INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY
·
2026
·
IF 5.7
Fenglan Zhou,Yan Lv,Qingqing Liu,Kewei Chen,Muying Du,Zsolt Zalán,Sameh Awad,Jianquan Kan
Patulin (PAT), a toxic mycotoxin from Penicillium species, contaminates fruits and fruit-based products, posing serious ecological and health risks. While enzymatic degradation offers an eco-friendly remediation approach, efficient degrading enzymes remain scarce. This study identified and characterized GCV2, a key PAT-degrading enzyme from Wickerhamomyces anomalus XL1, using transcriptomics, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Transcriptomic analysis revealed oxidative stress response, detoxification, and glutathione metabolism as core PAT degradation pathways. Among 14 candidates, GCV2 showed the strongest PAT affinity (−6.31 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed GCV2-PAT complex stability, with electrostatic interactions driving binding and residues GLY607 and HIS738 providing stabilization. GCV2 was heterologously expressed and purified. Optimal conditions were 4.0 mM nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), pH 7.0–8.0, 30 °C, and 200 μg/mL enzyme, achieving complete degradation of 1–10 μg/mL PAT. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) confirmed NADPH-dependent reduction of PAT to low-toxicity E -ascladiol and Z -ascladiol without toxic by-products. Notably, GCV2 efficiently degraded PAT in pear juice, achieving 85.72% degradation within 96 h. Physicochemical analysis, electronic nose, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) revealed that GCV2 preserved the inherent quality and flavor profile of the juice while significantly increasing total phenolics and vitamin C contents. Moreover, it enhanced key aroma components, including 4-Methyl-1-pentanol and nonanal, thereby enriching the fresh fruity and citrus-like aroma characteristics. This study identified GCV2 as an efficient PAT-degrading enzyme that preserves food quality, elevates nutrition and flavor, boasting great application potential in PAT detoxification of fruit juices and other fruit-based food products.
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PubMed
高影响因子
ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA
·
2019
·
IF 5.256
Yuanyuan Zhu,Long Wu,Heng Yan,Zhicheng Lu,Wenmin Yin,Heyou Han
We designed a new type of MIP-SERS substrate for specific and label-free detection of patulin (PAT), by combining molecular imprinting polymer (MIP) selectivity and SERS technology sensitivity. Initially, the solid substrate of PDMS/AAO was prepared using poly dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) concreted anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template. Then moderate Au was sputtered on the surface of PDMS/AAO to obtain Au/PDMS/AAO SERS substrate. Based on the HRP enzyme initiated in situ polymerization on the Au/PDMS/AAO, the MIP-SERS substrate was successfully synthesized with selective polymer and high tense of SERS “hot spots”. The new MIP-SERS substrate showed strong SERS enhancement effect and good selectivity for PAT. Besides, the results showed that the method owned a linear range from 5 × 10 −10 to 10 −6 M with the limit of detection (LOD) of 8.5 × 10 −11 M (S/N = 3) for PAT. The proposed method also exhibited acceptable reproducibility (relative standard deviation, RSD = 4.7%)，good stability (Raman intensity is above 80% after two weeks) and recoveries from 96.43% to 112.83% with the average RSD of 6.3%. The substrate is easy to use without complex sample pretreatment , which makes it a potential candidate as a rapid and sensitive detection method in food samples.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
分析化学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
LWT-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
·
2021
·
IF 4.952
Chao Yang,Min Li,Bangzhu Peng
Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium expansum , that exists in apple and cider, and threatens human health and food safety. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( S. cerevisiae ) can inhibit and degrade patulin during cider fermentation. Nonetheless, the specific patulin metabolic mechanism is still unclear. Thus, Illumina RNA-Seq technology was applied in this study to analyze the transcriptome of S. cerevisiae cultured in medium with and without patulin, and the gene expression studied. The results showed that the genes encoding redox reactions ( OYE3 , GTT2 , GPX2 ), cell-to-drug transmembrane transport ( HXT , FLR1 , YCF1 ), and responses to biological stress ( Yap1 , Msn1 ) were significantly upregulated. S. cerevisiae can respond to the stress of patulin by increasing the activity of related resistant enzymes, such as aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase, NADPH dehydrogenase 3, and glutathione S-transferase 2, which leads to effective degradation of patulin. The findings of this study explore the degradation mechanism of patulin and provide potential biomarker genes for detecting patulin in cider.
