PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
·
2025
·Vol. 51
·期 2
·170-181
·
IF 2
Kai Yin,Wenyu Wu,Xiaoyan Chen,Wenjie Liu,Xiaodong Li
Modifying the microforms of energetic materials can greatly improve their safety performance and energy release efficiency. This study spherical RDX/FOX-7 composite crystals with high energy density and low sensitivity were created using an independently constructed modular microreaction system combined with solvent-nonsolvent and crystallization technology. The effects of four distinct solution concentrations on the morphology and particle size distribution of RDX/FOX-7 composite crystals were investigated, and the formation mechanism of the composite crystals was analyzed. Meanwhile, the crystal structure, molecular structure, and thermal properties of RDX/FOX-7 composite crystals were characterized, and the mechanical sensitivity and combustion performance of the composite samples at the optimal concentration were tested. The results show that when the solution concentration is 0.35 g/mL, spherical-like composite crystals with an average particle size of 1.83 µm and uniform particle size distribution can be obtained. The thermal performance analysis indicates that the average activation energy of thermal decomposition of the composite crystals at this concentration has increased to 232.31 kJ⋅mol −1 , which is 48.84 kJ⋅mol −1 higher than that of the raw RDX. The mechanical sensitivity test shows that the composite crystals' impact force and friction load are 17.5 J and 288 N, respectively, 94% and 125% higher than raw RDX. Meanwhile, the combustion performance test confirmed that the RDX/FOX-7 composite crystals can release energy efficiently during combustion and have better stability. Its overall performance is better than that of the raw materials. This study provides important theoretical support for designing and preparing new energetic materials.
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DOI
高影响因子
Energetic Materials Frontiers
·
2026
·
IF 4.7
Hua Fang,Peng-fei Zhu,Jin-xiang Yang,Xiao-le Sun,Xiong Cao,Xue-yong Guo
The DAP-4/RDX mixture was prepared by solvent suspension method. The thermal decomposition, combustion and micro-explosion experiments were carried out. The results showed that the thermal decomposition peak temperature of DAP-4/RDX was lower than that of DAP-4. RDX reduces the activation energy required for the thermal decomposition of DAP-4, reduces the maximum flame temperature but prolongs the combustion duration. The combustion peak pressure and pressurization rate of DAP-4/RDX samples are lower than those of DAP-4, and the maximum is reduced from 415.65 kPa and 68.95 kPa·ms -1 to 322.58 kPa and 23.07 kPa·ms -1 . The intensity of laser-loaded shock wave is increased after the introduction of RDX under the same conditions. The detonation heat and detonation velocity of DAP-4/RDX measured by micro-explosion are higher than those of DAP-4, the increased intensity of laser-loaded shock wave is consistent with the improved detonation heat and velocity, jointly reflecting the enhanced detonation performance of RDX to DAP-4/RDX.
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高影响因子
COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 1.5
Jinbo Guo,Wenjie Liu,Xiaojuan Fu,Penglin Kang,Wenyu Wu,Fusheng Cui,Xiaodong Li
Metal hydrides are ideal additives for solid propellants, which can improve the energy level and load capacity of solid propellants. However, the safety and interaction mechanisms between metal hydrides and energetic materials remain unclear, which limits their broader application in propellants. In this study, RDX/ZrH2/F2602 energetic composite particles with varying ZrH2 contents were prepared using the molding powder method and subsequently characterized in terms of their performance. The experimental results demonstrate that the energetic composite particles display a regular morphology and dense structure, with no changes observed in their chemical and crystal structures. As the ZrH2 content increases, the thermal stability and thermal explosion critical temperature of the composite particles decrease. In comparison to the raw material RDX, the energetic composite particles with 10% and 15% ZrH2 contents exhibit better mechanical sensitivity, with critical impact values increasing by 6 J and 5.5 J, respectively, and critical friction values increasing by 84 N and 60 N, respectively. Combustion experiments reveal that energetic composite particles containing 15% ZrH2 demonstrate superior comprehensive performance in terms of safety and combustion, outperforming those with other ZrH2 contents. The oxidative combustion mechanism of RDX/ZrH2/F2602 energetic composite Particles is discussed, offering insights into the interaction between metal hydrides and the combustion of energetic materials. This research establishes a theoretical framework to support the design and improvement of solid propellant formulations.
