APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Jing Lv,Heng Zhai,Haifeng Yang,Qiong Wu,Hongtao Bi,Changping Guo,Linghua Tan
To increase the industrial safety and reduce the electrostatic accumulation of ultrafine powder, we propose an antistatic modification strategy to present a new electrostatic dissipation structure, CL-20-based conducting composites with polypyrrole (PPy), which is synthesized using a pyrrole self-polymerization process. Based on the designed structures, density functional theory methods not only predict that the forming process of CL-20/pyrrole structure is spontaneous thermodynamically, but explore its desensitizing mechanism, that is, reducing the energy barrier to improve the electron transition by narrower energy gap of modified explosive. Experimental results demonstrate that new CL-20@PPy conducting structure possesses a smooth polymers cage resulting in a high drop height ( H 50 ) (44 cm) and a low friction sensitivity (108 N), which significantly exceeds those of CL-20 of 13 cm and 72 N in turn. Besides, CL-20@PPy composites exhibit a steady electrostatic dissipation characteristic with a lower volume resistivity of ∼10 9 Ω·cm, this complex conducting polymers matrix can evacuate the electrostatic charges on the surface of CL-20, thereby it has an excellent 50 % firing energy ( E 50 ) of 1.44 J compared to CL-20 (0.83 J). As conclusion, this adaptive and universal strategy shows a great promise for potential applications and can be extensively used in the construction for desensitizing high-energy material.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
爆炸物安全工程
·
理论化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
·
2021
·
IF 4.185
Tingting Zhou,Xiaodong Li,Chunjiao Liu,Xianrui Shi,Bo Wu,Xiaohui Duan,Guangcheng Yang
To meet the requirement of miniaturization and integration of the micro thrusters based on the chemical fuels, high-energy density compound is an emerging material as the chemical fuel. However, it is still challenging to realize the high-efficiency, stable and self-sustaining microcombustion of the high-energy density chemical fuels. Herein, we report the high-performance microcombustion of CWs/AP/CL-20 composite with nanoscale 2,4,6,8,10,12-(hexanitrohexaaza)cyclododecane (CL-20) and oxidizer ammonium perchlorate (AP) confined in a self-standing carbonized butterfly wing scales (CWs) matrix. CWs with multi-channeled hierarchical porous structure provide a model architecture for loading of AP and CL-20. CL-20 is designed to serve as heat/pressure loss compensate agent due to its high-energy density, fast energy release rate and large amounts of gas release during combustion process. The combustion of CWs/AP/CL-20 is greatly enhanced due to the enhanced heat and mass transfer originating from the multi-channeled hierarchical porous structure and synergistic reactions between components at nanoscales, which is demonstrated as promising solid-propellant for the micro thruster. It is found that the sample with oxygen balance close to zero, which can be conveniently regulated by adjusting the mass ratio of CL-20 and AP, has the best microcombustion performance, resulting in a specific impulse of 383.5 N·s/kg.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
航空航天工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Energetic Materials
·
2017
·
IF 1.557
Xi Li,Qiu-han Lin,Xin-Ying Zhao,Zhi-Wei Han,Bo-liang Wang
Thermal techniques (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the vacuum stability test (VST)), according to STANAG 4147, and non-thermal techniques (Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry and X-ray diffractometry (XRD)) were used to examine compatibility issues for 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) with a selection of insensitive explosives, including nitroguanidine (NQ), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide (ANPyO), 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TATB), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105). DSC measurements showed that ANPyO, TATB, NTO and LLM-105 were compatible with CL-20. The compatibility of CL-20/NQ, CL-20/TNT, CL-20/ANPyO, CL-20/TATB, CL-20/NTO and CL-20/LLM-105 mixtures was further explored using the VST, which revealed that all the selected insensitive explosives were compatible with CL-20. Possible chemical interactions were suspected for CL-20/TATB from the FTIR results and for CL-20/NTO from XRD analysis. In summary, ANPyO and LLM-105 demonstrated the optimal compatibility with CL-20.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
爆炸物研究
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Energetic Materials Frontiers
·
2025
·
IF 3.9
Bo-wei Gao,Yan-ze Liu,Xiao-feng Guo,Xu-ran Xu,Hai-feng Yang,Guang-cheng Yang,Jing Lv,Ling-hua Tan
