CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS
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2026
·
IF 7.1
Peng Wu,Yourong Shu,Yongjiang Di,Huichao He,Qian Yang,Wenrong Wang,Hanmei Jiang,Lijian Meng,Haibo Ruan,Sheng Tang,Jingguo Zhang,Tao Han
Cu@Sn core–shell nanoparticles have emerged as promising candidates for high-density electronic packaging owing to their excellent mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal stability. However, the intrinsic mismatch in the interdiffusion rates of Cu and Sn inevitably leads to the formation of severe Kirkendall voids, compromising the microstructural integrity and overall device reliability. In this work, a solid Cu@Sn core–shell nanostructure was constructed by introducing trace amounts of P during the Cu–Sn chemical displacement process, which shows an optimized Sn-to-Cu thickness ratio of ∼10%, with a Cu core of 2.65 ± 0.06 μm and an Sn shell of ∼0.29 μm. At the Sn/Cu interface, P selectively enriches on the Cu surface to form an adsorbed layer, suppressing the inward diffusion of Sn, where P promotes the in situ formation of ultrafine Cu3P nanocrystals and exerts a significant interfacial pinning effect on outward Cu diffusion and increases the vacancy formation energy. Notably, thermogravimetric analysis confirms the substantially enhanced oxidation resistance of the solid Cu@Sn nanoparticles (residual mass at 600 °C: 109.66% for Cu@Sn vs 123.54% for bare Cu). When used as soldering precursors, the P-mediated Cu@Sn solid nanoparticles form dense Cu3Sn intermetallic compound (IMC) frameworks after reflow at 300 °C, yielding void-free joints with remelting temperatures above 425 °C. This work not only elucidates the mechanism by which P-mediated interfacial engineering suppresses Kirkendall void formation but also highlights the significant potential of Cu@Sn nanoparticles for high-reliability electronic packaging, offering a promising pathway toward enhanced power density and device reliability.
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高影响因子
CHEMISTRY LETTERS
·
2016
·Vol. 45
·期 9
·1051-1053
·
IF 1.55
Wang Luanjiao,Rao Pinhua,Yao Wei,Zhang Wenqi
CuSn-codoped CdS (CdS:CuSn) quantum dots (QDs) with different Cu(I) and Sn(IV) doping levels have been successfully synthesized by a simple one-pot procedure. It was found that the doping ratio of Cu(I) and Sn(IV) in CdS QDs significantly affected the photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields (QYs), Stokes shifts, and emission window of as-prepared QDs. Compared to single Cu doping, CuSn codoping further significantly improved the PL QYs of as-prepared QDs (up to 24.6%). The CdS:CuSn QDs may be used as potential emitters in the PL industry.
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2026
·
IF 12.5
Jingjing Wu,Dazhi Shen,Tingjie Mao,Jiacheng Liu,Juan Wang,Xujin Zhang,Juan Ding,Yudai Huang,Xiaoqing Huang,Yunhua Li
Tuning Sn dispersion switches CO 2 RR path, challenging site-activity dogma • Low Sn dispersion density highly stabilizes *OCHO, strongly favoring it over *COOH • 89.3% formate FE at 200 mA cm −2 under flow-cell conditions surpasses prior reports • Catalyst reconstruction and reaction species are analyzed by in situ experiments Electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction to CO and formate holds significant industrial promise. Herein, we reveal that the surface density of atomically dispersed Sn on Cu lattice modulates the active-site identity from Cu to Cu Sn, thereby switching product distributions. L-Sn 1 -Cu, featuring sparse Sn coverage, achieves a CO Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 72.8% at a current density of 300 mA cm −2 . Conversely, H-Sn 1 -Cu with saturated Sn isolation attains a formate FE of 89.3% at a current density of 200 mA cm −2 . Operando spectroscopy and DFT calculations show that Sn-deficient locales expose Cu atoms to bind *COOH and favor CO formation, while Sn-congested domains create polarized Cu Sn pairs that lock *OCHO for formate synthesis. This density-dependent ensemble tuning enables switchable selectivity between CO and formate in CO 2 electroreduction at industrially relevant current densities. By precisely tuning the lattice dispersion density of single-atom Sn on Cu, this work achieves a programmable selectivity inversion from *COOH-mediated CO production on sparse Sn sites to *OCHO-stabilized formate synthesis via polarized Cu Sn ensembles at industrially relevant current densities. Download: Download high-res image (54KB) Download: Download full-size image
