International Journal of Polymer Science
·
2021
·
IF 2.642
MinYi Luo,Jiayou Xu,Shu Lv,XueFeng Yuan,Xiaolan Liang
Polyvinyl alcohol- (PVA-) based aerogels have attracted widespread attention owing to their low cost, eco-friendliness, and low density. However, the applications of PVA-based aerogels are limited by their flammability. In this study, a flame retardant, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and a biopolymer, chitosan (CS), were added to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and the polymer was further crosslinked using boric acid (H3BO3). In the PVA aerogels, the negatively charged APP and positively charged CS formed a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) through ionic interaction. Cone calorimetry and vertical burning tests (UL-94) indicated that the PVA composite aerogels have excellent flame retardancy; they could decrease the heat release rate, total heat release rate, and carbon dioxide (CO2) generation. Both PVA/H3BO3 and APP-CS in the composite aerogel could be burned to carbon, and the foamed char layer could act together to impart the PVA composite aerogels with good flame retardancy. Further, the decrease in the temperature at the backside of the aerogels with increasing APP-CS content, as determined by the flame-spraying experiment, indicated that the PVA-based aerogels with APP-CS can also serve as thermal insulation materials. This work provides an effective and promising method for the preparation of PVA-based aerogels with good flame retardancy and thermal insulation property for construction materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2023
·Vol. 140
·期 44
·e54608
·
IF 3
Song Wang,Lingchen Meng,Qi Chen,Sanxi Li,Ailing Zhang
The synthesis and application of the bio-derived flame retardant can meet the current requirements for the high-efficient and sustainable development of flame retardants. Therefore, using phytic acid (PA), 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), and piperazine as raw materials, a PA-derived flame retardant (PAPDOPO) was prepared. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction techniques were applied to characterize the structure of the PAPDOPO. In the prepared flame-retardant epoxy resin (FEP), PAPDOPO showed high flame retardancy. When 4% PAPDOPO was added into epoxy resin (EP), the prepared FEP (EP-PAPD-4) passed the V-0 level in the UL-94 test, and the limited oxygen index value of EP-PAPD-4 reached 35.3%. Microcombustion calorimetry test was also applied to demonstrate the performance of PAPDOPO. The peak heat release rate of EP-PAPD-4 was reduced by 30.4% compared with that of the pure EP. Due to the low addition amount of PAPDOPO in FEP, the mechanical properties of the FEP using PAPDOPO as flame retardant were hardly decreased compared with pure EP.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
·
高分子科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Applied Polymer Materials
·
2025
·
IF 4.7
Tongshuai Tian,Xi Shu,Tianyi Han,Li Liu
Thermoplastic poly(ester ether) elastomers (TPEE) are renowned for their exceptional mechanical strength and thermal stability. However, their intrinsic flammability and severe melt dripping behavior limit their application in safety-sensitive contexts. To address these challenges, phosphorus-containing flame retardants have emerged as a promising solution due to their superior flame retardant efficacy. In this study, a novel bioderived phosphorus-nitrile flame retardant, DMVP, was synthesized from renewable vanillin and subsequently introduced into TPEE through melt blending processes. Notably, the modified composites demonstrated excellent flame resistance and antidripping performance, achieving a UL-94 V-0 rating and a limiting oxygen index of 30.5% with the incorporation of 20% DMVP. Furthermore, the TPEE/20DMVP showed a 21.4% decrease in peak heat release rate and a 25.3% reduction in total heat release compared to neat TPEE in cone calorimetric tests. These improvements in flame retardancy and antidripping properties of the TPEE/DMVP composites can be attributed to a synergistic flame retardant mechanism operating in both the gas phase and condensed phase, including free radical termination chain reactions and dilution effects in the gas phase, as well as catalytic charring effects in the condensed phase, which are further augmented by the chemical cross-linking of nitrile groups. Hence, this multifaceted synergistic flame retardant strategy provides an efficient approach for developing high-performance and fire safety polymers.
