JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2019
·Vol. 137
·期 4
·48307
·
IF 2.188
Shaoxiang Li,Yue Zhou,Jiaji Cheng,Qianyu Ma,Feng Zhang,Yong Wang,Meng Liu,Dong Wang,Wenjuan Qu
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is an effective phosphorus-containing flame retardant. But APP also has excellent hygroscopic capacity and decreases the mechanical property of composite. The aim of the study was to microencapsulate APP with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to prepare microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (PMAPP) in order to eliminate the harmful effects caused by the mechanical property of composite. The microcapsules are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and hydroscopicity test and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fire hazard of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is evaluated using a cone calorimeter and limited oxygen index test. The mechanical property of RPUF is studied by compressive strength test. The results show that APP has been microencapsulated by PMMA successfully and the shell does not decrease the beneficial effect of APP on fire hazard of RPUF. Furthermore, the shell also reduces the damage of APP on the mechanical property of composite. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136 , 48307.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
防火材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
·
2022
·Vol. 148
·期 5
·1841-1851
·
IF 4.755
Hu Wen-Juan,Li Ying-Ming,Li Yi-Ran,Wang De-Yi
With the widely application of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU), the fire safety of the TPU composites has attracted more and more attention. In this work, a highly efficient and green flame retardant (DA-APP) was synthesized via the ion exchange reaction between biologically relevant molecule dopamine (DA) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). When the incorporation amount of DA-APP was 5 wt%, it was found that TPU/DA-APP 5 passed the V-0 rating and the LOI reached to 25.9%. Meanwhile, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of TPU composite decreased by 732.5 kW m −2 and total heat release decreased by 19.7 MJ m −2 and total smoke release decreased by 33.6 m 2 compared to that of the neat TPU. Moreover, the flame-retarding mechanism of TPU/DA-APP 5 was analyzed by TG-FTIR and Raman characterization. The results showed that DA-APP produced amino compounds and phosphoric acid at low temperature, promoted TPU to produce water and carbon dioxide, and diluted oxygen concentration during combustion. In addition, the dense carbon layer formed on the surface of TPU played an important role to isolate the diffusion of heat and oxygen .
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER INTERNATIONAL
·
2017
·Vol. 66
·期 11
·1598-1609
·
IF 2.07
Peikun Zhang,Yang Zhou,Hui Su,Hong Lin,Saiqi Tian,Yi Chen,Jun Yan,Yazhou He,Haojun Fan
Despite being extensively implemented in research, it remains challenging but highly desirable to develop ammonium polyphosphate (APP)-based polyurethane (PU) combining excellent flame retardancy and improved mechanical properties. Herein, hydroxyl-decorated APP (OH-APP) was successfully fabricated through a facile, green, yet efficient cation exchange reaction with N -methylethanolamine, and utilized as a multifunctional reinforcing agent for solvent-free two-component PU in the curing process. Results demonstrate that the conjugation of OH-APP imparts to the resultant cured PU samples (PU/OH-APP) enhanced fire safety and smoke suppression performance, as evidenced by the considerable decrease in peak heat release rate, total heat release, peak smoke production rate and total smoke production by 75.4, 30.1, 64.3 and 14.4% over those of pure PU. Furthermore, the tensile strength of PU/OH-APP is improved by 66.5%, while the ductility is well maintained, highlighting its promising potential in industrial applications. This work is aimed at opening a new avenue for the development of APP-based PU with outstanding performances through covalent anchoring approaches. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE
·
2013
·Vol. 54
·期 4
·766-776
·
IF 1.243
Long Li,Yi Qian,Chuanmei Jiao