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DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS
·
2026
·
IF 5.2
Yuchen Zhang,Yuying Feng,Miao Zhang,Zhiwei Yu,Xian Sun,Li Zhang
The Ni@SNC catalyst was prepared through a two-step pyrolysis-solvothermal method. • Sulfur species selectively etched amorphous carbon layers, exposing more active sites during doping. • Sulfur, as a doping atom, modulated the electronic structure of the active sites and enhanced the CO 2 RR performance. • The Ni@SNC catalyst achieved a maximum FE CO of 94.6%, with a current density of 13.4 mA cm -2 at this point. Utilizing renewable energy to catalyze the reduction of CO 2 into diverse high-value products represents an effective pathway for mitigating carbon emissions. Nickel-based catalysts benefit from natural abundance and low cost. Moreover, their CO 2 activation capability and *CO desorption characteristics can be optimized through rational structural design to modulate the adsorption energy of reaction intermediates. These properties make them viable alternatives to noble metal catalysts. In this study, a two-step method termed “pyrolysis-doping” was employed to synthesize the Ni@SNC catalyst, which consists of small-sized Ni nanoparticles supported on S N co-doped carbon, facilitating efficient electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR). In the Ni@SNC structure, the coordination of surface Ni nanoparticles with N generates active sites, while S doping modulates the electronic state of these sites to optimize the adsorption of *COOH and the desorption of *CO. Performance tests indicated that Ni@SNC achieved a maximum CO Faradaic efficiency (FE CO ) of 94.6% at −0.9 V (vs. RHE), with a corresponding CO partial current density (j CO ) of 13.4 mA cm −2 , while exhibiting excellent stability during an extended electrolysis. Various characterizations and experiments have shown that S doping selectively etched the carbon layer, thereby increasing the electrochemically active area (ECSA). Furthermore, S doping modulated the electronic configuration of Ni N sites, enhancing the balance between adsorption and desorption of reaction intermediates. This work thus provides a new design method for creating efficient and stable non-precious metal CO 2 reduction catalysts. Download: Download high-res image (149KB) Download: Download full-size image
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JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
·
2026
·
IF 6.7
Yapeng Lv,Xinhao Chen,Wenjie Xue,Hui Wang,Minjun Zhou,Xinya Pang,Xuefei Zhang,Shujing Liu,Haipeng Zhang,Hui Ning
The development of efficient, stable, and rapidly fabricated catalytic electrodes is crucial for the practical application of electrochemical CO 2 reduction (CO 2 RR). Herein, a Sn-In bimetallic freestanding electrode was synthesized on carbon fiber substrate via Joule heating within only ~800 ms. The preferred Sn-In 50% /C electrode exhibited a formate Faradaic efficiency of 92.28% at −1.4 V vs. RHE in an H-cell and a pure formic acid selectivity of 90.2% at −200 mA·cm −2 in a solid-state electrolyte cell. Combining the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we found the In doping triggers directional electron transfer from In to Sn, thermodynamically driven by the higher electronegativity of Sn (1.96) relative to In (1.78), thus create electron-rich Sn sites for CO 2 activation while simultaneously shifting the interface from hydrogen-philic to hydrogen-phobic. This electronic modulation optimizes the binding strength of the key *OCHO intermediate by lowering the energy barrier from + 0.53 eV on pure Sn to + 0.20 eV on the Sn-In composite. This work not only provides a rapid synthesis strategy for high-performance CO 2 RR electrodes but also offers atomic-level insights into the synergistic catalytic mechanism at bimetallic interfaces.
