Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials
·
2025
·Vol. 8
·期 4
·1-14
·
IF 21.8
Hou Xudong,Zhang Minghao,Yao Qifa,Ren Yeping,Zhong Lin,Li Changlin,Lv Haohao,Chen Hanyu,Wei Zuting,Yang Fanzhi,Yang Wei,Xia Min,Luo Yunjun
High sensitivity of energetic oxidizers and difficulties in activating passivated aluminum during the ignition are two serious obstacles for safe and efficient application of aluminized explosives. Herein, a safe and highly reactive HMX@PDA@FG (HPF) dual-shell oxidizer was constructed through functionalizing octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) core with a bio-enhanced interface polydopamine (PDA) and a two-dimensional (2D) fluorine source fluorinated graphene (FG) via bionic and self-assembly strategies. The synergistic integration of FG and PDA coatings achieves a remarkable reduction in HMX sensitivity (the impact energy increase from 7 to 28 J and friction load weight increase from 108 to 160 N). The 2D structure of FG notably enhances heat transfer within the system and leads to more rapid and concentrated decomposition of HMX. Furthermore, HPF oxidizers feature significant combustive activation effects for nano-aluminum due to high fluorine content of FG. Aluminized mixture HPF-10/n-Al exhibits superior combustion reactivity and energy output. The combustion heat of HPF-10/n-Al reaches 14,770.8 kJ/g, nearly 1000 kJ/g higher than HMX/n-Al, while the peak pressure and pressurization rate are approximately 1.5 and 4.9 times higher than HMX/n-Al. Hence, modifying multifunctional fluorinated graphene coating and bioinspired interface polydopamine on HMX shows great potential in enhancing both safety and energetic performance of aluminized explosives. Graphical abstract
研究领域:
含能材料
·
爆炸工程
·
材料科学
·
表面工程
·
燃烧化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
·
2022
·
IF 4.889
Song Zhang,Le-wu Zhan,Guang-kai Zhu,Yi-yi Teng,Xin-guang Wu,Jing Hou,Bin-dong Li
Recently, to prepare energetic materials (EMs) with high energy and low sensitivity has attracted much attention in the field of EMs research. However, the safe and efficient manners to prepare such EMs are still limited. In this work, a continuous microfluidic self-assembly method was developed to prepare TATB/HMX composite particles, which has great safety performances (H 50 = 64.6 cm, friction sensitivity = 0 %) and detonation properties (detonation velocity 8375 m/s, ρ = 1.780 g/cm 3 ). The XRD and SEM results show that in-situ generated nano-TATB (mass fraction 10 %) is not only bonded to the surface of HMX, but also embed in the crystal. Furthermore, this method realizes the continuous and stable preparation of TATB/HMX composite particles within 80 min. We anticipate that this work will inspire new perspectives for the preparation of insensitive high-energy explosives.
研究领域:
含能材料
·
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
炸药技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Materials Today Chemistry
·
2025
·
IF 6.7
Penglin Kang,Changgui Song,Fengze Cai,Jinbo Guo,Wenjie Liu,Xiaodong Li
To enhance the safety of high-energy explosives while maintaining high energy output, HMX/TATB composite particles were fabricated using a coaxial flow focusing droplet method. Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and ethyl cellulose (EC) were employed as the binder system. The effects of varying TATB mass fractions on the morphology, particle size, thermal behavior, chemical structure, mechanical sensitivity, fluidity, ignition and combustion characteristics, and detonation performance of the composite particles were systematically investigated. The results revealed that with increasing TATB content, the particle morphology gradually transitioned from spherical to bowl-shaped and ring-shaped, primarily due to the decrease in droplet viscosity. XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed that the crystal structures of β-HMX and TATB remained stable without significant changes during the preparation process. As the TATB content increased, the composite materials exhibited delayed thermal decomposition and significantly improved impact safety, with the critical impact energy increasing by up to 900 %. Moreover, when the TATB mass fraction was 20 %, the composite particles exhibited optimal fluidity with a repose angle of 18.83°. Ignition tests and theoretical detonation calculations demonstrated that as the TATB content increased, the composite particles transitioned from combustion to thermal decomposition, thereby significantly enhancing thermal safety while maintaining a high detonation energy output. This study offers a theoretical foundation and technical pathway for designing high-energy materials that achieve a balance between energy density and safety performance.
