COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
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2026
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IF 2.5
Qianwen Liu,Jing Wang,Xiaofeng Jin,Hongyu Cheng,Guanyu Zhong,Song Wu,Yang Yang,Yanchun Sun
The global expansion of carbonate-alkaline water bodies poses a major challenge to sustainable aquaculture, but the metabolic basis of splenic immune dysfunction in fish under carbonate-alkaline stress remains unclear. Here, crucian carp ( Carassius auratus ) were exposed to carbonate-alkaline stress (20 and 40 mmol/L NaHCO 3 ) and exogenous α-ketoglutarate (AKG) supplementation for 30 days. Histopathological examination, ultrastructural observation, biochemical assays, and metabolomic analyses were employed to investigate the mechanisms of splenic immune dysfunction and AKG's regulatory effects. The results indicated that carbonate-alkaline stress induced oxidative stress, characterized by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations and decreased glutathione (GSH)-dependent antioxidant capacity, accompanied by histopathological damage. Additionally, ATP concentrations significantly decreased, with concurrent mitochondrial structural abnormalities. Metabolomics analysis revealed that carbonate-alkaline stress caused a series of metabolic disorders, including those associated with the glycolysis pathway, GSH metabolism, and purine metabolism. Notably, exogenous AKG supplementation alleviated this damage. AKG regulated redox homeostasis by decreasing ROS concentrations and increasing GSH-dependent antioxidant capacity. Meanwhile, acting as an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, AKG restored energy supply, characterized by increased ATP concentrations. In conclusion, this study elucidates the underlying metabolic mechanisms of splenic immune dysfunction in crucian carp under carbonate-alkaline stress and demonstrates that AKG alleviates impaired splenic immune function by modulating redox balance and energy metabolic homeostasis. These findings provide novel insights into modulating immune dysfunction in fish exposed to carbonate-alkaline environments through metabolic interventions.
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JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES
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2023
·Vol. 46
·期 12
·1413-1423
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IF 2.5
Zhao Zhang,Jing Li,Gaoxue Wang,Fei Ling
Aeromonas hydrophila and A. veronii are widespread and important critical pathogenic bacteria in the aquaculture industry and cause severe economic damage. At present, magnolol has been proved to be a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, such as A. hydrophila , Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans . In order to explore the cause of in vivo disease resistance of magnolol and promote its safe application in aquaculture, the pathological detection and changes in immune indicators of fish after feeding with magnolol were conducted in this paper. Results showed that the diets supplemented with magnolol (3 g magnolol/kg commercial feed) significantly increase the expression level of anti-inflammatory cytokines ( IL-10 , TGF-β and IL-4 ) in the liver of goldfish ( p < .05). Additionally, the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines ( IL-1β , IL-8 and IFN-γ ) did not increase significantly. Subsequently, this study investigated the resistance of goldfish to A. hydrophila and A. veronii infection after feeding with magnolol. The results showed that the survival rates of treatment groups fed 3 g magnolol/kg commercial feed daily increased by 23.1% and 38.5% after 10 days post A. hydrophila and A. veronii ( p = .0351) infection, respectively. Meanwhile, growth performance (body weight and length), major internal organs (liver, spleen, kidney and intestine) and the serum biochemistry indicators (ATL and AST) all exhibited no significant adverse effects after the goldfish fed with magnolol for 30 days. TP showed an increasing concentration in the treatment group ( p < .05). Results of the mRNA expression of stress response indicated that the expression level of cyp1a and hsp70 was significantly down-regulated after a 30-day treatment ( p < .05), and the two genes recovered to the similar level as the control group after a commercial feed diet. In brief, the diets supplemented with magnolol protected the host from the excessive immune response caused by A. hydrophila and A. veronii via enhancing its anti-inflammatory capacity and had no adverse effects with feeding.