研究领域:
微生物学
·
分子生物学
·
食品科学
·
毒理学
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高影响因子
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
·
2024
·Vol. 24
·期 24
·40343-40350
·
IF 4.3
Yixin Pan,Xianwen Kan
The sensitive detection of patulin (PAT) is of paramount important for food safety. Here, a novel colorimetric/electrochemical dual-mode sensor was constructed based on an enzyme-triggered nanozyme in situ synthesis strategy for the sensitive and reliable detection of PAT. Iron metal-organic framework (Fe-MOF) was hydrothermal synthesized on an exfoliated graphene paper (EGP) and utilized as the substrate for sensing. Due to the specific recognition between PAT and its aptamer, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) linked DNA chain was replaced. In the presence of ascorbic acid-phosphate (AAP) and K3[Fe(CN)6], Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB NPs) were in situ synthesized based on the ALP-triggered AAP hydrolysis. The produced ascorbic acid (AA) quickly reduced K3[Fe(CN)6] to K4[Fe(CN)6], which subsequently reacted with Fe-MOF on EGP to form PB NPs. The results showed that PB NPs possessed excellent peroxidase-like activity and electrochemical activity, endowing the sensor with good colorimetric and electrochemical dual-mode sensing abilities. In the presence of H2O2, PB NPs catalytically oxidized o-phenylenediamine (OPD) to form the deep yellow-color production with a distinct color change for colorimetric sensing. The electrochemical mode demonstrated high sensitivity with a lower limit of detection (LOD) of
$2.6\times 10^{-{12}}$
g/mL compared to that of the colorimetric mode (
$2.2\times 10^{-{10}}$
g/mL). This portable dual-mode sensor based on ALP-triggered nanozyme in situ synthesis not only offers new insights into sensitive and reliable determination of PAT but also provides an effective way based on visual monitoring and sensitive determination to ensure food safety and health.
研究领域:
食品安全
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生物传感
·
分析化学
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DOI
高影响因子
FOOD CONTROL
·
2019
·
IF 4.248
Zhuo Zhang,Chen Zeng,Bangzhu Peng
Patulin (PAT) is a type of mycotoxin produced by the P. expansum, Aspergillus , Penicillium , and Paecilomyces fungal species and constitutes serious food-related and environmental health threats to consumers. In this study, a novel magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) adsorbent was successfully synthesized, and its adsorption properties for the efficient removal of PAT from aqueous solution were investigated. The effects of adsorption parameters, such as pH, initial PAT concentration, adsorption time and temperature, were investigated for optimization of the adsorption process. The kinetic and isotherm studies revealed that PAT adsorption was well described by a pseudo-second order model and the Freundlich model, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of the as-prepared magnetic MWCNTs reached 640.2 μg/g, which was much higher than that of biological material-based absorbents ( p < 0.05 ), and the adsorption equilibrium time was significantly shortened to 1 h ( p < 0.05 ). Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption process was exothermic. The adsorption activation energy determined from the Arrhenius equation was found to be approximately −27.31 kJ mol −1 , suggesting that the adsorption of PAT on magnetic MWCNTs was random and spontaneous in nature within the experimental temperatures. Moreover, the recycling, separation and regeneration of the spent magnetic MWCNTs were evaluated, and the results demonstrated that the spent magnetic MWCNTs could be separated magnetically and regenerated by sodium hydroxide solution for recycling uses up to four cycles without significantly losing adsorption efficiency. Therefore, this novel magnetic MWCNT-based adsorbent could be a potential adsorbent to be applied for PAT removal from many aqueous systems.