研究领域:
含能材料
·
炸药安全性
·
微滴制备
·
复合粒子合成
·
热分析
·
爆轰物理
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Defence Technology
·
2025
·
IF 5.9
Wenqing Li,Mianji Qiu,Wangjian Cheng,Qian Yang,Xiaohong Yan,Yousheng Qiu,Chongwei An,Baoyun Ye
The self-healing function is considered one of the effective ways to address structural damage and improve interfacial bonding in Energetic composite materials (ECMs). However, the currently prepared ECMs with self-healing function have problems such as irregular particle shape and uneven distribution of components, which affect the efficient play of self-healing function. In this paper, HMX-based energetic microspheres with self-healing function were successfully prepared by microchannel technology, which showed excellent self-healing effect in both Polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) and Composite solid propellants (CSPs). The experimental results show that the HMX-based energetic microspheres with different binder contents prepared by microchannel technology show regular shape, HMX crystal particles are uniformly wrapped by self-healing binder (GAPU). When the content of GAPU in HMX-based energetic microspheres is 10%, PBXs show excellent self-healing effect and mechanical safety is improved by 400% (raw HMX vs S4, 5 J vs 25 J). As a high-energy component, the burning rate of CSPs is increased by 359.4%, the time (burning temperature > 1700 °C) is prolonged by 333.3%, and the maximum impulse force is increased by 107.3% (CSP-H vs CSP-S4, 0.84 mm/s vs 3.87 mm/s, 0.06 s vs 0.26 s, 0.82 mN vs 1.70 mN). It also has excellent storage performance. The preparation of HMX-based energetic microspheres with self-healing function by microchannel technology provides a new strategy to improve the storage performance of ECMs and the combustion performance of CSPs.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
爆炸物与推进剂工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
·
2024
·
IF 5.8
Ruixuan Xu,Zhihua Xue,Haorui Zhang,Hongqi Nie,Qi-Long Yan
The control of burning rate pressure sensitivity is essential for stable and reliable combustion of solid propellants. It has been proved that the combustion behavior of propellants can be effectively tuned by interfacial control of Al/oxidizers. In this work, core-shell Al-based composites, using oxidizers such as ammonium perchlorate (AP) and cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) as the shell layer, have been prepared with a well-controlled location of graphene-based carbohydrazide complexes (GO-CHZ-M, M = Co 2+ or Ni 2+ ) as the catalysts. The catalysts can be located inside HMX or embedded on the surface of AP particles. The decomposition of AP and HMX could be greatly promoted with a trace amount of catalyst. Under the synergistic effects of Al/oxidizer interfacial control and GO-CHZ-M, the ignition delay time is shortened by >48 % with increased in flame radiation. More importantly, the burning rate ( r ) and pressure exponent ( n ) of the solid propellants are effectively regulated in a wide range. In particular, the use of Al@HMX/Co results in a lowered n of 0.29 within 1∼20 MPa compared to 0.79 for the blank reference sample. The agglomeration of Al particles during combustion was also inhibited due to the micro-explosion effect of Al@HMX composites. Novelty and Significance statement The innovative approaches of integrating Al/HMX/AP composites and precise catalysis of graphene-based energetic catalysts in solid propellants have successfully achieved, regarding the modulation of the burning rates and pressure sensitivity. Moreover, the effect of catalyst location on the ignition delay and burning rates has also been studied thoroughly and clarified. This paper provides new insight into the regulation of combustion performance of solid propellants, with improved reaction efficiency and maintained energy density.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
推进剂工程
·
燃烧与爆炸
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
·
2025
·
IF 5.1
Wenjie Liu,Penglin Kang,Jinbo Guo,Fengze Cai,Qicong Jiang,Xiaodong Li