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Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology D-Genomics & Proteomics
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2026
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IF 2.9
Qianwen Liu,Jing Wang,Xiaofeng Jin,Hongyu Cheng,Guanyu Zhong,Song Wu,Yang Yang,Yanchun Sun
Carbonate alkalinity is a prevalent environmental stressor in inland waters and poses toxicological risks to aquatic organisms. While α-ketoglutarate (AKG) is known to alleviate the resulting intestinal injury in fish, its protective mechanisms remain unclear. Here, crucian carp ( Carassius auratus ) were exposed to carbonate-alkaline stress (20 and 40 mmol/L NaHCO 3 ) with or without exogenous AKG supplementation for 56 days. Histopathological examination, biochemical assays, 16S rRNA, and metabolomics were employed to investigate the effects of carbonate-alkaline stress on intestinal redox status, energy metabolism, and microbial community, and to evaluate the mitigating mechanism of exogenous AKG supplementation. Results indicated that carbonate-alkaline stress induced intestinal histopathological damage, with increased ROS and lipopolysaccharide, and decreased ATP levels. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that carbonate-alkaline stress altered the gut microbial community, increasing Proteobacteria and decreasing Firmicutes abundance. Metabolomics indicated that energy pathways like glycolysis and TCA cycle were inhibited. Meanwhile, the activation of purine metabolism and inhibition of glutathione metabolism suggested intestinal redox imbalance. Notably, exogenous AKG supplementation alleviated these injuries. Metabolomics showed upregulation of key metabolites in glycolysis and TCA cycle, while abnormalities in purine and glutathione metabolism were mitigated. Additionally, the community structure shifted, decreasing Proteobacteria and increasing Firmicutes abundance. These findings indicate that carbonate-alkaline stress induces microbial dysbiosis and intestinal injury by disrupting energy and redox balance, a process mitigated by exogenous AKG supplementation which restores metabolic homeostasis. This study provides mechanistic insights into metabolic interventions alleviating intestinal toxicity under carbonate-alkaline stress and a theoretical basis for improving fish tolerance in carbonate-alkaline environments.
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FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
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2022
·
IF 4.622
Xiaoli Huang,Senyue Liu,Fengyuan Zuo,Lin Luo,Defang Chen,Yangping Ou,Yi Geng,Yufan Zhang,Gang Lin,Shiyong Yang,Wei Luo,Lizi Yin,Zhi He
Methods of supporting mucosal immune barrier integrity and prevention of some pathogenic infections in aquatic species , are key areas of active study, often focusing on feed additives . The objectives of this study were to explore the effects of feeding cMOS (concentrated mannan oligosaccharide) on the gill and skin mucosal barriers of goldfish ( Carassius auratus Linnaeus ) and evaluate health status during Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection. After feeding the cMOS-containing diet for 60 days, Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed greater length of gill lamella and thicker dermal dense layer, while Alcian Blue and Periodic acid–Schiff (AB-PAS) staining showed higher numbers of mucin cells in cMOS fed fish. Chemical analysis showed that fish fed cMOS had greater enzyme activity of lysozyme (LZM) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in gill and skin tissues, while qRT-PCR revealed higher expression of Muc-2 and IL-1β , as well as lower expression of IL-10 . After Ichthyophthirius multifiliis challenge, goldfish fed the cMOS diet had lower mortality and infection rates, as well as fewer visible white spots on the body surfaces. Histologically, the gill and skin of these fish presented less tissue damage and fewer parasites, and had a greater number of mucus cells. In addition, the expression of Muc-2 and IL-10 were notably higher while the expression of IL-1β was significantly lower in cMOS fed goldfish than control fed fish. In this study, cMOS fed goldfish had stronger immune barrier function of skin and gill mucous, and better survival following Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection.
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AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL
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2023
·
IF 2.9
Hong Yawen,Pan Yunyun,Zhu Qijian,Li Yongyong,Yang Huicheng,Lin Bangchu,Dong Zheyun,Lou Yongjiang,Fu Shiqian
Due to high-density farming methods and poor farming environments, freshwater fish often have poor muscle texture and a fishy odor before marketing, which impacts consumer acceptance. Short-term low-salinity seawater treatment of freshwater fish before marketing has been found to improve the quality of the fish, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not yet been revealed. In this study, metabolomics technique was used based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) to screen different metabolites and predict potential metabolic pathways after treatment with low-salinity seawater. The results showed that 3838 metabolites were presented in all of the carp samples, while 62 and 64 differential metabolites were found in the comparative groups (FW, SW, and CK represented freshwater, seawater and non-transient group, respectively). Additionally, 25 and 26 metabolic pathways were enriched from these groups. Glutaric acid, PC, and creatinine might be potential biomarkers. Seawater aquaculture significantly altered the lipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and amino acid metabolism of carp, enhancing its freshness and having a significant impact on its quality. This study provided insights into the metabolic changes in carp under different rearing conditions and also served as a theoretical basis for salinity treatment before freshwater fish are brought to the market.