研究领域:
含能材料
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推进剂化学
·
燃烧科学
·
材料安全性
·
固体推进剂
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DOI
高影响因子
CELLULOSE
·
2024
·Vol. 31
·期 9
·5725-5745
·
IF 4.9
Chen Ling,Zhang Jianwei,Meng Derong,Cao Xiang,Wang Binbin,Nan Fengqiang,Chen Feiyun,Du Ping,Liao Xin,He Weidong
In energetic materials, high-energy propellants always encounter poor mechanical properties. Herein, a novel energetic binder nitrate glycerol ether cellulose (NGEC)/hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) composite was prepared by a facile, safe water suspension and freeze-drying technology, and integrated in gun propellant (GP) through semi-solvent manufacturing. A series of characterizations and tests were conducted to characterize the NGEC/RDX-GP. The findings revealed that the mechanical properties in terms of the impact strength of NGEC/RDX-GPs with different content of NGEC was improved by 15.3% ~ 117.1%, 3.9% ~ 34.6%, 6.9% ~ 31.1% under conditions of -40 °C, 20 °C and 50 °C; the compression strength was improved by 2.5% ~ 23.1%, 10.7% ~ 27.9%, 7.3% ~ 28.5%, while the tensile strength was improved by 15.4% ~ 35.0%, 10.4% ~ 33.0%, 11.8% ~ 35.5%, respectively. Besides, the thermal decomposition dynamics and thermodynamics were also investigated to probe the thermal properties of NGEC/RDX-GP. Moreover, the impact and electrostatic spark sensitivity have also been tested and present excepted results compared with neat propellant. In addition, the improved gunpowder impetus of NGEC/RDX-GP indicated that the energetic performance of propellant was further enhanced, and maintained stable combustion behavior. Finally, the enhancement mechanism of the propellant was discussed and proposed. Therefore, this construction strategy and application of NGEC/RDX composites in propellants can provide reliable fundamental theory and data support for the development of high performances propellant. Graphical abstract
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DOI
高影响因子
POWDER TECHNOLOGY
·
2026
·
IF 5.5
Zihan Luo,Xue Zhao,Jun Wang,Haotian Tian,Conghao Li,Yaofeng Mao
Hierarchically hollow structures exhibit significant potential in energetic materials owing to their ability to enhance combustion efficiency while reducing mechanical sensitivity. However, the controlled fabrication of such structures in energetic crystals remains a major challenge. In this study, hierarchically hollow RDX microspheres (HH-RDX) were fabricated via a quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method, and the effects of solute concentration, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) content, and stirring rate on their morphology and particle size distribution were systematically investigated. The formation mechanism of HH-RDX and its structure–property relationships were clarified through combined structural characterization, thermal analysis, combustion and sensitivity testing, and molecular dynamics simulations. HH-RDX retained the crystal phase and molecular structure of raw RDX, while exhibiting lower activation energy, improved combustion performance, and reduced impact sensitivity. Compared with raw RDX, HH-RDX exhibited a larger peak flame area (294.55 vs. 84.92 mm 2 ) and a shorter combustion duration (1072 vs. 1330 ms). The H 50 value increased from 20.22 cm to 31.74 cm, indicating that the impact sensitivity was significantly reduced. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the initial solvent exchange was dominated by the diffusion of water molecules into the droplets, which promoted the interfacial enrichment and preferential deposition of RDX, thereby driving shell formation and the retention of the hollow structure. This work provides an effective strategy for the controlled fabrication of HH-RDX with improved safety and combustion performance.
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DOI
高影响因子
REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
·
2025
·
IF 5.1
Xiangru Li,Ximing Zhang,Wenyu Wu,Penglin Kang,Yuan Lai,Leixin Hou,Xiaodong Li,Wenjie Liu,Xiaojuan Fu
High-energy insensitive composite explosives have become a key research direction in energetic materials due to their balanced energy output and safety. However, composite particles prepared by traditional methods often have limitations such as low sphericity and poor uniformity. In this paper, the coaxial flow-focusing microdroplet method was used to prepare RDX/F, RDX/F/E, and RDX/E composite particles, with RDX/F/E-P prepared by physical kneading method used as the process control samples to demonstrate the superiority of the process and investigate the effect of the binder formulation on the properties of the samples. Results showed that RDX/F/E has the best sphericity and particle size uniformity, indicating that adjusting the binder system can significantly improve the morphology and particle size distribution of the particles. In addition, the chemical and crystal structures of all samples remained unchanged. Thermal analysis and mechanical sensitivity tests revealed that compared to raw RDX, the apparent activation energy of RDX/F/E increased by 24.75 kJ∙mol −1 , and the impact energy threshold and critical friction force were enhanced by 42.5 J and 120 N, respectively, demonstrating excellent thermal and mechanical safety. In ignition tests, the RDX/F/E microspheres produced the clearest and brightest flames, with a significantly shorter burning duration than raw RDX and all other samples, demonstrating that the F2604 and EVA binder system ensures stable combustion while promoting concentrated energy release. This study demonstrates the superiority of the coaxial flow-focusing microdroplet technique, and the proposed F2604-EVA composite binder system provides practical guidance for formulation optimization and performance regulation.
