JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
·
2025
·
IF 4.7
Zhao-Hao Li,Ke Zheng,Yuan-Meng Yue,Ya-Meng Li,Bang-Tun Zhao
Viologen-functionalized materials have broad and desirable application prospects. Nowadays, synthesis of such materials and exploration of their new properties still remain a great challenge. In this work, one viologen-functionalized crystalline material, {[Cd(bcbpy)(tdc)(H 2 O)](0.5DMF)} n (bcbpy =1-(4-carboxybenzyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium, H 2 tdc = 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid) has been constructed by solvothermal methods. The material features an interesting two-dimensional layered structure constructed from tdc 2– ligands, which is decorated with bcbpy ligands. Due to the presence of electron-deficient viologen moieties, the crystalline sample displays a reversible photochromic behavior driven by photo-induced electron transfer under irradiation of UV light within a short time. Curiously, the ground sample after mechanical grinding exhibits a different photochromic behavior. Moreover, photo-regulated luminescence properties of the material before and after mechanical grinding have also been studied.
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CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN
·
2026
·
IF 3.6
Huangjie Lu,Jingqi Ma,Junpu Yang,Zhi-Hui Zhang,Junfeng Qian,Ming-Yang He,Qun Chen,Jian Lin
Photochromic behavior in viologen-based coordination polymers (CPs) is highly sensitive to structural packing, yet a clear structure–property correlation remains insufficiently established. Here, we report a series of structurally related viologen-based CPs, in which only H2L-1 exhibits reversible photochromism under UV irradiation, associated with the formation and stabilization of viologen radical cations (V+•) under ambient conditions. The remaining analogues (H2L-2, H4LCl2-3, and H4LCl2-4, where L2– denotes N,N′-bis(3,5-bis(dicarboxylatophenyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium) are EPR silent, indicating the absence of photoinduced electron transfer. Crystallographic analyses demonstrate that subtle variations in crystallization conditions (solvent, acidity, and temperature) lead to distinct supramolecular packing modes, dominated by hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding, and π–π interactions. Notably, the shortened π–π stacking and enhanced intermolecular interactions in H2L-1 facilitate efficient charge transfer, thereby enabling its unique photochromic response. Hirshfeld surface analysis and interaction energy calculations further corroborate the critical role of π–π interactions in promoting electron migration. Importantly, the photoinduced radical generation in H2L-1 also enhances near-infrared absorption, resulting in efficient photothermal conversion, with H2L-1-UV reaching 100 °C under 1 W irradiation. These results establish a direct correlation between crystal structure, photochromic behavior, and photothermal performance, highlighting crystal engineering as an effective strategy for developing multifunctional photoresponsive materials.
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Chemical Science
·
2023
·Vol. 14
·期 25
·7016-7025
·
IF 8.4
Xiuping Yin,Xinxing Li,Xuyi Li,Malgorzata Biczysko,Shourong Zhu,Jiaqiang Xu,Yue-Ling Bai
The dark-colored viologen radical cations are unstable in air and easily fade, thus greatly limiting their applications. If a suitable substituent is introduced into the structure, it will have the dual function of chromism and luminescence, which will broaden its application field. Here, Vio1·2Cl and Vio2·2Br were synthesized by introducing aromatic acetophenone and naphthophenone substituents into the viologen structure. The keto group (–CH2CO–) on the substituents is prone to isomerize into the enol structure (–CHCOH–) in organic solvents, especially in DMSO, resulting in a larger conjugated system to stabilize the molecular structure and enhance fluorescence. The time-dependent fluorescence spectrum shows obvious keto-to-enol isomerization-induced fluorescence enhancement. The quantum yield also increased significantly (T = 1 day, ΦVio1 = 25.81%, ΦVio2 = 41.44%; T = 7 days, ΦVio1 = 31.48%, and ΦVio2 = 54.40%) in DMSO. The NMR and ESI-MS data at different times further confirmed that the fluorescence enhancement was caused by isomerization, and no other fluorescent impurities were produced in solution. DFT calculations show that the enol form is almost coplanar throughout the molecular structure, which is conducive to stabilizing the structure and enhancing fluorescence. The fluorescence emission peaks of the keto and enol structures of Vio12+ and Vio22+ were at 416–417 nm and 563–582 nm, respectively. The fluorescence relative oscillator strength of Vio12+ and Vio22+ enol structures is significantly higher than that of keto structures (f value changes from 1.53 to 2.63 for Vio12+ and from 1.62 to 2.81 for Vio22+), indicating stronger fluorescence emission of the enol structure. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Vio1·2Cl and Vio2·2Br are the first examples of isomerization-induced fluorescence enhancement of viologen derivatives, which shows strong solvatofluorochromism under UV light, making up for the disadvantage that it is easy for a viologen radical to fade in air, and providing a new strategy for designing and synthesizing viologen materials with strong fluorescence.