研究领域:
环境科学
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化学工程
·
材料科学
·
食品安全
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DOI
高影响因子
FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2023
·
IF 8.8
Chen Hu,Caiping Huang,Bangzhu Peng
Patulin poses a potential risk to human health, and current methods for removing it have certain limits. Thus, the effective and secure technique for degrading patulin in juice is critical. In this study, a nitrogen-doped chitosan-TiO 2 nanocomposite (N-TiO 2 Nps) as a photocatalyst was employed to decompose patulin. Under the action of the photocatalyst, 500 μg/L patulin was completely degraded within 1 h in simulated juice. Quenching experiments identified superoxide and hydroxyl radicals as the dominant species responsible for patulin degradation. On the bases of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculation, the reaction sites in patulin were predicted and a possible photodegradation pathway was proposed. The findings not only elucidated a new method for removing patulin but also provided a theoretical basis for scrutinizing the degradation mechanism of mycotoxins.
研究领域:
食品安全
·
环境科学
·
微生物学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2023
·
IF 8.8
Kunfeng Liu,Yahui Guo,Hang Yu,Yuliang Cheng,Yunfei Xie,Weirong Yao
In this study, sulfydryl-functionalized nitrogen-doped carbon dots (SH-NCDs) was synthesized by amide reaction of hydrothermally synthesized carbon dots with l -cysteine and used to detect patulin selectively. The SH-NCDs exhibited excitation wavelength-independent fluorescence in the range 300–360 nm. The modified sulfhydryl group (-SH) on the surface of NCDs served as a specific recognition site to capture patulin. The addition reaction between patulin and the -SH on the SH-NCDs surface resulted in enhanced fluorescence. SH-NCDs was used as a fluorescent probe for label-free detection of patulin, showing excellent sensitivity in the linear range of 0.1–400 ng mL −1 , with detection limits as low as 0.053 ng mL −1 . The fluorescent probe has specific selectivity for patulin. The recoveries of patulin in apple juice and grape juice were 88.9 %–99.2 % and 92.5 %–101.8 %, respectively. These results showed that the sensor designed in this experiment selectively detected the target patulin from complex food systems.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
分析化学
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PubMed
高影响因子
ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
·
2016
·
IF 2.243
Shijia Wu,Nuo Duan,Weixiao Zhang,Sen Zhao,Zhouping Wang
Patulin (PAT) is a kind of mycotoxin that has serious harmful impacts on both food quality and human health. A high-affinity ssDNA aptamer that specifically binds to patulin was generated using systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) assisted by graphene oxide (GO). After 15 rounds of positive and negative selection, a highly enriched ssDNA pool was sequenced and the representative sequences were subjected to binding assays to evaluate their affinity and specificity. Of the eight aptamer candidates tested, the sequence PAT-11 bound to patulin with high affinity and excellent selectivity with a dissociation constant ( K d ) of 21.83 ± 5.022 nM. The selected aptamer, PAT-11, was subsequently used as a recognition element to develop a detection method for patulin based on an enzyme-chromogenic substrate system. The colorimetric aptasensor exhibited a linear range from 50 to 2500 pg mL −1 , and the limit of detection was found to be 48 pg mL −1 . The results indicated that GO-SELEX technology was appropriate for the screening of aptamers against small-molecule toxins, offering a promising application for aptamer-based biosensors.