研究领域:
含能材料
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材料科学
·
化学工程
·
燃烧与爆轰
·
微流控
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DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Energetic Materials
·
2020
·
IF 1.325
Jinpeng Shen,Zhitao Liu,Bin Xu,Feiyun Chen,Yao Zhu,You Fu,Dylan J. Kline,Xin Liao,Zeshan Wang
Graphene nanoplates (GNPs) were incorporated into a solid composite propellant (NC-TEGDN-RDX) to tune the thermal, mechanical, and combustion properties of the material. Physical, thermal, and combustion properties of NC-TEGDN-RDX with <2 wt% addition of GNPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile/compressive/impact strength testing, and constant volume combustion experiments. Microstructure of the composite propellants examined using SEM demonstrated uniform dispersion of the GNPs at low-weight percent additives (<1 wt%), but began to show large agglomerations of the additives at higher additive content. Decomposition enthalpy of the propellant with 1 wt% GNPs increased by ~130 J/g compared to neat propellants. Moreover, the maximum burning rate was observed for samples containing 1 wt% GNPs, with values of 19 cm/s at 20°C and 17 cm/s at −40°C. Dynamic vivacity of the propellant achieved a maximum upon addition of 1 wt% GNPs. The pressure exponent of the propellant decreased with the addition of GNPs, as well. The mechanical properties including tensile, compressive, and impact strength were improved at 20°C and −40°C. These results demonstrate that the addition of GNPs may offer new methods by which to tune and improve thermal decomposition, thermal conductivity, combustion performance, and mechanical properties of the NC-TEGDN-RDX propellants.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
燃烧学
·
航空航天工程
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DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION
·
2025
·
IF 4.1
Shichong Zhao,Bin Hou,Kunchan Zhang,Yating Jia,Jing Lu
The microbial degradation of high-energy explosives has emerged as a cost-effective environmental remediation strategy, but is hindered by low degradation efficiency due to the slow electron transfer. Biogenic Pd 0 nanoparticles (bio-Pd 0 ) demonstrate dual functionality, maintaining catalytic activity for N-NO 2 bond reduction while substantially enhancing electron transfer efficiency. This study introduces an innovative single-cell system that synergistically combines chemical catalysis with biological enhancement through in situ synthesis of nanoparticles. Comprehensive characterization through electron microscopy, spectroscopic analysis, and electrochemical measurements revealed that bio-Pd 0 synthesized by Citrobacter braakii Z1 ( C. braakii Z1) were preferentially localized in the periplasmic space and extracellular matrix, forming a stable hybrid named bio-Pd 0 @ C. braakii Z1. This process relied on the bio-reduction mediated by biohydrogen and extracellular electron transfer processes via c-type cytochromes (c-Cyts) and flavins. Notably, RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) degradation efficiency increased from 11 % with microbes alone to nearly 100 % with bio-Pd 0 . Although the observed RDX degradation in inactivated bio-Pd 0 @ C. braakii Z1 and the detected hydrogenolysis intermediates indicated the participation of chemical catalysis, the negative correlation between RDX degradation rate with the Pd:biomass ratios suggested the biology process dominated RDX degradation. Meanwhile, the higher output current in bio-Pd 0 @ C. braakii Z1 and the extracellular electron consumption by RDX indicated the bio-Pd 0 -mediated extracellular biodegradation was the primary driver for improved RDX removal efficiency. Toxicity evaluation confirmed that the in-situ combination of Pd-catalyzed chemical destruction and biological enhancement in a single cell is a feasible and environmentally friendly strategy for RDX removal with a reduced ecological risk.
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高影响因子
Journal of Energetic Materials
·
2026
·
IF 1.8
Xiwei Xing,Shaohua Jin,Kun Chen,Junfeng Wang,Feng Qing Shang,Na Wang
This study investigates the influence of aluminum powder content on the metal-driving capability and underwater explosion energy of HMX/RDX-based aluminized explosives. Through the preparation of polymer-bonded explosives (PBX) with aluminum content ranging from 0 to 15%, we conducted explosive-driven metal plate test and established JWL-Miller equation of state model incorporating aluminum secondary reactions for underwater explosion simulations using LS-DYNA. Experimental results demonstrated that increasing aluminum content in aluminized explosives resulted in a gradual decline in metal-driving capability, with an 8% reduction observed at 15% aluminum content. Underwater explosion simulations revealed that where the aluminum–oxygen ratio reached 0.15, the shock wave energy achieved 1.846 MJ/kg. Bubble energy showed positive correlation with aluminum content, when the 15% aluminum formulation exhibited prolonged bubble pulsation period (249.6 ms) and expanded bubble radius (107.4 cm). The research validates the effectiveness of the JWL-Miller equation in modeling non-ideal detonation characteristics of aluminized explosives, the impact of aluminum powder on explosive performance is not only reflected in its heat value but also in the timing of energy release. These findings provide critical theoretical guidance for the design of high-energy explosive systems requiring optimized performance.