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EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
·
2020
·
IF 3.862
Yanyan Wang,Xiaoteng Jia,Erik B. Berda,Jiaxin Zhao,Xincai Liu,Danming Chao
Multicolor electrochromic polymers have attracted great attention and interest owing to their potential applications in multicolor displays, intelligent electronic devices, and smart visualized sensors. Herein, we prepared new electrochromic polysiloxanes by chemically coupling oligoaniline groups with cathodically colouring viologen and/or anodically colouring phenothiazine groups, respectively. Due to the combined effect and synergistic effect of paired anodically colouring oligoaniline and cathodically colouring viologen, the resulting polysiloxane exhibits multicolor electrochromic behavior switching from purple to transparent grey, to light green, finally to blue. As the oligoaniline units coupled with anodically colouring phenothiazine groups, the resultant polysiloxane also demonstrates multicolor electrochromic behavior changing from transparent grey to light green, to gray-blue, to brown and finally black purple. Furthermore, good switching durability has also been revealed during the electrochromic measurements, because of their robust network molecular structure and covalent bonding to the substrate.
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REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
·
2018
·
IF 2.975
Xuemei Li,Mingjuan Zhou,Jiaxin Jia,Qiong Jia
The viologen-based β -cyclodextrin polymer (V-CDP) was successfully prepared via a Menshutkin reaction for the first time, and its organic dyes uptake capacities were investigated. The synthesized polymer showed BET surface area of 22 m 2 g −1 and exhibited highly charge-selective adsorption of anionic dyes, i.e. congo red and methyl orange. Remarkably, the polymer could efficiently absorb anionic dyes from binary cationic-anionic dye mixtures in a 1:1 mass ratio. The adsorption process of the two anionic dyes on the polymer both followed the pseudo-second-order rate equation and the Langmuir adsorption model. According to the Langmuir isotherm, the maximum adsorption capacity of V-CDP for congo red and methyl orange was calculated to be 323 mg g −1 and 370 mg g −1 , respectively. Additionally, the polymer can be easily regenerated and reused at least 5 times with no loss of adsorption efficiency, demonstrating its potential application in dye removal .
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Advanced Optical Materials
·
2024
·Vol. 12
·期 20
·2400498
·
IF 8
Rui Fang,Zhiyuan Bai,Xilu Wu,Qingchao Fan,Bingwei Bao,Chengyi Hou,Qinghong Zhang,Yaogang Li,Kerui Li,Hongzhi Wang
Reflective electrochromic (EC) technology is expected to e-paper display field, and integrating optical reflective electrolyte as the optical reflective layer is a common strategy for constructing reflective EC devices. Compositing inorganic particles and electrolytes is one of the simplest and most efficient composite methods, but these composite electrolytes usually cannot perform well together in terms of both optical and electrochemical properties. Herein, the TiO 2 nanoparticles are added to the ethyl viologen-based ionogel (T-EVG, one typical kind of EC/electrolyte) to have the highest visible light reflectivity and the best electrochemical performance compared with SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and ZnO nanoparticles, which is attributed to the electro-induced self-reduction TiO 2 produced in T-EVG during EC cycling. Meanwhile, the corresponding EC devices can display red, green, and blue, and have high optical contrast (CIE Lab: ΔE>38), fast switching spend (<4 s, the fastest is 5 Hz), ultra-low power density (<4.0 mW cm −2 ), and excellent cycling stability (>85% retained after 10 000 cycles). Finally, a simple 3×3 pixelated EC display array is prepared, and single- and multi-point (including diagonal points) multi-color display effects are realized through active-matrix driving and high-frequency refresh, demonstrating its application value in the high-performance e-paper display.
