient, −20 °C, underwater). Gel-based materials hold significant promise for flexible electronics but are frequently limited by ultraviolet (UV) induced degradation, inadequate environmental tolerance, and modest mechanical robustness. To address these challenges, we develop a transparent, conductive, and biosafe poly(lipoic acid)-tannic acid eutectogel (PLT eutectogel) through a facile thermal polymerization-solvent exchange strategy. Tannic acid (TA) functions as a multifunctional stabilizer and cross linker, simultaneously suppressing the inherent depolymerization of the network and providing exceptional UV-shielding capacity via its polyphenolic structure. The resulting eutectogel exhibits an ultrahigh UV absorbance of 3.4 across the UVA and UVB regions, nearly completely shielding the full spectrum (200–400 nm). It also demonstrates robust mechanical properties (tensile strength: 3.68 MPa, fracture strain: 529%, tear energy: 0.566 kJ⋅m −2 ), excellent thermal and freezing resistance (83% mass retention at 60 °C, stable performance at −20 °C, no crystallization down to −90 °C), and low swelling in aqueous media (<40% in water, <38.5% in saline). Combined with an ionic conductivity of 2.46 mS⋅cm −1 , recyclability, biocompatibility, and antibacterial activity, the PLT eutectogel serves as a high performance sensing platform. As a proof of concept, a flexible strain sensor fabricated from this material reliably monitors human motions and enables underwater Morse code communication, illustrating its potential for durable human machine interfaces under extreme environmental conditions. Download: Download high-res image (99KB) Download: Download full-size image
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Small Methods
·
2026
·
IF 8.7
Yixi Duan,Zhen Zhang,Jing Wang,Chunlin Huang,Jianlin Huang,Jun Wu
Further development of wearable and implantable devices is constrained by the adaptive limitations of flexible gels sensors, which require robust mechanical properties, high electrical conductivity, strain sensitivity, and biocompatibility. Compared to traditional conductive gels, eutectogels based on deep eutectic solvents (DES) offer a safe, economical, environmentally friendly, and easily scalable alternative. Here, we report a green economic strategy to fabricate two multifunctional conductive gels with tunable mechanical and electrical properties and multifunction from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and DES (PD). By varying the component ratio and preparation methods, we precisely regulate the PD's mechanical and conductive properties while introducing antibacterial and biocompatibility functions, significantly broadening its application scope. The obtained PD gel exhibits excellent biosafety and antibacterial properties, alongside an exceptionally broad mechanical range, with Young's modulus ranging from 0.84 to 10.22 MPa and a maximum elongation of 718%. It demonstrated sensitive strain sensing (GF = 2.05) and a favorable anti-freezing ability (−10°C). The Young's modulus of PD Hydrogel ranges from 4.26 to 1.98 kPa. It illustrated outstanding efficacy in replacing commercially available electrocardiogram (ECG) electrode gels, joint deformation, and temperature and humidity monitoring sensors. This simple, additive-free, and environmentally friendly PD eutectogel offers significant application potential in next-generation health monitoring.
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PubMed
高影响因子
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
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2024
·
IF 6.3
Le Huy Thai,Le Thi Thanh Nhi,Nguyen Minh Hiep,Dinh Thanh Khan,Trinh Ngoc Dat,Le Vu Truong Son,Truong Quang Trung,Le Hoang Sinh
A novel all-in-one electrochromic device from viologen-based Cu-MOF was demonstrated successfully for the first time. The viologen-based Cu-MOF was dispersed in a photochemical eutectic solvent and directly used as an electrochromic material with the outstanding advantage of good modulation ability in a wide range of visible light. The electrochromic device's (ECD) color changed from transparent and light lime green to blue during the change of potential from 0 V to −3.5 V. The bistability of the ECD was demonstrated by the transmittance degradation of less than 10 % over 1.79 h when the power was turned off. This showed that the ECD could maintain its optical state long without a continuous power supply.