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高影响因子
FUEL
·
2025
·
IF 7.5
Xinrui Zhang,Zhiyue Han,Zerui Li,Ziming Yu
Explosion accidents involving high-energy fuel present substantial hazards, underscoring the urgent need for effective safety protection methods. This study employed a hydrothermal method to synthesize nanoscale MgAl-LDHs and innovatively investigated their potential for explosion suppression in the high-energy system composed of RDX/Al. The performance of explosion suppression was evaluated using two novel testing methods capable of controlling the delay time for suppressant release. Experimental results indicate that MgAl-LDHs significantly surpass traditional suppressants, such as NH 4 H 2 PO 4 and NaHCO 3 , in their ability to reduce explosion overpressure and mitigate flames. Furthermore, it was found that reduce the suppressant release delay time is more critical than merely increasing the quantity of the suppressant used. By combining SEM, XPS, GC, and other characterization techniques with quantum chemical theoretical calculations, this study innovatively reveals the explosion suppression mechanism of MgAl-LDHs, elucidating the early decomposition mechanism of RDX and the suppression process of OH in MgAl-LDHs laminates. This research serves as a brand-new example of the application of LDHs materials in explosion suppression, providing novel ideas for future applications in the field.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
安全工程
·
物理化学
·
纳米材料
·
燃烧与爆炸
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DOI
高影响因子
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
·
2022
·
IF 5.767
Ling Chen,Qiang Li,Liangyou Zhao,Fengqiang Nan,Jie Liu,Xijin Wang,Feiyun Chen,Ziqiang Shao,Weidong He
In the domain of energetic materials (EMs), the high-energy and high-strength propellants are always what are the scientists pursuing to satisfy the great demands of fast development and replacement for artillery. Recently, the emerging of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) has attracted great interests since its extraordinary performances like biocompatibility, carbon-neutral nature, tailorable surface chemistry, and unprecedented mechanical properties. Inspired by the fascinating high strengthen of CNFs, this study prepared a kind of energetic hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)@CNFs composites firstly, and then applied them in conventional double-based gun propellant (GP) to study its energy, combustion and mechanical, and sensitivity performances. The results of the mechanical properties demonstrated that the impact strength of RDX@CNFs-GP with different content of CNFs was improved by 34.9-104.7%, 7.1-39.4%, 14.4-51.2% under the condition of low, room and high temperature, the compression strength was improved by 8.6-49.5%, 4.3-45.9%, 6.2-47.8%, while the tensile strength was improved by 0.6-21.2%, 7.0-19.5%, 9.0-26.0%, respectively. Moreover, the impact and electrostatic spark sensitivities have also been increased by 21.8% and 61.8% in terms of the maximum value and exert favorable desensitization effect compared with blank sample. Notably, the propellant added with CNFs could burn steadily without anomalous combustion behavior, and the energy level of the [email protected] %-GP (1180.70 J/g) maintain relative close value to that of RDX@CNFs-0%-GP (1184.84 J/g) with regard to the gunpowder impetus. Lastly, the enhancement mechanism of the CNFs in GP was discussed and proposal. Hence, this present work could potentially provide fundamental theory and data support for the development of CNFs in high-strength and high energy propellants.
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DOI
高影响因子
NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
·
2016
·Vol. 41
·期 3
·1129-1136
·
IF 3.277
Jian Wang,Zihui Meng,Min Xue,Lili Qiu,Xiao Dong,Zhibin Xu,Xuan He,Xueyong Liu,Jinshan Li
Molecularly imprinted polymer hollow spheres (MIHSs) were produced by using hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW or CL-20) as a template, silica nanospheres as a sacrificial matrix, acrylamide as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linker and acetonitrile as a porogen at 4 °C under UV irradiation. This sorbent was applied to the selective solid-phase extraction (SPE) of several explosives simultaneously by using a newly-developed SPE procedure. For the first time, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX) and CL-20 were selectively extracted and determined simultaneously from simulated post-blast samples prepared from motor oil and vacuum pump oil. The matrix effects were successfully eliminated and accurate quantization was achieved. When the loading amounts of HMX, RDX, TNT and CL-20 were, respectively, below 10, 2, 5 and 20 nmol for 100 mg of MIHS, these explosives were almost retrieved completely (above 98%). For the MIHSs and non-imprinted polymer hollow spheres (NIHSs), in acetonitrile and methanol, the imprinting factors (IFs) of CL-20 and tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane (TADB, a structural analogue of CL-20) changed dramatically, from 7.75 to 1.57 and 0.88 to 2.39, respectively. It highlighted the significant effect of solvents on imprinted sites.
研究领域:
分析化学
·
材料科学
·
环境科学
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高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）