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ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
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2021
·
IF 6.291
Limin Wu,Yufeng Xu,Xixi Lv,Xulu Chang,Xiao Ma,Xue Tian,Xi Shi,Xuejun Li,Xianghui Kong
Food dyes, or color additives, are often added into foods, cosmetics and beverages during processing to improve the sensory attributes of the final products. However, the toxicity of tartrazine (TZ), one of the most common azo-dyes, is still unclear, and needs to be ascertained by further study. Hence, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of TZ consumption on health by using a teleost, crucian carp ( Carassius auratus ) as the experimental fish. TZ consumption (1.4, 5.5 and 10 mg/kg bwt/day) could cause severe histopathological and cellular alterations in intestine and liver. The height of intestinal villus, thickness of intestinal muscle, and microvilli density were also affected. With the increasing of TZ concentrations, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD and GSH-Px), exhibited a decreasing trend, while the contents of MDA elevated. Upregulations of pro-inflammatory cytokines ( il6 and tnfα ), anti-inflammatory cytokines ( il8, and il10 ) and other immune related genes (complement component 3 ( c3 ), lysozymes ( lyz ), β-defensin 3 ( defb3 )), were observed after TZ uptake. In addition, TZ consumption also affected the community structure of the microbiota in the intestine of crucian carp. The amount of some probiotic bacteria ( Roseomonas, Rhodococcus and Bacillus ) and the bacteria ( Bacteroides and Clostridium ), producing short chain fatty acids, were significantly reduced, and some pathogenetic microorganisms (e.g. Bdellovibrio and Shewanella ) were significantly increased after TZ uptake. In summary, the data in the present study indicate that TZ consumption, even at a low concentration, may lead to adverse effects on fish health. Therefore, in aquaculture, it is necessary to be informed about the hazardous effects of TZ, and more attentions should be focused on using natural substitutes.
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SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
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2020
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IF 6.551
Di Cui,Peng Zhang,Haipu Li,Zhaoxue Zhang,Yang Song,Zhaoguang Yang
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is highly toxic to aquatic species, but the chronic effect of iAs on fish following dietborne exposure is still unclear. In this study, freshwater fish crucian carp ( Carassius auratus ) was exposed to iAs [arsenite (AsIII) and arsenate (AsV)] for 40 days through dietary exposure. The bioaccumulation and biotransformation of arsenic in the main metabolic organ, liver, were measured. The oxidative stress responses to iAs exposure in liver were analyzed to be linked to arsenic biotransformation, especially methylation. In both AsIII and AsV groups, the total As contents gradually increased during the exposure and then fleetly decreased at the end of exposure (40 d). Arsenobetaine was found to be the predominated As species (34–66%) and the fraction remained on an increasing trend, while the inorganic As percentages decreased 84–91% during the 40-day exposure, suggesting that the capability of As biotransformation increased to acclimate iAs during chronic dietborne exposure. Both the activities of the enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and the level of the nonenzymatic antioxidant (glutathione) increased initially and then decreased, thus lowering the malondialdehyde levels and displaying a typical antioxidant defense mechanism. The opposite correlations were observed between arsenic secondary methylation index and the malondialdehyde level in different iAs treatment. This indicated that the As dimethylation played an significant role toward oxidative damage; the toxic action of As dimethylation was dependent upon the parent iAs species at the initial stage of exposure. Therefore, the effectiveness of the detoxification relied on both the biomethylation rate of As and the anti-oxidation ability based on nonenzymatic antioxidant and enzymatic antioxidant.
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Food Bioscience
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2026
·
IF 6.2
Zixin Chen,Yingying Li,Jing Xie,Jun Mei
Microbial activity drives rapid spoilage of fish during cold storage. This study evaluated the effects of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the quality parameters, volatile profile changes, and microbial diversity in crucian carp ( Carassius auratus ) fillets during cold storage. Crucian carp fillets were packaged under air packaging (CK), vacuum packaging (VP), MAP1 (60 % CO 2 /35 % N 2 /5 % O 2 ), MAP2 (35 % CO 2 /60 % N 2 /5 % O 2 ), MAP3 (60 % CO 2 /30 % N 2 /10 % O 2 ), followed by storage at 4 °C. MAP treatments significantly inhibited microbial growth. Microbial community analysis revealed dominance of Carnobacterium , Brochothrix , and Lactococcus in VP and MAP groups. Pseudomonas abundance showed strong atmosphere-dependence, reaching 52.31 % in CK but remaining negligible in MAP treated samples. Quality indices confirmed MAP treatment effectively prolonged the shelf life of fillets. Volatile profile changes identified three spoilage markers (1-butanol, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, and 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane) that accumulated differentially of all groups at the end of storage. The content of 1-hydroxy-2-propanone in the VP and MAP1 groups was relatively low, indicating that the flavor deterioration of crucian carp in these two groups was relatively small.