研究领域:
高分子科学
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材料工程
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消防安全工程
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绿色化学
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化学合成
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2025
·
IF 7.4
Biyu Huang,Jirui Qu,Gaoyuan Li,Haopeng Zhang,Yiwei Geng,Lei Liu,Shaofeng Wang,Chuanmei Jiao,Xilei Chen
In this work, we developed a green strategy to extract chitosan (CS) from oyster shell (OS) waste via a ball-milling exfoliation method, then modified with phytic acid (PA) and combined with Prussian blue analog (PBA) nanoparticles to serve as a flame retardant for thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites. The resulting TPU/PBA-CS@PA composites exhibited remarkable improvements in fire safety performance, demonstrating 58.5% and 43.4% reductions in peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total smoke production (TSP), respectively, compared to the control TPU. Notably, the composite containing 6 wt% PBA-CS@PA achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating while exhibiting no melt dripping behavior. The flame-retardant mechanism involved PBA-catalyzed formation of a graphitized, thermally stable char layer, while PA and CS synergistically improved char compactness. Hydrogen bonding between additives and the TPU matrix enhanced interfacial adhesion, increasing tensile strength by 31.5% (30.16 MPa). This work presents a green strategy for converting biowaste into high-performance flame retardants, advancing eco-friendly polymer composites with balanced fire safety and mechanical properties.
研究领域:
高分子科学
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材料工程
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绿色化学
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纳米技术
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防火工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH
·
2025
·Vol. 32
·期 7
·1-11
·
IF 2.8
Li Ming,Ou Hongxiang,Tu Zhe,Zhou Wenqian,Xue Honglai,Zhu Fang
Polypropylene (PP) is flammable and releases a large amount of smoke, which limits its wide application in construction, electrical appliances and medical fields. In this study, the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of PP materials were significantly improved by innovating the intumescent flame retardant system. In this study, the modified piperazine pyrophosphate (MF@PAPP) with core–shell structure was prepared by microencapsulation technology, in which melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin serves as shell and piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP) as core, and it was compounded with magnesium hydroxide (MH) to prepare flame retardant polypropylene (PP) materials. The effects of MF@PAPP and MH on the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of PP flame retardant materials were studied by various test methods. The results showed that when 23 wt% MF@PAPP and 2 wt% MH were added, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of PP was 30.4%, and UL-94 was V-0 rating. The total heat release (THR) and total smoke release (TSR) were reduced by 39.7% and 82.8%, respectively, compared with pure PP. The tensile strength and elongation at break reached 30.4 MPa and 141.5%, respectively. The combination of MF resin and PAPP improved the compatibility of PAPP in PP. At the same time, MF@PAPP had synergistic effects with MH to obtain better thermal stability and catalytic carbonization effects. In summary, this study provides a potential direction for the development of efficient flame retardants and the development of PP flame retardant materials.
研究领域:
高分子科学
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材料工程
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化学工程
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消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2020
·
IF 4.032
Zhiyuan Chi,Zongwei Guo,Zice Xu,Mengjie Zhang,Ming Li,Lei Shang,Yuhui Ao
Searching a renewable and flame-retardant alternative to bisphenol A epoxy resins is a necessary development trend. Diphenolic acid , a plant derivative, has been proven to be one of the sustainable alternatives to bisphenol A. However, how to impart the flame-retardant property to diphenolic acid thermosets is still a challenge to synthesize high performance intrinsic flame-retardant bio-based epoxy resins. A flame-retardant bio-based epoxy resin (TEBA) was designed and synthesized via a three-step synthetic pathway from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)、diethanolamine and diphenolic acid (DPA). The chemical structures of the intermediate and final products were confirmed by 1 HNMR and FTIR spectroscopy. TEBA cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) curing agent was compared with a standard bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA). Due to the combination of phosphorus and nitrogen in the main chain, the TEBA-DDM shows superior flame retardancy. Compared with DGEBA-DDM, LOI of TEBA-DDM increased from 25.8% to 42.3%, UL-94 test rating from no rating to V-0 rating, self-extinguishing within 3s. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) in the cone calorimetry test decreased by 67%. total heat release (THR) and total smoke generation (TSP) decreased by 27% and 35%, respectively. In addition, the flame retardant mechanism of TEBA epoxy thermosets was researched by FTIR, residual char photograph, SEM, TG-IR analysis and Raman spectroscopy . Meanwhile, TEBA-DDM and DGEBA-DDM have comparable mechanical properties .