Based on a simple catechol-amine co-precipitation strategy and biomimetic adhesion characteristics, this study prepared a desensitized CL-20@PCPA core-shell energetic powder using the phenolic and amino compound containing low-cost polycatechol/polyamine (PCPA). The results indicate that the CL-20@PCPA composite powder exhibited an elevated characteristic drop height of impact sensitivity ( H 50 ) of 34.9 cm and a reduced friction explosion probability of 56% compared to pure CL-20. PCPA, containing catechol and amine groups, provided a stable platform for secondary modification to enhance the safety of the powder further. Notably, when the CL-20@PCPA@MXene powder was introduced into a propellant system, the resulting propellants displayed a high H 50 value of 20.3 cm while its heat of detonation remained unchanged. This study provides a simple and low-cost biomimetic interface modification strategy for preparing desensitized energetic materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
爆炸物安全
·
界面工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2019
·
IF 8.355
Chuan Huang,Zhijian Yang,Yanchun Li,Baohui Zheng,Qilong Yan,Lifeng Guan,Guan Luo,Shangbin Li,Fude Nie
Nano-aluminum, as a potential replacement of micro-aluminum, has attracted significant research interests in energetic fields due to its high reactivity. However, the intrinsic high surface area of nanoparticles drives nano-aluminum encounter challenges in handling process and prone to large aggregation, significantly impeding the further application of nano-aluminum. In this work, nano-aluminum based microspheres incorporating hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) are directly fabricated by electrospray deposition. These as-prepared microspheres were in high monodispersity and their size ranges from 8 to 16 μm. The surface morphology of such microspheres was adjustable by using different polymers as binder. Thermal behavior results show that CL-20 has no appreciable effect on the reactivity of nano-aluminum while the fluoropolymer binder (F2314) facilitates the oxidation of nano-aluminum. Nevertheless, the presence of CL-20 can significantly enhance the reactivity of nano-aluminum in the combustion behavior tests, where electrosprayed microspheres exhibit outstanding performance in comparison to physical mixed sample, presenting a high pressurization rate, peak pressure and short burning time. These excellent properties are possibly attributed to their uniform microstructure. Therefore, the use of electrospray method can offer a promising strategy to fabricate the microstructure controllable microspheres.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源领域
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Surfaces and Interfaces
·
2025
·
IF 6.3
Hongqi Nie,Ruixuan Xu,Xin Li,Yuruizhi Lin,Suhang Chen,Kangzhen Xu,Jia-Rong Zhang,Qi-Long Yan
The combustion characteristics and energy output properties of solid propellants play a decisive role in rocket engine and propulsion system performance. Particularly for HTPB propellant systems incorporating CL-20 as the high-energy oxidizer, achieving wide-range burn rate regulation and maintaining low pressure exponents constitute fundamental requirements for practical implementation. Through advanced interfacial control methodology, this study successfully constructed two types of aluminum/oxidizer integrated composites (Al@AP and Al@CL-20), while employing precise catalysis to accurately distribute C 3 N 4 burn rate modifiers within the target oxidizer. This innovative approach has demonstrated significant enhancement in aluminum combustion efficiency within the composite propellant system. The strategic incorporation of C 3 N 4 , coupled with the optimized interfacial architecture between fuel and oxidizer components, establishes a new paradigm for performance modulation in solid propellant formulations. Thermal analysis (DSC/TGA) results reveal that both Al@AP/CN and Al@CL-20/CN composites exhibit concentrated exothermic characteristics, yet demonstrate fundamentally distinct heat release profiles. By strategically exploiting these differential energy release features, propellant formulations with tailored interfacial compositions and precisely engineered catalytic sites were developed. The modified propellants displayed markedly different combustion behaviors: the Al@CL-20/CN-based formulation achieved a 33% reduction in pressure exponent ( n =0.18) with significantly enhanced low-pressure burning rates, while the Al@AP/CN-modified system maintained ultra-low burning rates (<5 mm·s -1 ) but with high combustion efficiency across broad pressure ranges with an exceptionally low pressure exponent of 0.23. Complementary analysis of condensed combustion products (CCPs) confirmed substantial improvements in combustion completeness, showing a 78% reduction in micron-sized aluminum agglomerates and significantly refined CCPs particle size distribution. These findings collectively demonstrate that the synergistic combination of interfacial modification and precision catalysis effectively optimizes aluminum combustion efficiency and tunability of burn rate of high-energy HTPB propellants.