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Journal of Materials Chemistry C
·
2022
·Vol. 10
·期 41
·15451-15457
·
IF 8.067
Xi-Zhu Zhang,Wen-Jing Zhu,Zhong-Xi Yang,Yi Feng,Lin-Lin Fan,Guang-Gang Gao,Hong Liu
The sensitive and selective detection of ethylenediamine (EDA) has great significance due to its threat to environment and human health. Herein, a rationally designed polyoxometalate–viologen complex (1) has been demonstrated, in which the viologen molecules are hydrogen bonded to Dawson-type polyoxoanions. When complex 1 is in the atmosphere of EDA, the chromic intensity or Raman signals present proportional response to EDA concentrations. In particular, a very low detection limit of 0.1 ppb can be obtained for 1 based on its Raman signal output, which is the most sensitive complex than the reported EDA sensors. Also, high selectivity is observed for 1 when other amine molecules coexist as interfering compounds. According to the structural analysis and comparative experimental results, the highly sensitive and selective chromic or Raman response can be ascribed to the existence of viologen in the crystal lattice, which can not only accept electrons from EDA but also effectively accelerate the electron transfer to polyoxometalate. This work affords a novel concept for the design of highly sensitive and dual response polyoxometalate-based sensors by virtue of viologen-boosting electron transfer.
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RSC Advances
·
2025
·Vol. 15
·期 48
·40491-40500
·
IF 4.6
Hanfei Deng,Simin Jia,Yu Zhang,Yuanyuan Zhang,Jiang Shao,Muhammad Wasim Afzal,Xue Liu,Dongbin Dang,Yan Bai
Multi-stimulus responsive materials have attracted significant attention due to their ability to respond dynamically to multiple external stimuli, including light, temperature, and chemical signals. Achieving both rapid response times and precise selectivity is essential for advancing the functionality of such materials. In this study, five polyoxometalate-based viologen ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized through ion exchange between H3PMo12O40 and viologen ILs with varying substituents. These ILs demonstrated multi-stimulus responses to light and ammonia gas. Under Xe lamp irradiation, all ILs exhibited prominent photochromism, with C12–PMo12 undergoing a rapid change from light yellow to light green within just 5 seconds. Exposure to an H2O2 atmosphere for 3 hours resulted in the complete decolorization of C12–PMo12. Remarkably, after five cycles of coloring and decoloring, its absorbance remained virtually unchanged, highlighting its excellent reversibility and stability. Additionally, as the alkyl chain length of the viologen-based cation increased, the coloring rate accelerated, and the color contrast enhanced, likely due to the suppression of viologen radical quenching by longer carbon chains. These ILs also exhibited gas-chromic behavior in the presence of ammonia, showing high detection selectivity. Furthermore, the materials were successfully applied in inkless erasable printing and ultraviolet detection. The C12–PMo12-based carbon paper displayed clear and readable prints in only 10 seconds and could be bleached in an H2O2 atmosphere within 1.5 hours. These findings demonstrate that the synthesized ILs possess versatile multi-stimulus responsive properties, making them highly promising for applications in inkless printing, ultraviolet detection, and amine vapor sensing.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
·
2023
·
IF 7.2
Qi Sui,Runjie Li,Yanyan Zhang,Mengtian Huang,Ting Wang,Man Yang,Miao Cao,Xiaoping Hong,Benxia Li
Accelerating the charge transfer (CT) capability of photocatalysts is an efficient way to improve the overall photocatalytic performance, yet the precise regulation of CT in photocatalyst systems is still lacking. In this paper, a series of hybrid photocatalysts composed of graphitic carbon nitride ( CN ) and various viologens ( V ) were prepared for the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) from water splitting under visible-light irradiation. Considering the fixed energy structure of CN , the different electron-withdrawing substituents were introduced to engineer the band structure of V delicately and modulate the CT process between CN and V . It was shown that all the hybrid photocatalysts CN-x%V y exhibited higher photocatalytic performance, of which CN–1%V 3 , possessing the strongest electron withdrawing group (-NO 2 ), demonstrated the best PHE performance (3572.3 μmol g −1 h −1 ), exceeding 29 times over the unmodified CN . It was proposed that the introduction of V can optimize the interfacial photogenerated electron transfer ( CN → V →Pt) of the whole photocatalytic system effectively. We highlighted the V as an efficient chemical segment to modify semiconductors toward enhanced activity due to the following unique characteristics: (i) the unique redox ability, (ii) the easy synthetic methods for controlling the band structures precisely, and (iii) the inherent positively charged feature. This work provides a deep understanding of CT for the rational design of high-performance photocatalysts through band engineering.