In recent years, metal hydrides have been extensively utilized in solid propellants due to their high hydrogen storage density, elevated combustion calorific value, and substantial gas production. However, optimizing and improving the energy release performance of metal hydrides remains challenging. This study prepared high-energy oxidizer 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane/polytetrafluoroethylene (HMX/PTFE) composite particles with enhanced safety using the emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The effect of PTFE content on the morphology of composite particles was analyzed, and their chemical structure, thermal decomposition characteristics, mechanical sensitivity, and oxidation-combustion behavior on metal hydrides were characterized and tested. Experimental results indicate that with 10 % PTFE content, the HMX/PTFE composite particles exhibit a dense surface, regular morphology, and uniform distribution of PTFE and binder around HMX. The crystal structure of HMX in the composite particles retains the β-type form, preserving its favorable application potential. Compared to raw HMX, the composite particles exhibited increased activation energy and critical temperature of thermal explosion by 40.05 kJ·mol −1 and 17.26 K, respectively, and enhanced critical impact and friction values by 4.5 J and 40 N, respectively, demonstrating superior thermal stability and mechanical safety. Combustion experiments demonstrate that HMX/PTFE composite particles serve as an effective high-energy oxidant for TiH₂, providing more stable combustion and energy release compared to raw HMX. The oxidation-combustion mechanism of raw HMX and HMX/PTFE composite particles with TiH₂ is analyzed, offering a potential approach to enhance the combustion stability of novel propellants containing metal hydrides.
研究领域:
含能材料
·
推进剂与炸药
·
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
燃烧技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Chemistry
·
2019
·
IF 1.727
Song-qi Hu,Yin Wang,Lin-lin Liu
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) powders were fabricated by the combustion synthesis with B/KNO3/HMX (octogen) mixtures as reactants. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were adopted to investigate the phase composition and the chemical composition of the products, respectively. The morphology and resistance to oxidation were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetry (TGA), respectively. The characterization results showed that the h-BN which was produced through this method has high purity and exhibits excellent resistance to oxidation. The purity of h-BN is improved with the increasing content of HMX in reactants with boron carbide (B4C) and boron oxide (B2O3) as main impurity, but conversely, the yields are obviously decreased. Taking the comprehensive consideration of the purity and the yields together, the optimal molar ratio of B/KNO3/HMX is 10 : 1 : 4. In addition, the experimental results indicated that the crystalline grain size grows with the increasing content of HMX. The method explored in this study does not need expensive processing facilities and equipment, which is a preferable approach for the laboratory to prepare h-BN of high purity.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
·
2022
·Vol. 47
·期 6
·e202200004
·
IF 2.134
Wei Cao,Jianlong Ran,Haoxu Wang,Wei Guo,Xiaojun Lu,Jun Wang
Investigation of the energy performance of HMX-based aluminized explosives added with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) oxidizer was undertaken and compared with the PTFE-free aluminized explosive of similar formulation. Firstly, the heat of explosion was measured in a calorimetric bomb, next the underwater explosion was conducted, then the cylinder expansion test was performed, and finally, the detonation reaction zone parameters were determined by the interface particle velocity experiment. Compared with the PTFE-free aluminized explosive, the addition of PTFE into aluminized explosives increases the heat of explosion significantly from the calorimetric data. The PTFE-containing aluminized explosive also yields the longer first bubble oscillation time in the underwater explosion than the PTFE-free and ammonium perchlorate-containing counterparts. From the cylinder test data, the wall velocity and Gurney energy were determined. The aluminized HMX containing PTFE shows an inferior acceleration ability to PTFE-free aluminized HMX, but exhibits a stronger afterburning potential. The addition of PTFE to aluminized HMX decreases detonation velocity and CJ pressure and increases the detonation reaction zone time and length. It has reasons to believe that the PTFE partially decomposes in detonation reaction zone. Conclusions on the potential use and suggestion for future research of PTFE as an oxidizer in aluminized explosives are drawn.