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
·
高分子科学
·
可持续化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES
·
2020
·
IF 1.283
Lichen Zhang,Deqi Yi,Jianwei Hao
The flame retardant poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate polyelectrolyte complex and the curing agent m-Phenylenediamine were blended into diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)-type epoxy resin to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resin thermosets. The effects of poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate on fire retardancy and thermal degradation behavior of epoxy resins (EP)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate composites were tested by Limiting Oxygen Index, UL-94, cone calorimeter tests, and thermogravimetric analysis and compared with pure EP. The results showed that the Limiting Oxygen Index value of EP/poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate composite could reach 31.9%, and UL-94 V-0 rating at 10 wt% poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate loading. Meanwhile the cone calorimetry peak heat release rate and total heat release were reduced up to 55.2% and 21.8%, respectively; smoke production rate and total smoke production were also declined significantly, compared with those of pure epoxy resins. Poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate played a very good flame-retardant effect on epoxy resins.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 8
Zhipeng Zhang,Yao Yin,Kai Liang,Ranzhao Shen,Xu Fan,Bihe Yuan
The high flammability and severe dripping behavior of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) limit its widespread application. It remains a persistent challenge to enhance the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance of EVA composites while maintaining their tensile properties. In this study, a microencapsulated P/N/B-based flame retardant, referred to as MBPAPP, was synthesized via a one-pot method. The flame retardant consists of a melamine-boric acid composite (MA-BA, shell) and piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP, core). At a loading of 20 wt% MBPAPP, EVA/MBPAPP composite achieves a UL-94 V-0 rating without dripping. In the cone calorimetry test, compared with EVA/PAPP, EVA/MBPAPP exhibits reductions in the peak heat release rate (50.5 %), total heat release (16.9 %), total smoke production (17.1 %), and the peak of CO content (52.5 %). This is attributed to the fact that EVA/MBPAPP forms a boron-containing char layer composed of B-O and B-N structures, contributing to the enhancement of compactness and thermal stability. Moreover, compared with PAPP, microencapsulation enhances the compatibility between modified MBPAPP and EVA, mitigating the deterioration of tensile properties in the composite.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子科学
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消防安全工程
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH
·
2023
·Vol. 30
·期 2
·1-11
·
IF 2.8
Yang Qingshan,Wang Jun,Yang Shuang,Huo Siqi,Song Pingan,Fang Zhengping,Wang Hao
A phosphorus-containing aliphatic amine curing agent (DPT) was synthesized using triethylenetetramine (TETA) and diphenyl chlorophosphate (DPCP), and it served as a flame-retardant curing agent to reduce the fire risk of epoxy resin (EP) systems. The curing behaviors, thermal properties and flame retardancy of the DPT-containing EP systems were investigated in detail. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that the introduction of phosphorus-based group reduced the curing activity of -NH 2 /-NH- groups in DPT. The glass transition temperature ( T g ) values of the DPT-containing EP systems were modestly lower than that of EP/TETA system. The EP cured by 29wt% DPT (EP/DPT-29) achieved a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 27.1% and a UL-94 V-0 rating, and its peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) were 51.6% and 37.8% lower than those of EP/TETA. The improved flame retardancy and smoke suppression of the DPT-containing EP systems was attributed to the bi-phase flame-retardant action of DPT.
