INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
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2025
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IF 6.2
Qiaoguang Li,Wei Wei,Wenqing Xiao,Yunliang Li,Zekun Chen,Guijun Xie,Yigang Wang
We have successfully developed a molecular design strategy to synthesize a hydrogenated rosin-modified isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane crosslinking agent (HRIS) with organic and inorganic active groups. Then curing it, rosin-based silicone rubber chemically cross-linked modified pine (RSP) is formed. This process enables the organic integration of fire-retardant silicon, nitrogen elements, and the rigid hydrogenated phenanthrene ring structure of rosin with the internal and external surfaces of the pine’s porous structure through chemical bonding. In the channels, rosin-based silicone rubber with 48.81 % of carbon, 42.96 % of oxygen, and 8.23 % of silicon, respectively was observed. The degradation mechanism coupled with LOI (limiting oxygen index) testing revealed that the RSP exhibited enhanced flame retardancy, with its LOI significantly increasing from 24.68 % to 25.4 %. Additionally, it exhibited higher thermal stability up to 330℃ than pine, indicating that the fire-retardant performance of RSP was effectively enhanced through the crosslinking modification with HRIS and PDMS (hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane). During the thermal degradation process, RSP will produce gaseous cyclic siloxane molecules such as D3 (hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane), D4 (octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane), D5 (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane), etc. This study demonstrated that a new type of adhesive has been synthesized, but the influence of byproducts on the entire system should be considered in application, which is of significance for indicating the direction.
研究领域:
高分子科学
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材料工程
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化学合成
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阻燃材料
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木材科学
·
热分析
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER TESTING
·
2020
·
IF 3.275
Zaihang Zheng,Chenchen Liao,Yurou Xia,Yuhang Liu,Boya Dai,Anbo Li
In this article, co-microencapsulation technology was utilized for decorating the surface of dialdehyde starch (DAS) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) via one-step process. The aim for this design was to improve the dispersion for DAS and MPP in polypropylene (PP) and employ DAS as sustainable char-forming agent, which lied in enhancing the flame retardancy of PP. In view of chemical composition , morphology and surface wettability , the changes for DAS and MPP after modification were confirmed by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and water contact angle (WCA) tests, respectively. Most of all, the results for flame retardant tests demonstrated limiting oxygen index (LOI) value and vertical burning tests (UL-94) rating of PP/30 ph M[M&D] were 28.2% and V-1. Along with the synergistic effect, the homogeneous dispersion of DAS and MPP in PP after co-microencapsulation modification was also one of main reasons for the increased flame retardant properties. Except that, the chemical interaction between DAS and MPP in producing the char layer was also certified by TGA curves. After systematic analysis on char residue, the possible intumescent flame retardant mechanism was primarily proposed.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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高分子科学
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消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2020
·
IF 4.032
Peng Wang,Hang Xiao,Chao Duan,Bo Wen,Zongxin Li
A sulfathiazole derivative with phosphaphenanthrene group (STZ) was successfully synthesized by covalently bonding DOPO and imine intermediate obtained from the condensation of sulfathiazole with p -hydroxybenzaldehyde. Its effect on the thermal, flame-retardant and mechanical properties of epoxy thermosets were comprehensively studied. The presence of STZ decreased the initial degradation temperature and glass transition temperature ( T g ) of epoxy thermoset. STZ significantly improved the flame retardancy and fire safety of epoxy thermoset. With the addition of only 4 wt% STZ, the modified epoxy thermoset achieved an LOI value of 29.1% and V-0 rating in UL-94 test. Moreover, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) in cone calorimeter test were decreased by 34.4% and 32.1% in comparison with those of pure epoxy thermoset. STZ showed high flame-retardant activity not only by releasing nonflammable gases and phosphorous radicals in the gas phase, but also by promoting the formation of dense and intumescent char layer with honeycomb-like hollow structure inside in the condensed phase. Because of the strong intermolecular action between STZ and epoxy macromolecular chain, the presence of STZ increased the tensile strength , while decreased the elongation at break of epoxy thermoset.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学