Mg–Al–Fe ternary layered double hydroxides (LDH) were synthesized based on bayer red mud by calcination-rehydration method, and characterized using X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The synergistic flame retardant effects of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with LDH in ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) composites were studied using limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 test, cone calorimeter test (CCT), and smoke density test (SDT). The thermal degradation behavior of EVA/LDH/APP composites was examined by thermal gravimetric analysis-fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR). The results showed that LOI values decreased by incorporation of APP together with LDH; and, a suitable amount of APP in EVA/LDH composites can apparently improve UL 94 rating. The CCT results indicated that heat release rate (HRR) of the EVA/LDH/APP composites with APP decreased in comparison with that of the EVA/LDH composites. The SDT results showed that APP was helpful to suppress smoke. The TG-FTIR data showed that the composites with APP had a higher thermal stability than the EVA/LDH composites at high temperature. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:766–776, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2021
·Vol. 33
·期 2
·534-545
·
IF 3.665
Chen Cheng,Yanling Lu,Junfeng Cai,Jun Yan,Shaojie Li,Shiguo Du
To improve the flame retardance and compatibility of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) via an environmentally friendly method, l -lysine (Lys), a bio-based amino acid, was selected as the surface-modifier for APP in this work. Lys-modified APP (L-APP) was prepared through the cation exchange reaction, and its morphology and chemical composition were characterized comprehensively. The characterization results demonstrated the fabrication of Lys shell structure on the surface of APP. Additionally, the thermogravimetric analysis illustrated that the char-forming ability of APP was significantly improved by the Lys shell structure. The flame retardance of APP and L-APP on epoxy resin (EP) was evaluated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94), and cone calorimeter tests (CCT). The results showed that EP blending with 15 wt% L-APP (EP/L-APP15) passed V-0 rating, and got an LOI value of 31.7%. In the CCT, compared to the pristine EP, the peak heat release rate and total smoke production of EP/L-APP15 were decreased by 77.6% and 47.1%, respectively. It was confirmed that the good flame retardance and smoke suppression performance of L-APP can be attributed to the phosphorus-containing intumescent char residuals formed during combustion process. The tensile strain tests were conducted to assess the mechanical properties of EP composites. The results demonstrated that compared to pristine APP, L-APP possessed weakened impact on the tensile strain property of EP, which was beneficial to the practical application.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
·
2025
·
IF 6.2
Dongyang Qiu,Mohammad Zaid Kamil,Mohammad Alauddin,Lijuan Liu,Xianfeng Chen,Chuyuan Huang,Paul Amyotte
Magnesium (Mg) dust in metal processing and energy settings exhibits high explosion sensitivity and strong destructiveness, readily triggering cascading accidents. To precisely control this risk, this study mechanochemically prepared montmorillonite (MMT) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) composite inhibitors, established a vertical combustion duct platform, evaluated its suppression efficacy for Mg dust explosions, and combined residue characterization, thermal analysis, and Chemkin simulations to elucidate the synergistic suppression mechanism. The MMT/APP composite outperformed single components; at an inerting ratio (α) = 1.25, the 1:1 formulation fragmented the flame, prevented the formation of a continuous front, and self-extinguished at mid-duct. Relative to pure Mg dust, the maximum flame velocity ( V max ) decreased by 91.5%; the peak flame front pressure ( P max ) and the maximum rate of pressure rise (( dP / dt ) max ) were reduced by 97.6% and 98.0%, respectively; and the peak temperature ( T p ) fell to 236°C. Mechanistically, MMT provides endothermy alongside heat and mass transfer shielding. At elevated temperature, MMT forms refractory SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 phases and lamellae that suppress O 2 diffusion and interparticle heat conduction. Gas phase reaction kinetics simulations indicate that APP decomposes endothermically to generate nitrogen and phosphorus-containing intermediates that markedly deplete the O radical, manifested as rapid chain termination along the nitrogen pathway and sustained suppression along the phosphorus pathway. This study provides quantitative guidance for the formulation of efficient Mg dust inhibitors and supports improvements in the inherent safety of Mg processing.