研究领域:
航空航天工程
·
推进系统
·
材料科学
·
含能材料
·
燃烧化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
·
2026
·
IF 2.6
Taihe Wang,Chengling Zou,Yu Li,Yuxin Mu,Jiale Wei,Chao Chen,Yan Zhang,Haijian Li,Jianhua Yi,Haixia Ma,Fengqi Zhao
Porphyrin metal–organic frameworks (PMOFs) with intrinsic characteristics have been extensively applied but still hold great potential as catalysts for energetic materials. Three analogous PMOFs with rod-like single-crystal structures, namely, [C48H28N4O8Cu]2·C2NH6 (PCN-74), C48H28N4O8Cu (PCN-68) and [C48H28N4O8Cu]3·C2NH6 (PCN-52), were successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal approach. These samples were hydrophobic with a contact angle of 141.2°. The catalytic performance of the PMOFs in promoting hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) decomposition was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermal decomposition gases produced from CL-20 were further studied by thermogravimetric/Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy/mass spectrometry (TG/FTIR/MS) with or without PMOFs. The results showed that the introduction of the catalysts decreased the thermal decomposition temperature by about 1.4 °C and reduced the activation energy of CL-20 by about 13.5 kJ mol−1. In addition, real-time detection of decomposition product fragments demonstrated that MOFs influence the decomposition pathway. These effects were evidenced by the reduced laser ignition time and changes in combustion flame images.
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
·
2024
·
IF 5.8
Lanting Yang,Zhaokang Chen,Lihao Wang,Zhenwei Zhang,Ruihao Wang,Changping Guo
The high sensitivity of high explosive hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) limits its applicability, and the performance optimization brought by the synergistic effect between nanothermite and CL-20 is expected to expand its application prospects. In this study, polydopamine (PDA) was introduced to modify CL-20 (denoted as pCL-20), and a quasi-core/shell pCL-20/polytetrafluoroethylene-aluminum (pCL-20/PTFE-Al) composite was successfully prepared by ultrasonic-assisted composite method. The performance characterization results demonstrate that the composite exhibits significantly better decomposition heat release than the mixed sample, a reduction in combustion time from 408 ms to 268 ms, a more stable combustion flame, and more focused energy release. At the same time, the comparison of composite combustion with different condition variables reflects the combustion advantages of the selected proportional conditions in this study. The characteristic drop height (H 50 ) increased from 24.05 cm to 42.15 cm, the explosive percentage of friction sensitivity reduced from 100 % to 70 %, and the sensitivity of the composite sample decreased significantly when compared to the raw CL-20. It improves the combustion performance while reducing the sensitivity, thereby enhancing the application potential and providing a reference for the high-energy desensitization of energetic materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
爆炸物化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
·
2026
·
IF 4.1
Yu Wang,Qiushuo Cheng,Ting Zhang,Lei Lü,Haixia Ma
The pyrolysis of energetic materials (EMs) directly determines their combustion performance and energy release efficiency. This study designed a potassium-doped maghemite (KF) catalyst with sea urchin-like structure. Traditional lead-based catalyst could cause serious environmental pollution, whereas KF may offer dual advantages of flame suppression and high catalytic activity. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy demonstrate the increased defect concentration compared with commercial γ-Fe 2 O 3 and α-Fe 2 O 3 . The as-prepared KF catalyst provides more surface active sites, significantly enhancing its catalytic performance for the thermal decomposition of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20). Graphene oxide (GO) always acts as a stabilizer for EMs due to the excellent mechanical properties. Hence, K-γ-Fe 2 O 3 /reduced graphene oxide (KFG) was prepared via the one-step solvothermal method. Experimental results show that the ternary KFG composite can lower both the initial decomposition temperature and the apparent activation energy of CL-20. KFG accelerates the decomposition process of CL-20 and narrows the distribution of gaseous products. This study reveals the synergistic mechanism among potassium, γ-Fe 2 O 3 , and graphene, providing new design strategy and theoretical foundation for highly efficient combustion catalysts applied in solid propellants.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
·
2023
·Vol. 48
·期 8
·e202300047
·
IF 1.8
Kai Han,Zhanxiong Xie,Lingyu Deng,Shijiao Li,Chenyang Li,Yi Liu,Chongwei An,Jingyu Wang