·
高分子科学
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消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Materials Today Chemistry
·
2021
·
IF 8.301
X. Lu,M. Yu,D. Wang,P. Xiu,C. Xu,A.F. Lee,X. Gu
A simple and environmentally benign synthetic route to lignin-based epoxy resins is highly desirable. Alkali lignin and glyoxal are promising renewable and sustainable alternatives to phenol and formaldehyde, respectively. Their use is demonstrated to produce lignin-phenol-glyoxal novolac epoxy resins (LPG-NERs) through a simple one-pot synthesis. Flame retardancy of LPG-NERs was improved by functionalization with a N, S modified 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) material (termed DBS) obtained via nucleophilic reaction between DOPO and a N, S containing intermediate. FTIR and 1 H NMR analyses confirmed the successful fabrication of LPG-NERs and SBD. The introduction of lignin and SBD reduced crosslinking of the epoxy network, weakening mechanical properties , but conferred excellent flame retardancy (including vapor and condensed phases) as determined by LOI (34.5%), UL-94 (V-0 rating), and cone calorimetry tests (lower heat release and smoke production, and higher char formation). The SBD structure imparted a desirable vapor mechanism (blowing out phenomenon caused by the fire quenching effect of PO•/PO 2 • radicals and dilution effect from non-condensable gases such as NH 3 , N 2 , SO 2 ), while lignin (a natural biochar precursor) in synergy with SBD imparted superior charring performance.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
高分子科学
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可持续化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Fubin Luo,Shuguang Yang,Zhehang Shi,Yingbing Zou,Hongzhou Li
Epoxy-based vitrimers appear as a promising alternative to common epoxy materials. Nevertheless, the possibility of epoxy vitrimers in practical applications is limited by their high flammability. In this study, a novel bio-based casein phosphopeptide chelating zinc (CPP-Zn) is purposely developed, specifically designed to serve as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant for epoxy vitrimer, operating through a condensed phase mechanism. To further enhance the fire safety of epoxy resins, DOPO derivative (DDP) is synthesized through grafting with bio-based itaconate and subsequently used as a synergistic flame retardant in combination with CPP-Zn. DDP exhibits gas phase flame retardant mechanism through the release of free radical scavangers generated during combustion. As a result of the combination of condensed and gas phase effect, the composite achieves self-extinguishing within 1 second, attains a V-0 rating in UL-94 testing, and boasts an LOI of 32.3 %. Additional, it shows a remarkable 73.7 % reduction in heat release rate (HRR) and 27.2 % in total smoke production (TSP) compared with neat epoxy vitrimer. The experimental results also evidence that the characteristic features of vitrimers, self-healing and recyclability, have been retained in the prepared flame-retarded composites. The remolded 50D/EST-25Cz is still able to maintain 72.2 % of its tensile strength . This opens promising avenues for the development of highly fire-safe and eco-friendly epoxy resins.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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消防安全工程
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环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2021
·
IF 4.539
Ying Liao,Yu Chen,Fengxiu Zhang
A novel, high-efficiency, bio-based flame retardant ammonium salt of arginine hexamethylenephosphonic acid (AAHMPA) for cotton fabric was synthesized and grafted onto the cotton fabric by P–O–C and C–O–C covalent bonds . The flame retardancy and durability of treated cotton were improved obviously. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 35 wt% AAHMPA-treated cotton reached 45.1%, and after 50 laundering cycles (LCs), the LOI value remained at 28.6%. The cone calorimeter , thermogravimetric and vertical flammability test indicated that treated cotton decomposed into phosphoric acid or polyphosphoric acid during combustion, which promoted the thermal degradation and charring of cotton fabrics and hindered the spread of flames. The mechanical properties of treated cotton fibers were slightly reduced. These results confirmed that AAHMPA treated cotton obtained excellent flame retardancy and high durability.