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SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
·
2022
·
IF 7.305
Fangyuan Sun,He Zhang,Jiayi Cai,Fengyu Su,Yanqing Tian,Yan Jun Liu
π-Extended viologen derivatives of SHP , THP and FHP with selenophene , thiophene and furan units between two pyridine moieties, respectively, as chromophores , were synthesized. Compared with conventional viologen of DHP using bipyridines as the chromophore, the three compounds of SHP , THP , and FHP possess extended conjugation lengths and narrowed bandgaps. All-in-one electrochromic devices (ECDs) were assembled using these four viologen derivatives and investigated systematically. Due to the different electronic properties of the chromophores, the devices exhibited different colored states , blue, blue-violet, magenta and red. Furthermore, the electrochromic response of SHP , THP , and FHP extended into near-infrared (NIR) region due to the long conjugation as compared with that of DHP . Further, the ECDs possessing SHP , THP and FHP displayed faster response speed and relatively higher coloration efficiency than that of DHP . Among them, ECD based on FHP has shown the most excellent stability, which retains 95.7% optical contrast of its initial state after continuous working for 20000 cycles. Additionally, upon applying a switching potential, electrofluorochromic (EFC) properties of the devices based on THP and FHP were observed. This study revealed structure-property relations and demonstrated that manipulation of chromophores offers an effective route to obtain multicolor and multifunctional ECDs, which provides potential applications for colorful displays and smart windows .
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MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING
·
2022
·Vol. 307
·期 7
·2100977
·
IF 4.402
Jiaxin Zhao,Mingjuan Zhou,Yingchao Zhang,Erik B. Berda,Danming Chao
The health and environmental concerns drive the exploration of electro-optical materials featuring aqueous processability and environmental friendliness. This work presents a water-soluble electroactive hyperbranched polyamidoamine toward electrochromic (EC)/electrofluorochromic (EFC) dual-mode aqueous phase devices. The resultant polymer bearing viologen groups exhibit reversible electroactivity and desirable EC properties (Δ T % = 71.7%, coloration efficiency (CE) = 216 cm 2 C −1 ). The aggregation-induced quenching as well as the energy transfer between the electroactive viologen groups and autofluorescent tertiary amine units results in a simultaneous EFC behavior with acceptable fluorescence contrast (on/off = 8.5) and moderate switching speed (22.9/12.5 s). Furthermore, a reflective/emissive dual-mode aqueous phase device is manufactured readily based on the resultant polymer, which displays a simultaneous EC and EFC performance with high optical contrast (Δ T % = 92%), moderate fluorescence contrast (4.5), competitive CE (108 cm 2 C −1 ), and low switching voltage of −1.4 V.
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Journal of Materials Chemistry A
·
2022
·Vol. 10
·期 10
·5540-5549
·
IF 14.511
Zixuan Xu,Ke Liu,He Huang,Yadong Zhang,Zhouyang Long,Minman Tong,Guojian Chen
In this work, we reported a facile catalyst-free and initiator-free strategy to fabricate a new class of viologen-linked ionic polyacetylenes (denoted as VIPAs) that can achieve simultaneous ionization and polymerization in one-pot and one-step. To our surprise, the ionic polymers VIPA-X (X = Br or Cl) were directly synthesized by quaternization-induced in situ polymerization from commercially available 4,4′-bipyridine with propargyl bromide or propargyl chloride. It was found that reaction temperatures have a remarkable influence on the synthesis of VIPAs, achieving the transformation from soluble oligomers to insoluble highly cross-linked polymers by adjusting the temperatures from 30 °C to 100 °C. At a higher temperature of 100 °C, the obtained highly cross-linked ionic polymers VIPA-Br and VIPA-Cl were insoluble in both hot water and even dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). By virtue of abundant halogen anions and the absorbed H-bonded water, both VIPA-Br and VIPA-Cl were employed as efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the conversion of CO2 with various epoxides into cyclic carbonates at atmospheric pressure and low temperatures. In particular, the catalytic activities of VIPA-Br for the conversion of various epoxides are much better than those of VIPA-Cl at low temperatures, which should be attributed to the higher nucleophilicity and better leaving ability of the Br− anion than those of the Cl− anion. The present work affords a succinct catalyst-free strategy to construct more task-specific ionic polyacetylenes by quaternization-induced polymerization of multi-N-heterocycle monomers and propargyl halides towards diverse applications.
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