In order to solve the short stabilization time of the water-in-oil emulsion binder system and the shortcomings of the critical blast size of the explosive ink molding sample, a water-in-oil emulsion binder was designed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) aqueous solution as the aqueous phase, fluorocarbon resin (FEVE) ethyl acetate solution as the oil phase, and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) added to modify the water-in-oil emulsion binder. The hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane(CL-20)based explosive ink was made by incorporating submicron CL-20 into the binder system, and the print-formed samples were tested for microscopic morphology, crystallographic analysis, mechanical susceptibility, and detonation transmission performance. The results showed that the explosive ink‘s viscosity was moderate and suitable for direct printing, and the formed sample‘s surface particles were uniformly dispersed and had a honeycomb structure. The crystal form of CL-20 explosive in the explosive ink did not change, the molded sample‘s impact and frictional sensitivities were 1 J and 32 N lower than those of submicron CL-20, respectively, and the detonation velocity of the molded sample was 6655 m/s. The critical detonation size and critical detonation thickness were 1×0.0078 mm and 0.1 mm, respectively, and a critical detonation corner turning of 90°–160° could be achieved. The results show that the prepared binder system is stable for a long time, and the explosive ink molding samples have excellent blast transmission performance.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
材料科学
·
爆炸力学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POWDER TECHNOLOGY
·
2026
·
IF 5.5
Xueling Yi,Jieran Fang,Yongwei Duan,Caihua Pan,Hongzhen Li,Xiaohui Duan
Microstructure construction is an effective strategy for regulating the performance of energetic materials. Herein, CL-20@Al microspheres were fabricated by integrating porous CL-20 spherulites with Al via a rapid solvent–nonsolvent method. The results show that Al is uniformly distributed on the surface of CL-20 spherulites, and the resulting CL-20@Al microspheres possess a narrow particle size distribution, abundant nanoscale pores and enhanced dispersibility. Compared to the physical mixture, the CL-20@Al microspheres demonstrate significantly improved energy release performance, with increases of 10.4% in heat release, 33.3% in peak pressure, and 24.4% in pressurization rate. Laser ignition further reveals a 72.5% reduction in ignition delay time and a 66.8% increase in combustion rate. Meanwhile, the CL-20@Al microspheres also exhibit significantly reduced impact sensitivity compared to CL-20 spherulites. The porous structure, intimate Al/CL-20 interfacial contact, and uniform Al distribution on the porous surface collectively enhance the laser ignition and energy release of CL-20@Al microspheres.
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS
·
2023
·
IF 4.1
Peng Bao,Yaning Li,Wei Xiao,Wenxiang Bian,Jian Li,Mingshuai Xue,Saichao Song,Boliang Wang
Although 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) is one of the best high-energy explosives, its application is severely limited by its high sensitivity. Herein, a composite wax-film with interfacial crosslinking anti-falling was designed and fabricated to desensitize CL-20. It was filled with nano-silica powder (n-Si), nano-graphenes (n-GPNs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as insensitive enhancers. A unique and stable core-shell composite explosive was prepared, and characterized by DSC , SEM, TEM, XRD , XPS as well as mechanical sensitivity tests. The results suggested that the functional group interaction and structural strengthening between enhancers and microcrystalline wax (MW) further enhanced the desensitization ability of the composite film for CL-20. Because of the hydrogen bonding and thickening enhancement, the CL-20 crystal was uniformly coated with a nano-composite film. Three enhancers were demonstrated to be highly compatible with CL-20. In comparison with MW@CL-20, The E a , T p0 and T b of the composites containing n-GPNs increased by >375.27 kJ·mol −1 , 21.04 °C and 18.27 °C, respectively. The SEM and XPS results showed that the composite performed a complete core-shell structure with thermal softening resistance and superior coverage (98.20 %). The insensitive enhancer was also distributed and embedded in the MW-film matrix. Besides, the anti-fall and cross-linking properties of the film enable the mechanical sensitivity of the composite explosive to reach to a level better than that of WO 3 /Al nanothermite with 5 wt% polyaniline and polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) with 95 wt% LLM-105 and 5 wt% ternary composite. The heterogeneous composites demonstrated excellent mechanical safety and high energy performance. These findings can provide a reference for the efficient desensitization of CL-20.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）