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
·
2018
·
IF 6.042
Zhenyang Xie,Huilin Ge,Jiayan Du,Tao Duan,Guangcheng Yang,Yi He
We report a visual colorimetric assay for detection of nitramine explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) using a smartphone. This assay is based on compartmentalizing incompatible tandem reactions in Pickering emulsions. The alkaline hydrolysis of RDX or HMX in one Pickering emulsion produces nitrite ions, which autodiffuse into the other Pickering emulsion to form nitrous acid. It oxidizes the 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to generate yellow TMB diimine. The RGB component change of the optical images is applied to quantitatively determine the RDX and HMX at different reaction temperatures. A distinct color change occurs at RDX and HMX concentrations of 1.2 and 12 μM, respectively. The adjusted intensity increases linearly with the increase of the logarithms of the concentrations of RDX and HMX in the range of 1.2–90 μM and 12–90 μM, respectively. The limits of detection of RDX and HMX are 96 and 110 nM, respectively. Importantly, this assay is employed for the detection of RDX and HMX in real water, proving the applicability of the assay in real-world samples.
研究领域:
分析化学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA
·
2024
·
IF 2
Yanfei Sun,Yuan Gao,Ziping Yin,Zuoxin Liu,Xianxiong Chen,Yu Zhang,Jun Luo
For solid-state energetic materials, it might be able to exist in different crystal structures, which is well-known as polymorphism. Different polymorphs of the crystals exhibit different physiochemical properties, such as solubility, dissolution rate, morphology, etc. In this work, the solid–liquid phase equilibrium of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane form α (α-HMX) over various temperature ranges (298.15 to 358.15 K) was experimentally determined using the dynamic method in 12 pure solvents, including acetone, pyridine, acetic acid, 2-butanone, cyclopentanone, acetonitrile, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, ethyl acetoacetate, methyl propyl ketone, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), at atmospheric pressure. The experimental results indicate that the solubility of α-HMX increases with increasing temperature in all test solvents. The experimental solubility data were correlated with four thermodynamic models, which are the modified Apelblat equation, the λh equation, the Wilson model, and the NRTL model. In addition, the dissolution thermodynamic properties, such as the enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy change, were also calculated with the experimental data and NRTL model. All of these results lay the foundation for the study of preparation and phase transformation of different crystal forms of HMX and provide guidance for designing suitable crystallization methods in different solvents.
研究领域:
化学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POWDER TECHNOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 4.6
Wenyu Wu,Wenjie Liu,Meijie Li,Penglin Kang,Dongqian Fan,Xiaodong Li,Shuangqi Hu
Regulating the structure of energetic materials to enhance safety performance has become a hot topic for researchers in recent years. This study prepared spherical co-aggregated CL-20/HMX with controllable microstructure using a combination of microfluidic and self-assembly strategies within a modular micro-reaction system. The morphology and agglomeration structures of CL-20/HMX particles were investigated with different mixing plates, solvent/nonsolvent flow rate ratio, and solvent content. Spherical co-aggregated CL-20/HMX co-crystals were prepared under optimized conditions, and the formation mechanism was analyzed. The impact of the spherical aggregation structure on the thermal properties and mechanical sensitivity was thoroughly studied. The results indicate that the spherical co-aggregated CL-20/HMX was assembled from lamellar nanoparticles, controlling CL-20 crystal morphology at the molecular level. CL-20/HMX co-aggregated microspheres exhibit higher mechanical safety and thermal stability than conventional reaction samples and physical mixing samples. Combining spherical aggregation structures and a microfluidic approach enhances thermal decomposition stability and improves safety. This research offers a novel strategy for developing and fabricating other energetic materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES COMMUNICATIONS
·
2019
·
IF 0
Shijie Zhang,Kaichang Kou,Jiaoqiang Zhang,Qian Jia,Yunlong Xu
To improve the safety of nitramine explosives, two compact urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin coating micro-composites were fabricated via poly-condensation of urea and formaldehyde on the surfaces of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexazisowurtzitane (HNIW) in this study. The two core-shell composites were characterized by several methods and their sensitivities were also studied. The results indicated that the UF resins were compactly coated on the surfaces of HMX and HNIW crystals with low contents, and the UF resin coating can stabilize the polymorphs and change the thermal properties of energetic crystals remarkably. In addition, the impact sensitivity of core-shell energetic composites reduced significantly comparing with pure explosives and corresponding explosive coated by other amino-resins, attributing to the buffering effect and better flexibility of UF resin.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
爆炸物安全
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）