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ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
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2023
·
IF 6.8
Xiao-feng Wei,Ying-jie Liu,Shan-wei Li,Lu Ding,Shi-cheng Han,Zhong-xiang Chen,Hang Lu,Peng Wang,Yan-chun Sun
The development and utilization of saline-alkaline water, an important backup resource, has received widespread attention. However, the underuse of saline-alkaline water, threatened by the single species of saline-alkaline aquaculture, seriously affects the development of the fishery economy. In this work, a 30-day NaHCO 3 stress experimental study combined with analyses of untargeted metabolomics, transcriptome, and biochemical approaches was conducted on crucian carp to provide a better understanding of the saline-alkaline stress response mechanism in freshwater fish. This work revealed the relationships among the biochemical parameters, endogenous differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the crucian carp livers. The biochemical analysis showed that NaHCO 3 exposure changed the levels of several physiological parameters associated with the liver, including antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px), MDA, AKP, and CPS. According to the metabolomics study, 90 DEMs are involved in various metabolic pathways such as ketone synthesis and degradation metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism. In addition, transcriptomics data analysis showed that a total of 301 DEGs were screened between the control group and the high NaHCO 3 concentration group, of which 129 up-regulated genes and 172 down-regulated genes. Overall, NaHCO 3 exposure could cause lipid metabolism disorders and induce energy metabolism imbalance in the crucian carp liver. Simultaneously, crucian carp might regulate its saline-alkaline resistance mechanism by enhancing the synthesis of glycerophospholipid metabolism, ketone bodies, and degradation metabolism, at the same time increasing the vitality of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) and nonspecific immune enzyme (AKP). Herein, all results will provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the stress responses and tolerance to saline-alkaline exposure in crucian carp.
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Frontiers in Immunology
·
2022
·
IF 8.786
Liu Senyue,Luo Lin,Zuo Fengyuan,Geng Yi,Ou Yangping,Chen Defang,Yang Shiyong,Luo Wei,Wang Yan,Wang Jun,Huang Xiaoli
Myxobolus, a major harmful type of myxospora, is one of the main parasitic pathogens of freshwater fish. Once myxoboliosis occurs, treatment can be extremely difficult. Therefore, clear understandings of the etiology of myxoboliosis and its pathological mechanism are keys for prevention and control. Here, histology, transmission electron microscopy, transcriptome study, tunel assay, and immunohistochemistry were carried out, revealing the morphology, pathological effects as well as host response mechanism of goldfish gill to Myxobolus ampullicapsulatus. Histological studies showed that the mature spores of Myxobolus ampullicapsulatus were composed of three parts, the spore shell, sporoplasm and bottle shaped polar capsule containing double S-shaped polar filaments. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Myxobolus ampullicapsulatus -infected (Myx) goldfish gills were characterized by apoptosis activation mediated by “p53 signaling pathway” with significantly up-regulated apoptosis-related differential genes dominated by p53-Bcl2/Bax signaling pathway. In addition, tunel assay revealed severe gill apoptosis in the Myx group. Transcriptome analysis also revealed that Myx group showed changes in immune response and significantly down-regulated immune-related differential genes. Beyond that, immunohistochemistry showed that there was no significant increase in the number of gill lymphocyte after parasite infection. These results suggest that the pathological mechanism of Myxobolus ampullicapsulatus infection on gills of goldfish may be related to apoptosis and immunosuppression. Subsequent qRT-PCR showed that apoptosis-related genes (Caspase3,Bad, Bax) and anti-inflammatory gene IL-10 were significantly increased, while immune-related pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1β, IL-8) were markedly down-regulated, further verifying the transcriptome results. Based on the above results, we concluded that p53-Bcl2/Bax related networks that dominant the expression of apoptosis genes were activated while immunity was suppressed in the gills of Myxobolus ampullicapsulatus infected goldfish. Our study is not only of benefit to enrich the taxonomy of Myxobolus but also clarifies its pathogenic mechanism, thus providing targets for prevention and control of myxoboliosis.