研究领域:
毒理学
·
分析化学
·
食品科学
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PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION
·
2022
·Vol. 46
·期 5
·e16547
·
IF 2.609
Kun Ma,Hui Zhang,Enjie Diao,Shiquan Qian,Peng Xie,Ruifeng Mao,Huwei Song,Liming Zhang
Ultrasound was used to degrade patulin in pH 3.5 of solution containing cysteine, and investigated the cysteine-enhanced effects on ultrasound degradation of patulin. The results showed that ultrasound alone did not efficiently degrade patulin (reduced by 4.96%–8.90%) without adding cysteine, and their synergistic roles were more favorable for patulin degradation (reduced by 17.82%–60.98%). The molar ratio between cysteine and patulin, ultrasonic power and time, and water cooling of sample during ultrasound treatment, all significantly affected the patulin degradation efficiency, and obtained 79.33% of degradation rate after 60 min of ultrasound treatment at 540 W of power. Both the logarithmic decay model and zero-kinetic model well simulated its degradation processes ( R 2 > 0.95). The radical reaction may be the main sonolysis mechanism of patulin in the presence of cysteine. Additionally, the patulin degradation efficiency induced by heating was far less than that by ultrasound under other same conditions. Novelty impact statement Cysteine enhanced the ultrasound degradation of patulin in highly acidic conditions. Degradation mechanism of patulin by ultrasound in the presence of cysteine was deduced. Sonolysis kinetics of patulin in the presence of cysteine were simulated.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
环境工程
·
化学工程
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DOI
高影响因子
FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2025
·
IF 9.8
Zi-Qiang Luo,Tao Peng,Ya Hu,Bin-Yang Yang,Jing Wang,Tao Zou
The selection of suitable porous materials as the adsorbent of mycotoxin is of great significance for food safety. In this work, hierarchical porous materials with high specific surface area and suitable pore size distribution were prepared by one-step carbonization method using chitosan and KMnO 4 as carbon precursors and activators, respectively. The best adsorption performance was achieved using the hierarchical porous materials prepared at carbonization temperature of 600 °C. The adsorption capacity and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area was 8.4 μg/mg and 1800.76 m 2 g −1 , respectively. The adsorption of patulin on hierarchical porous materials conforms to the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order model. Moreover, the hierarchical porous materials did not have a significant effect on the nutrients of the apple juice. The adsorbents prepared herein has been found to be a good solution for the adsorption of patulin, owing to their easy preparation, low cytotoxicity, high efficiency, and good reusability.
研究领域:
食品安全
·
材料科学
·
生物技术
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2025
·
IF 9.8
Chao Yang,Lingxuan Huang,Chen Hu,Jieqiong Yao,Ting Zhou,Xiuzhen Li,Stephen Y.K. Seah,Bangzhu Peng
Patulin (PAT) is a hazardous mycotoxin that contaminates fruits and their products, causing significant economic losses. An aldo-keto reductase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( Sc AKR) was expressed in Escherichia coli in this study. The purified Sc AKR converted PAT to E -ascladiol with NADPH as a cofactor. The Sc AKR exhibited a strong degradation activity on PAT and the optimal degradation conditions were pH 7 and 37 °C. Molecular docking and site-specific mutagenesis indicated that the amino acids in Sc AKR interacting with PAT aldehyde affected the degradation effect, and the mutation of Trp298 showed the most significant effect on the degradation rate. Furthermore, Sc AKR also showed a strong degradation effect on 3-keto-deoxynivalenol, a metabolite of another mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON). The findings offer new insights on the detoxification mechanism of PAT by S. cerevisiae and for the development and application of bioenzymes with broad-spectrum mycotoxin degradation properties.
研究领域:
微生物学
·
食品科学
·
分子生物学
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PubMed
高影响因子
MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING
·
2019
·Vol. 304
·期 6
·1800790
·
IF 3.038
Lanfang Liu,Jianquan Luo,Yinhua Wan,Xiangrong Chen,Yuanpeng Wu
Mussel-inspired membrane adsorber with thiol ligand (SH-membrane adsorber) is prepared by polydopamine-assisted poly(ethylene imine) grafting and subsequent thiolation modification for efficient removal of patulin. The effects of temperature, contact time, pH, and initial patulin concentration on the adsorption capacity of the membrane adsorber are investigated. The results show that the SH-membrane adsorber is effective to remove patulin. The adsorption capacity of the membrane can reach 1245.11 µg g −1 for patulin. In static adsorption tests, the adsorption kinetic and equilibrium data are well fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm model, respectively, meaning that the adsorption process is a multilayer chemical adsorption. The SH-membrane adsorber can be recovered by l -cysteine, and the removal efficiency of patulin is maintained at about 89.23% after eight reuse cycles, compared to the 17.33% of control membrane. These results demonstrate that the SH-membrane adsorber has a potential application for patulin removal.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
环境工程
·
生物化学
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高影响因子
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