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高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
·
2026
·
IF 6.7
Shiqian She,Xueqing Shi,Jianfeng Song,Zixuan Huang,Tiantian Zhou,Kun Xiong
Water electrolysis is an important technology for green hydrogen production, but the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) lead to high overall energy consumption. Using the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) instead of OER has been considered an effective route for reducing potential and treating urea-containing wastewater. Here, we introduced Sn into RuO 2 -TiO 2 /Ti through three methods: electrodeposition, hydrothermal and ion exchange, and constructed a series of NiO-(Sn)-RuO 2 -TiO 2 /Ti electrodes. The systematic characterization showed that Sn was successfully introduced in the form of rutile SnO 2 , and the elements were evenly distributed. The Sn introduction method significantly affected morphology and electrocatalytic performance of electrodes: NiO-(Sn)-RuO 2 -TiO 2 /Ti-E prepared by electrodeposition method exhibited a compact nanosheet structure, high surface roughness and abundant exposed active sites, exhibiting the best activity in HER/OER, while NiO-(Sn)-RuO 2 -TiO 2 /Ti-I prepared by ion exchange method maintained its original morphology, and NiO nanoclusters were evenly dispersed, showing the best performance in UOR. The potential of NiO-(Sn)-RuO 2 -TiO 2 /Ti-I was only 1.39 V ( vs . RHE) at a current density of 100 mA cm −2 , and it operated stably for more than 132 h. When NiO-(Sn)-RuO 2 -TiO 2 /Ti-I was assembled into a HER‖UOR two-electrode system, the cell voltage at 100 mA cm −2 was only 1.65 V, which was 0.26 V lower than that of the traditional HER‖OER. This work reveals the modulating effect of Sn introduction method on the electrocatalytic performance of multi-component oxides, and provides a scalable solution for the advancement of energy-saving hydrogen production coupled with degradation of urea.
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 13.2
Qing Li,Ning Liu,Dayu Wang,Lie Ma,Mingzhou Wu,Enna Ha,Junqing Hu,Zhe Zhang,Shuqing He
Silver sulfide (Ag 2 S) quantum dots (QDs), which emit light in the near-infrared II window (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm), exhibit unique and remarkable potential in bioluminescence. However, their widespread application in experimental research is currently limited by a relatively low quantum efficiency. Cation exchange reactions have emerged as a remarkably versatile approach for synthesizing nanomaterials with adjustable structures and customizable compositions. In this study, we developed a NIR-II fluorescent probe based on Sn-doped silver sulfide (Sn-Ag 2 S) QDs via a straightforward cation exchange method. The stoichiometric ratios of precursors play a crucial role in tailoring the optical properties of the resultant materials during structural modifications involving cation exchange processes. By optimizing the ratio of Ag and Sn, we obtained ca. 16-fold quantum yields enhancement of Sn-Ag 2 S QDs in the NIR-II range, specifically around strong emission peak at ca. 1200 nm. Following hydrophilic modification, the Sn-Ag 2 S-GSH/MPA QDs exhibited high NIR-II fluorescence signal signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) with a ca. 1.7-fold increase compared to Ag 2 S-GSH/MPA QDs in the femur of mice, showing significant potential for bone imaging. To further investigate the QDs biodistribution mechanisms within osseous microenvironments, we devised a comprehensive multimodal analytical approach incorporating: (1) optical spectral analysis, (2) ultrastructural validation through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and (3) spatial resolution mapping via laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). These integrated methodologies consistently demonstrated preferential QDs accumulation within trabecular bone marrow compartments, revealing distinct biodistribution patterns in mineralized tissues.