研究领域:
材料科学
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纺织工程
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阻燃性
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2023
·
IF 3
Yuhan Chen,Nian Yin,Yunfei Wang,Shanjun Gao,Chunhui Shen
A novel bio-based carbon forming agent (Mg@PA-CS) containing P and N elements was were synthesized using the complexation characteristics of chitosan (CS) and phytate (PA). The flame retardant behavior of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/Mg@PA-CS/APP composites (addition of 20 wt% of different ratios of Mg@PA-CS and APP to polylactic acid composites) were investigated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), cone calorimetry test (CCT), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Due to the biphasic flame retardant and synergistic effect, since the 20 wt% flame retardant system (Mg@PA-CS:APP = 1:2), PLA composites passed the UL-94 test V-0 rating, reached 34% LOI value. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) were reduced to 1/2 of the pure PLA, char residue could be as high as 11.49% at 800°C. Moreover, the flame-retardant mechanism of PLA composites during thermal decomposition was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the coupling techniques of TGA linked with FT-IR (TG-FTIR).
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子科学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
·
2024
·
IF 5.6
Peixiao Sun,Hongjian Zhang,Xiaoli Li,Yang Leng,Bin Li,Zhao Wang,Miaojun Xu
With the rapid progress of electronics and 5 G technology, high flame retardancy and low toxicity epoxy resin have been crucial. Hence, the bio-carbon dot (CD) doped with N, P, and Mo elements was prepared by hydrothermal method using corn straw as the biomass carbon source, ethylenediamine as the nitrogen source, and phosphomolybdic acid as the phosphorus and molybdenum source. As a P-containing compound, ADP complexed with CD containing the transition metal element Mo on the surface to obtain complexes (ADP/CD). The flame retardant epoxy resin composites (EP/ADP/CD) were further prepared by ADP/CD as a flame retardant and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as a curing substance. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to analyze the shape and chemical structure of CD. The experimental results indicate that when the additive amount of ADP/CD was 4 % (ADP: CD=3.5:0.5), the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the EP/3.5ADP/0.5CD was 37.5 % (41.5 % higher than pure EP) and reached the UL94 V-0 rate. Cone calorimeter testing revealed a 51.4 %, 39.1 %, 19.6 %, and 70.4 % decrease in the peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), carbon monoxide production (COP), and carbon dioxide production (CO 2 P) of EP/ADP/CD. respectively, then with EP. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of EP/3.5ADP/0.5CD were discussed. Therefore, this work designs a flame-retardant carbon dot , providing a new scheme for creating a multifunctional epoxy resin with flame retardancy, smoke reduction, and toxicity reduction.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学
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消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2024
·
IF 13.3
Xiaodong Jin,Xinyi Wu,Wufei Tang,Zheni Tan,Wanfu Wang,Shibing Sun
Layer by layer (LBL) self-assembly coatings upon expandable polystyrene (EPS) surface play an important role in improving its flame retardancy. However, a large number of layers is needed to achieve a satisfied fire performance, and the coatings are difficult to adhere on the inert EPS surface, resulting in the poor durability. In this work, the surface of EPS was activated by ultraviolet ozone (UVO) with the appearance of oxygen contained groups, then a LBL coating with only two bilayers (branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI)-kaolinite (kaol)-BPEI-diethylene triamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid)) was covalently connected on the EPS surface. Compared with neat EPS, the obtained E-K 5 D 30 sample increased the value of limiting oxygen index (LOI) from 18.8 % to 37.7 %, improved the ignition time from 59 s to 95 s, reduced the peak heat release rate (pHRR) value from 282.0 kW/m 2 to 220.9 kW/m 2 , and enhanced the char residues from 6.3 % to 32.3 % after the combustion. Moreover, an ultraviolet (UV) curing layer with P/N elements was prepared upon E-K 5 D 30 sample to maximize the flame retardant durability. A novel amino-intercalated kaol was used to play a smoke suppression role. The results showed that E-K* 5 D 30 -P 8 N 3 sample further increased the LOI to 39.2 %. Even after 12 h washing, the E-K* 5 D 30 -P 8 N 3 sample exhibited a slight LOI reduction to 37.8 %, and fire performance index (FPI) value of 0.405 m 2 ·s/kW, showing the successful construction of coatings with good fire safety and flame retardant durability.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
聚合物化学