研究领域:
材料科学
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光学工程
·
电化学
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高影响因子
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
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2023
·
IF 9.9
Chunxiao Chai,Lin Ma,Yiran Chu,Wenwen Li,Yuzhen Qian,Jingcheng Hao
In recent years, gel-based ion conductor has been widely considered in wearable electronics because of the favorable flexibility and conductivity. However, it is of vital importance, yet rather challenging to adapt the gel for underwater and dry conditions. Herein, an anti-swelling and anti-drying, intrinsic conductor eutectogel is designed via a one-step radical polymerization of acrylic acid and 2, 2, 2‑trifluoroethyl methacrylate in binary deep eutectic solvents (DESs) medium. On the one hand, the synergistic effects of hydrophilic/hydrophobic heteronetworks can elicit the integrity stability of eutectogel in liquid environment. It is proved that both the mechanical property and conductivity are maintained after immersing in different salt, alkaline and acid solution and organic solvent for one month. On the other hand, the eutectogel inherits well conductivity (93 mS/m), anti-drying and antibacterial properties from DESs. Based on the above features, the resulting eutectogel can be assembled as smart sensor for stable information transmission in air and underwater with fast response time (1 s), high sensitivity (Gauge factor = 1.991) and long-time reproducibility (500 cycles, 70 % strain). Considering the simple preparation and integration of multiple functions, the binary cooperative complementary principle can provide insights into the development of next-generation conductive soft materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
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可穿戴技术
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电化学
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传感技术
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生物医学工程
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PubMed
高影响因子
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
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2023
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IF 9.5
Yingxue Wu,Liu Yang,Jiadong Wang,Sirui Li,Xianhong Zhang,Dong Chen,Yuhong Ma,Wantai Yang
The development of degradable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly ionic conductive gels is highly required to reduce electronic waste originating from flexible electronic devices. However, biocompatible, degradable, tough, and durable conductive gels are challenging to achieve. Herein, we develop a facile strategy for the design and synthesis of degradable tough eutectogels by integrating an electrostatically driven supramolecular network composed of branched polyacrylic acid (PAA) and monoethanolamine (MEA) into a green deep eutectic solvent with chitosan quaternary ammonium salt (CQS). The specially designed PAA/MEA/CQS eutectogels present multiple desired properties, including high transparency, widely adjustable mechanical properties, high resilience, reliable adhesiveness, excellent self-healing ability, good conductivity, remarkable anti-freezing performance, and antibacterial properties. The dynamic and reversible supramolecular interactions not only significantly enhance the mechanical properties of the PAA/MEA/CQS eutectogels but also enable fast degradation, addressing the dilemma between mechanical strength and degradability. More importantly, a biocompatible and degradable multifunctional ionic skin is successfully fabricated based on the PAA/MEA/CQS eutectogel, exhibiting high sensitivity, a wide sensing range, and a rapid response speed toward strain, pressure, and temperature. Thus, this study offers a promising strategy for fabricating degradable tough eutectogels, which show great potential as high-performance ionic skins for next-generation flexible wearable electronic devices.
研究领域:
材料科学
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生物医学工程
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柔性电子
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
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2025
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IF 8.2
Yinbo Liu,Haixin Du,Wanting You,Li Guo,Feipeng Du,Shenggao Wang,Zhe Chen,Zhidong Lin,Ping Fu
Moisture-electric generation (MEG), a technology that captures chemical energy from environmental moisture and converts it into sustainable electricity, has attracted significant attention in the field of flexible wearable electronics. However, existing MEG systems still face critical challenges such as low output voltage, poor current stability, and insufficient mechanical properties of materials. Herein, a poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)/choline chloride (ChCl) eutectogels (PA-C) with a “covalent bond-ion pair-hydrogen bond” triple network structure was prepared via ultraviolet photopolymerization by constructing an acrylic acid (AA)/ChCl deep eutectic solvent (DES). Specifically, the cross-linking agent N,N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBA) forms covalent cross-links with AA to provide a rigid framework for PA-C. Meanwhile, hydrogen bonds between PAA chains, as well as ion pairs and hydrogen bonds between PAA and ChCl, form a reversible physical cross-linking network. These networks synergistically endow PA-C with excellent hydrophilicity and mechanical properties. The effect of the molar ratio of AA to ChCl on the microstructure and properties of PA-C was systematically investigated. The results show that under an appropriate AA/ChCl molar ratio, PA-C exhibits a tensile strength of 4.92 MPa and an elongation at break of 633% simultaneously. The MEG developed based on PA-C achieves a high ionic conductivity of 0.54 S m–1 under relative humidity (RH) of 99%. A single MEG device can deliver an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.28 V and a short-circuit current (Isc) of 2.20 mA, with a maximum power density of 90 μW cm–2. Through series and parallel integration, the voltage and current can be flexibly adjusted, enabling direct power supply to light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and low-power devices. This study not only provides a material system for the design of high-performance MEG devices but also opens up an avenue for the development of efficient, scalable, and flexible multifunctional power sources.
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高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）