研究领域:
生物医学工程
·
材料科学
·
光学成像
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高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 13.2
Qu Ai,Shi-Kuan Sun,Yu Tian,Wei-Dong Xiao,Yi Zhao,Sheng-Heng Tan,Wei-Ming Guo,Hua-Tay Lin
For the sustainable development of nuclear energy, the fabrication of durable nuclear wasteforms, especially for high-level radioactive waste, is essential. This study introduces entropy engineering into zirconolite ceramics for the first time. A series of entropy-stabilized zirconolite ceramics with the general formula Ca( Zr , Hf , Sn ) x Ti 3-x O 7 (x = 0.8–2.2) were synthesized via cold-press sintering at 1450 °C for 10 h. The influence of multi-principal cation substitution on phase assemblage, microstructure, and chemical durability was systematically investigated. The incorporation of Zr, Hf, and Sn led to refined grain sizes, attributed to entropy-induced grain boundary pinning and lattice distortion. At x = 0.8, significant secondary phases including rutile and perovskite were observed. As the substitution level increased, these impurity phases were progressively suppressed, and phase-pure zirconolite was obtained at x = 1.8 and 2.0, as confirmed by XRD, although SEM still revealed trace perovskite. At x = 2.2, the reappearance of perovskite and formation of Hf-enriched zirconolite domains indicated the limit of solid solution stability. Raman and high-resolution TEM confirmed the 2 M zirconolite structure, accompanied by pronounced lattice distortion and stacking faults. Static leaching tests conducted in 1 M HCl revealed that samples with intermediate substitution levels (x = 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0) exhibited significantly improved chemical durability, with calcium release rates of 4.54 × 10 −4 , 2.79 × 10 −4 , and 1.14 × 10 −4 g·m −2 ·d −1 , respectively—an order of magnitude lower than that of conventional zirconolite (1.4 × 10 −3 g·m −2 ·d −1 ). The leaching rates of Zr, Hf, Sn, and Ti remained within the range of 10 −6 –10 −4 g·m −2 ·d −1 across all samples. These results demonstrate that entropy stabilization enhances phase purity, structural stability, and acid resistance, making entropy-stabilized zirconolite a promising matrix material for the immobilization of high-level radioactive waste.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
核工程
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陶瓷学
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废物处理
·
固态化学
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高影响因子
International Journal of Electrochemical Science
·
2023
·
IF 1.5
Shouhui Chen,Rihui Zhou,Yaqin Chen,Ping Li,Yonghai Song,Li Wang
Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks are a class of metal organic frameworks which are very attractive for their pore structures. However, their pore size and the BET surface would shrink when they underwent heat treatment at high temperature. On the other hand, liquid metal in MOFs might flow through the pores and prevent the shrinkage when pyrolysis. As is known that metallic Sn is liquid when the temperature is above 232 °C, flowing Sn might support and maintain the porous structure of MOFs during the pyrolysis. In this work, porous Sn/C-ZnO core-shell structures were prepared as anodes for LIBs via a two-step method. Firstly, SnO 2 particles were encapsulated in a ZIF-8 layer with different thickness. Then Sn/C-ZnO was generated in inert atmosphere at 700 °C. A Sn/C-ZnO composite, with 11.2% of Sn and 21.0% of ZnO in content, had a BET surface of 32.9 m 2 g -1 . Another Sn/C-ZnO composite, with 55.1% of Sn and 1.8% of ZnO in content, had a larger BET surface of 297 m 2 g -1 . Then the two composites were tested as anodes for LIBs. Although the BET surface of the former was significantly less than that of the latter before cycling and the content of Sn in the former was also much lower than that of the latter, the discharge capacity of the former after 50 cycles was 515.6 mAh g -1 at 100 mA g -1 in the potential of 0.01~3.00 V, which was slightly higher than that of the latter.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源存储
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高影响因子
Precision Chemistry
·
2024
·
IF 0
Hui Ye,Lina Cao,Minghui Gu,Han Nie,Qingqing Gu,Bing Yang,Yunxing Bai,Qinxue Nie,Weixin Huang,Junling Lu