研究领域:
高分子科学
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材料工程
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消防安全工程
·
有机化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2022
·Vol. 33
·期 10
·3490-3500
·
IF 3.348
Wu Zhang,Weikang Xia,Yasheng Shi,Changlin Zhou,Ran Chen,Lei Wang,Jinqing Qu
Flame-retarded epoxy thermosets are highly desirable for electronics-related basic materials in the new-generation information applications. Herein, a DOPO-anchored benzothiadiazole flame retardant, namely DOPO-BTD , is designed and synthesized for P/N/S synergistic flame-retarded epoxy thermosets. DOPO-BTD possesses good thermal stability and excellent compatibility with the epoxy matrix. As reflected by UL 94 test, the DOPO-BTD coated EP passes the V0 rating and achieves a higher LOI value of 34.6% at ultralow P content of 0.39 wt%. The investigation of the DOPO-BTD -triggered P/N/S synergistic flame-retarded effect by thermal images further validated the flame retarded efficacy and dramatic inhibition of the flame. Meanwhile, the incorporation of 4.8 wt% DOPO-BTD into the epoxy matrix, the PHRR, THR, SPR, TSP, and COP are significantly decreased by 37.97%, 27.44%, 25.49%, 19.83%, and 31.70%, respectively. Additionally, the fire growth index (FGI) is sharply dropped 26.06%. Moreover, the TGIR and TGMS results convince the flame-retarded mechanism of DOPO-BTD through the combination of the gas-phase and condensed-phase pathways. The P/N/S synergistic DOPO-BTD can serve as a promising flame retardant for efficiently fabricating the flame-retarded epoxy thermosets, and this study sheds light on the development of multiple elements synergistic flame-retardants for functional polymers with great application potential.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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高分子科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Zongsheng Liu,Meng Ma,Baoli Huang,Zhaoliang Jiang,Yi Zheng,Bangdong Ge,Si Chen,Yanqin Shi,Huiwen He,Yulu Zhu,Xu Wang
Sulfonate is considered to be the best flame retardant, which can endow polycarbonate (PC) excellent flame retardancy with low addition. Unfortunately, the water absorption and solubility of sulfonate will increase the cost of transportation and storage. In addition, sulfonate flame retardant is easy to migrate and precipitate from PC composites resulting in a negative impact on the sustainable use of PC materials. To ameliorate this issue, a sulfonate flame retardant (CSPS) with unparalleled hydrophobicity and thermal stability was synthesized through the incorporation of sodium p-styrene sulfonate as the main chain of crosslinked polystyrene. The PC/CSPS composites could pass UL 94 test V-0 rating with 0.3 wt.% CSPS addition, and the LOI is increased from 24.5 % to 31.4 %. Simultaneously, the PC/CSPS composites preserve their initial transparency. Moreover, the combustion test results indicated that the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and the peak of smoke production rate (PSPR) of PC/CSPS-0.3 composites decreased by 40 % and 41 % respectively, and the time to reach PHRR and PSPR increased by 35.8 % and 56.5 % respectively. These results were attributed to the catalytic char formation and gas phase limitation of CSPS, which made PC composites with higher fire safety. Importantly, the PC/CSPS-0.3 composites can maintain tensile strength similar to that of PC. This research proposes a simplified and efficient methodology for fabricating PC composites with outstanding water resistance, flame retardancy, transparency, and mechanical fortitude, which is of considerable importance for the application of PC composites in emerging fields.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
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消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2025
·
IF 7.3
Qingfeng Zhang,Balaji Murugesan,Shengyong Mo,Yixuan Zhang,Fengwei Zhang,Yurong Cai
The increasing use of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) in wearable electronics, electric vehicle cable sheathing, and flexible building materials, yet raises pressing safety and environmental concerns due to their high flammability and the smoke they emit in a fire. Traditional flame retardants often pose trade-offs in toxicity, sustainability, or mechanical performance, highlighting the need for cleaner, bio-based solutions. In this work, we report a vanillin-derived nitrogen–phosphorus flame retardant (PVD) that addresses these challenges through a green and efficient strategy. Incorporating only 4 wt% PVD into TPU achieves a UL-94 V-0 rating and enhances the limiting oxygen index (LOI) to 27.3 %. At 6 wt%, the TPU/PVD composite reduces peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) by 33.7 % and 43.2 %, respectively, with enhancing mechanical properties. The enhanced flame retardancy of TPU/PVD composites is attributed to a dual-phase mechanism. In the condensed phase, nitrogen and phosphorus elements synergistically promote the formation of a thermally stable, graphitized char layer rich in P O and P O structures, which acts as a physical barrier to heat and mass transfer. In the gas phase, flame inhibition occurs through the quenching of active radicals (e.g., PO and PO 2 ) and dilution of flammable gases by non-combustible gases such as CO 2 and NH 3 . This approach provides a viable pathway toward sustainable, fire-safe, and mechanically robust TPU materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子科学
·
消防安全工程
·
绿色化学
·
可持续技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）