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消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER TESTING
·
2020
·
IF 3.275
Weiqi Xie,Donglin Tang,Shumei Liu,Jianqing Zhao
The development of high-performance biomass-derived epoxy thermosets with excellent flame resistance is vital to various applications (i.e., composites, coatings and adhesives). Herein, a difunctional epoxy monomer bis(2-methoxy-4-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)phenyl) phenyl phosphate (BEU-EP) was synthesized from abundant and biobased eugenol . In addition, BEU-EP was cured by 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) and the cured resin diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)/DDM was used as a reference. Results indicated that BEU-EP/DDM not only showed a 58.1%, 28.8% and 35.1% increase in residual char (at 700 °C), flexural and storage modulus (at 30 °C) compared with DGEBA/DDM, but also exhibited excellent flame resistance and smoke suppression. BEU-EP/DDM passed V-0 rating (in UL-94 testing) with limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 38.4% and greatly decreased the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) by 84.9% and 80.5%, respectively. The mechanism analysis confirmed that the phosphorus-containing group and aromatic structure from BEU-EP contributed both the gas and condensed-phase flame retardation of BEU-EP/DDM network. This work provides an efficient and scalable route for synthesizing biobased epoxy thermosets with high integrated performance and superior flame resistance.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
高分子科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE
·
2022
·Vol. 57
·期 27
·13078-13096
·
IF 4.682
Xie Ruihang,Yuan Yexin,Sun Pengbo,Liu Zhe,Ma Jinpeng,Yang Guorui,Wang Kui,Li Ming,Shang Lei,Ao Yuhui
The preparation of bio-based epoxy resin with excellent thermal properties and flame retardant properties from green renewable resources had attracted extensive attention in recent years. Starting from the driving structural properties, the purpose of this study is to prepare multifunctional triglycidylester- diphenolic acid- bio-based epoxy (TDBE) with diphenolic acid (DPA), triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC), and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphophenanthrene 10 oxide (DOPO) as raw materials. TDBE/DDM and bisphenol A epoxy resin curing agent (DGEBA/DDM) was prepared with 4,4 '- diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as curing agent. TDBE/DDM has excellent fire safety. LOI value rose from 24.5 to 42.0%, and the UL-94 test level passes V-0 level. In the cone calorimeter test, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) is decreased by 69.3%. Besides, the lap shear TDBE adhesive strength was 42.9 MPa, which increased by 62.5%. This new multifunctional bio-based flame retardant epoxy resin provides a broader application prospect for high-performance materials. Graphical Abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
可持续化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Materials Research and Technology-JMR&T
·
2022
·
IF 6.267
Bo Xu,Simiao Wei,Yanting Liu,Siheng Zhao,Lijun Qian
An organo-cobalt coordination complex (Co-H4APD), based on phosphonitrile-azacycles, was prepared by hydrothermal method . The flame retardancy, smoke suppression and thermal stability of epoxy (EP) composites were investigate by means of limited oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter test (CONE) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The flame retardant modes of action of Co-H4APD in EP were confirmed by experiments, such as thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (TG-FTIR-GC/MS), exploring condense and gas-phase products after composites pyrolysis or combustion. Results revealed that the introduction of 6 wt.% Co-H4APD increased LOI value to 29.8% and effectively suppressed heat/smoke release of EP composites. The synergistic charring effect of Co-H4APD improved the thermal stability and char-forming ability of composites. The char strength may be well-correlated with gas release for EP/Co-H4APD, conducive to form dense and regularly expanded char layer, with more phosphorus-rich graphitic structures and cross-linking structures catalyzed by cobalt ions . This high-quality char layer was regarded as the most critical side in improving the flame retardant and smoke suppression performance of EP composites. The gas-phase function of Co-H4APD should not be overlooked due to releasing phosphorous-based radicals during pyrolysis, exhibiting flame inhibition effect in gas phase. More efficient interactions between phosphazene and cobalt within one molecule unit of Co-H4APD contributed to its more obvious reduction of the combustion and smoke production than those of the physical mixing system of CoO + H4APD.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
高分子科学
·
消防安全科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）