Propane dehydrogenation (PDH), an atom-economic reaction to produce high-value-added propylene and hydrogen with high efficiency, has recently attracted extensive attention. The severe deactivation of Pt-based catalysts through sintering and coking remains a major challenge in this high-temperature reaction. The introduction of Sn as a promoter has been widely applied to improve the stability and selectivity of the catalysts. However, the selectivity and stability of PtSn catalysts have been found to vary considerably with synthesis methods, and the role of Sn is still far from fully understanding. To gain in-depth insights into this issue, we synthesized a series of PtSn/SiO2 and SnPt/SiO2 catalysts by varying the deposition sequence and Pt:Sn ratios using atomic layer deposition with precise control. We found that PtSn/SiO2 catalysts fabricated by the deposition of SnOx first and then Pt, exhibited much better propylene selectivity and stability than the SnPt/SiO2 catalysts synthesized the other way around. We demonstrate that the presence of Sn species at the Pt-SiO2 interface is of essential importance for not only the stabilization of PtSn clusters against sintering under reaction conditions but also the promotion of charge transfers to Pt for high selectivity. Besides the above, the precise regulation of the Sn content is also pivotal for high performance, and the excess amount of Sn might generate additional acidic sites, which could decrease the propylene selectivity and lead to heavy coke formation. These findings provide deep insight into the design of highly selective and stable PDH catalysts.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
催化化学
·
材料科学
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CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
·
2024
·
IF 5.1
Tengfei Yu,Rongrong Chen,Xiang Ji,Zhijun Fu,Subing Jiang,Meizhen Gao
In this study, we investigated the phase structure, Curie temperature, dielectric properties, piezoelectricity, and energy-storage properties of BiFeO 3 (BFO)-modified (Ba 0.95 Ca 0.05 ) (Ti 0.89 Sn 0.11 )O 3 (BCTSO) ceramics using both experimental and theoretical methods. The results indicated that the lattice distortion and chaotic distribution of the local charge increased with the BFO content, resulting in a phase transition and transformation from a ferroelectric to a relaxing ferroelectric. First-principles calculations revealed that the Curie temperature decreased with increasing BFO content, primarily because of an increase in the ground state energy. The variation in the permittivity of the BCTSO- x BFO ceramics with temperature and frequency is affected by the phase structure and Maxwell-Wagner interface polarisation, respectively. The electrical modulus measurements indicated that BCTSO- x BFO exhibited non-Debye-type dielectric relaxation for x = 0.0, 0.1, and 0.5 %, whereas BCTSO- x BFO showed Debye-type dielectric relaxation for x = 0.9%.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
物理学
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高影响因子
Nature Communications
·
2023
·Vol. 14
·期 1
·1-12
·
IF 16.6
Chen Jianjun,Xiong Shangchao,Liu Haiyan,Shi Jianqiang,Mi Jinxing,Liu Hao,Gong Zhengjun,Oliviero Laetitia,Maugé Françoise,Li Junhua
The spillover of oxygen species is fundamentally important in redox reactions, but the spillover mechanism has been less understood compared to that of hydrogen spillover. Herein Sn is doped into TiO 2 to activate low-temperature (<100 °C) reverse oxygen spillover in Pt/TiO 2 catalyst, leading to CO oxidation activity much higher than that of most oxide-supported Pt catalysts. A combination of near-ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, in situ Raman/Infrared spectroscopies, and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the reverse oxygen spillover is triggered by CO adsorption at Pt 2+ sites, followed by bond cleavage of Ti-O-Sn moieties nearby and the appearance of Pt 4+ species. The O in the catalytically indispensable Pt-O species is energetically more favourable to be originated from Ti-O-Sn. This work clearly depicts the interfacial chemistry of reverse oxygen spillover that is triggered by CO adsorption, and the understanding is helpful for the design of platinum/titania catalysts suitable for reactions of various reactants.
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