研究领域:
安全工程
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材料科学
·
化学工程
·
燃烧学
·
工业安全
·
热力学
·
反应动力学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2020
·Vol. 137
·期 48
·49591
·
IF 2.52
Jiaji Cheng,Shaoshuai Niu,Dan Ma,Yue Zhou,Feng Zhang,Wenjuan Qu,Dong Wang,Shaoxiang Li,Xinlong Zhang,Xianqun Chen
In this article, a flame retardant microcapsule ammonium polyphosphate microencapsulated by polyurea (POAPP) was successfully synthesized by interfacial polymerization method using ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as core and polyurea as shell. The microencapsulation is observed by scanning electron microscopy and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and hydroscopicity test, which prove the success in synthesizing microencapsulation. When the POAPP is added into rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), the flame retardant and mechanical properties are investigated using cone calorimeter, limited oxygen index test, and compressive strength test. The PHRR of RPUF-POAPP20 decreased from 336.52 kW/m 2 (Ref. RPUF) to 203.84 kW/m 2 and the THR of RPUF-POAPP20 was only 7.6 MJ/m 2 , which is 33.9% lower than that of Ref. RPUF. Furthermore, the limiting oxygen index of RPUF-POAPP20 reaches 24.8%, which increased by 36.3% compared to Ref. RPUF. Whereas the maximum compressive strength of RPUF-POAPP5 was 7.46 MPa, which is higher than that of RPUF-APP5.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2020
·
IF 3.99
Xiaoguo Zhang,Fengzhen Zhang,Wei Zhang,Xiuhua Tang,Hua-Jun Shawn Fan
The aim of this study is to improve the interaction between ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and epoxy resin (EP) matrix. The modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) with hydrophobic property was prepared by the cationic latex via electrostatic interaction. The results showed that the hydrophobicity and thermal stability of MAPP were improved over APP. The increased hydrophobicity of MAPP facilitated its mixing efficiency with EP matrix and the mechanic property results of EP/MAPP composites supported an enhancement of interfacial interaction between MAPP and EP matrix. For example, the impact strength of EP/MAPP13.5 (13.5 wt part of APP per hundred EP matrix) was 15.58 kJ m −2 , compared with 12.47 kJ m −2 of EP/APP13.5, while the tensile strength increased from 51.06 MPa of EP/APP13.5 to 61.76 MPa of EP/MAPP13.5. Such interfacial interaction improvement would assist the stress transfer and adsorption of impact energy. In addition, the MAPP showed little impact on the flame resistance properties of APP. For example, both EP/APP13.5 and EP/MAPP13.5 composites had V-0 grade in the vertical burning tests.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH
·
2023
·Vol. 30
·期 10
·1-13
·
IF 2.8
Li Heng,Chen Limiao,Li Zhongbei,Wang Wengui,Liu Ying,Huang Xuemei,Liu Yaochi
The combination of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds has synergistic flame retardant effect, but the addition of low phosphorus content compounds is large, which affects the mechanical properties of polymers. Phosphorus ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with high phosphorus content and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) doped with SiO 2 were used for the flame retardant (CN-Si-APP) of polyamide 6 (PA6). CN-Si-APPs with different APP/CN mass ratio (1, 2.5 and 4) and dosage (7 and 12 wt%) were blended with PA6 via a twin-screw extruder, and their flame retardancy was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 test, muffle furnace carbonization test and raman spectroscopy. When only APP added, the coefficient of water absorption (CWA) of composites increased and its tensile strength greatly reduced by nearly 37.1% to 35.39 MPa. The addition of g-C 3 N 4 inhibited the water absorption. When the addition dosage is 7%, the CWA of PA6/APP, PA6/CN-Si-APP2.5, PA6 and PA6/CN were 11.1, 6.86, 5.78 and 4.6%, respectively. SiO 2 effectively improved the dispersion of g-C 3 N 4 and the mechanical properties of composites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the char residue of PA6 composites was improved significantly. The composite with 7 wt% CN-Si-APP4 passed the UL-94 V-0 rating. The LOI value and graphitization degree (I D /I G ) of PA6/12 wt% CN-Si-APP2.5 reached 28.7% and 2.93 respectively. Under the same dosage, the graphitization degree of CN-Si-APP2.5 (3.51) was higher than that of g-C 3 N 4 (3.98). The barrier protection of g-C 3 N 4 , catalytic effect of APP and SiO 2 crosslinking network promoted PA6 to form a dense and stable char layer, which protected PA6 composites from the flame. The strategy of synergistic flame retardant in this paper provides a valuable solution for reducing the amount of flame retardant.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER
·
2024
·
IF 4.1
Hongyang Deng,Lixian Guo,Keping Chen,Ping Zhang,Yewei Xu,Ningning Song,Chunrong Tian,Jianhua Wang,Shuen Liang
Polyurea (PUA) elastomers have gained increasing attention in both defense and civilian fields due to its remarkable mechanical properties and protective capabilities. However, its high flammability significantly limits its application in many fields. It is challenging to achieve high flame retardant rating and maintain high mechanical properties simultaneously. Synergistic combination of different types of flame retardants is essential for this purpose. Herein we report a highly efficient synergistic combination of 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and ammonium phosphate (APP) for flame retardance of PUA. BTDA contributes to excellent char-forming in solid phase, and APP contributes to radical scavenging in gaseous phase. By incorporating BTDA and APP as additive flame retardants in PUA, the melt dripping in combustion was entirely suppressed, and V-0 rating in UL-94 test was achieved. The heat release rate and the release of smoke and toxic gases were greatly reduced. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties of PUA were maintained very well. The PUA composites with outstanding flame retardancy and mechanical properties may serve as ideal protective materials in a variety of applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2025
·Vol. 36
·期 1
·e70045
·
IF 3.4
Jiahao Duan,Congling Shi,Ling Yang,Xiaodong Qian,Mei Wan,Hongqing Zhu,Houwang Wang
In the recent years, the development of high-performance flame retardants (FRs) for thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) has become increasingly important due to its wide applications in various industries and the growing demand for fire safety. In this study, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was used as the core, whereas chitosan (CS) and nano-silica (SiO 2 ) served as the shell to create a shell–core-structured FR through a self-assembly process in an aqueous phase. APP, APP@CS, and APP@CS@SiO 2 were incorporated into TPU at a concentration of 20 wt%, and their effects on TPU properties were compared. The findings showed that APP@CS@SiO 2 exhibited superior flame retardancy for TPU. Compared to pure TPU, the TPU/APP@CS@SiO 2 showed reductions in peak heat release rate, total heat release, peak smoke production rate, total smoke production, peak CO production rate, and peak CO 2 production rate by 58%, 80%, 80.5%, 89.1%, 20.4%, and 60.1%, respectively. Additionally, APP@CS@SiO 2 effectively inhibited the thermal degradation of TPU and enhanced its thermal stability, resulting in the residual carbon content of the composite rising to 28.5%, which is about 20 times higher than that of pure TPU. In conclusion, APP@CS@SiO 2 significantly improved the fire safety of TPU by efficiently catalyzing char formation in the condensed phase, diluting flammable gases, and hindering gas-phase free radical chain reactions, thereby opening new avenues for the practical application of TPU composites.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER COMPOSITES
·
2013
·Vol. 35
·期 4
·715-729
·
IF 1.482
Zaihang Zheng,Huimin Sun,Wenjie Li,Shuangling Zhong,Juntao Yan,Xuejun Cui,Hongyan Wang
In this article, co-microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) [M(A&A)] was prepared by using 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and melamine (MEL) via in situ surface polymerization method. The chemical composition of M(A&A) was confirmed by Fourier transform-infrared spectra (FT-IR). Thermal behavior and surface morphology of M(A&A) were systematically analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. Water solubility tests indicate that water solubility of M(A&A) decreases greatly than un-microencapsulated ones. Besides, flame retardant properties of polypropylene (PP) compositing with M(A&A) were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests (UL-94) and cone calorimeter. The results demonstrate the LOI value of PP composites is improved after combining with co-microencapsulated flame retardants. Compared with PP/A&A, the peak heat release rate of PP/M(A&A) decreases from 210 to 120 kW/m 2 at the same flame retardant loading level. Moreover, in order to investigate the flame retardant mechanism, the char residue of PP composites after combustion was studied by optical photos, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra and FT-IR. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:715–729, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
研究领域:
高分子科学
·
材料工程
·
防火安全工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）