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SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
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2022
·
IF 10.753
Yingjie Liu,Mingzhu Yao,Shanwei Li,Xiaofeng Wei,Lu Ding,Shicheng Han,Peng Wang,Bochuan Lv,Zhongxiang Chen,Yanchun Sun
Given the decline of freshwater resources in recent years, the accessible space for freshwater aquaculture is rapidly shrinking, and aquaculture in saline-alkaline water has become a critical approach to meet the rising demand. However, the molecular mechanism behind the adverse effects of saline-alkaline water on fish and the regulatory mechanism in fish tolerance remains unclear. Here, adult crucian carp ( Carassius auratus ) were exposed to 60 mmol/L NaHCO 3 for 30 days. It was observed that long-term carbonate alkalinity (CA) exposure not only caused gill oxidative stress but also changed the levels of several physiological parameters associated with ammonia transport, including blood ammonia, urea nitrogen (BUN), glutamine (Gln), and glutamine synthetase (GS). According to the metabolomics study, differential metabolites (DMs) engaged in various metabolic pathways, such as glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism. In addition, transcriptomics data showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were closely related to ammonia transport, apoptosis, and immunological response. In general, comprehensive multi-omics and biochemical analysis revealed that crucian carp might adopt Rh glycoprotein as a carrier to mediate ammonia transport and increase glutamine and urea synthesis under long-term high saline-alkaline stress to mitigate the adverse effects of blocked ammonia excretion. Simultaneously, saline-alkaline stress caused the destruction of the antioxidant system and the disorder of lipid metabolism in the crucian carp gills, which induced apoptosis and immunological response. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate fish's molecular and metabolic mechanisms under saline-alkaline stress using integrated metabolomics, transcriptomics, and biochemical assays. Overall, the results of this study provided new insights into the molecular mechanism behind the adverse effects of saline-alkaline water on fish and the regulatory mechanism in fish tolerance.
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Frontiers in Microbiology
·
2026
·
IF 5.8
Nuo Xu,Tianshuo Guo,Zhuolei Yang,Yuhang Zheng,Yu Wang,Wanli Sha,Baishuang Yin,Wenlong Dong
Introduction The intensive farming of crucian carp ( Carassius auratus ) often compromises fish health and increases disease susceptibility, driving interest in probiotic interventions as sustainable alternatives to antibiotics. However, the in vivo efficacy and mechanistic basis of Weissella cibaria strains in freshwater fish remain poorly understood. Methods A bacteriocin-producing strain, Weissella cibaria XN-2a, was isolated from fish viscera and supplemented in the diet of crucian carp at an initial viable dose of 2.74 × 10 10 CFU/g feed (freshly prepared and replaced every 3 days) for 30 days, followed by a challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila . Growth performance, immune parameters, intestinal histology, and gut metagenomic profiles were compared between the probiotic-fed group (XS) and the control group (XD). Results Probiotic supplementation significantly improved weight gain (28.17% vs. 13.98%), feed conversion ratio (1.88 ± 0.32 vs. 2.58 ± 0.27, p < 0.05), and post-challenge survival (50% vs. 0%) ( p < 0.001). The XS group exhibited enhanced intestinal morphology (higher mucosal fold height and FH/IFD ratio, lower inter-fold distance), elevated IgM and SOD activities, and reduced post-challenge IL-6 and MDA levels. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the probiotic reshaped the gut microbiota from a pathogen-associated virulence profile (LPS, flagella, enterobactin) toward a commensal profile enriched in T6SS/T2SS and alternative siderophores, without increasing the overall antibiotic resistance burden. The butanoate metabolism pathway showed differences consistent with increased butyrate synthesis potential, with enrichment of butyrate-synthetic enzymes (e.g., enoyl-CoA hydratase, acetolactate decarboxylase) in XS and butyrate-diverting enzymes in XD. CAZy profiling further showed enrichment of antibacterial (GH25/GH73) and antioxidant (AA4) gene families in XS, with Weissella as a major contributor. Discussion These findings suggest that dietary Weissella cibaria XN-2a enhances growth performance, intestinal health, and disease resistance in crucian carp, potentially through a dual mechanism involving bacteriocin-mediated microbiota modulation and enhanced butyrate synthesis potential. Further investigations, including direct metabolite quantification, are warranted to validate these mechanistic inferences.
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