CHEMOSPHERE
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2017
·
IF 4.208
Na Liu,Yipeng Wang,Fei Ge,Shixiang Liu,Huaixian Xiao
The interaction of nanoparticles with coexisting chemicals affects the fate and transport of nanoparticles, as well as their combined effects on aquatic organisms. Here, we evaluated the joint effect of ZnO nanoparticle (nano-ZnO) and cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris and explored the possible mechanism. Results showed that an antagonistic effect of nano-ZnO and CTAC (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg L −1 ) was found because CTAC stop nano-ZnO being broken down into solution zinc ions (Zn 2+ ). In the presence of CTAC, the zinc (including nano-ZnO and released Zn 2+ ) showed a higher adsorption on bound extracellular polymeric substances (B-EPS) but lower accumulation in the algal cells. Moreover, we directly demonstrated that nano-ZnO was adsorbed on the algal B-EPS and entered into the algal cells by transmission electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (TEM-EDX). Hence, these results suggested that the combined system of nano-ZnO and CTAC exhibited an antagonistic effect due to the inhibition of CTAC on dissolution of nano-ZnO and accumulation of the zinc in the algal cells.
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WATER RESEARCH
·
2025
·
IF 12.4
Jiazheng Ding,Danyang Wang,Bin Ji,Anjie Li,Xiao-yan Li
Algal-bacterial granular sludge technology holds significant promise for treating municipal wastewater with carbon emission reduction. However, its practical application has been constrained by the long startup period. In this study, bio-hydrogels co-encapsulating autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria ( Nitrosomonas europaea ) and photomixotrophic microalgae ( Chlorella vulgaris ) were used in a microalgal-bacterial granules system (MBGS) for the treatment of low C/N wastewater. The operating conditions of the MBGS system included inoculation volume ratio of 1:6 (bio-hydrogel granules: wastewater), initial biomass of 0.33 g suspended solids (SS) /L, light intensity of 300 μmol/m 2 ·s, and no aeration. The results showed that this strategy reduced the typical MBGS startup period to just 6 days, with biomass accumulation (1.53 g SS/L, >4 g SS/L after running 120 days) and efficient chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) removal (effluent COD <20.00 mg/L and TN <2.50 mg/L). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the symbiosis with Nitrosomonas significantly upregulated the expression of the PetH gene, which encodes a reductase ( EC:1.18.1.2 ) in the photosynthetic system of Chlorella (log₂ fold change=13.63), thereby enhancing the supply of NADPH required for the Calvin cycle. Concurrently, the expression of the rbcL gene, encoding the large subunit of Rubisco in Chlorella , was upregulated by 1.4-fold, which promoted photosynthetic carbon fixation. The symbiosis also suppressed heterotrophic metabolism in Chlorella , as evidenced by downregulation of 72.5 % of genes in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of encapsulating material biodegradation on the bio-hydrogel structure. In addition, cell proliferation of Chlorella was stimulated (over 13-fold upregulation of DNA replication licensing factors MCM5 and MCM6), which increased biomass and nutrient removal efficiency. Furthermore, a higher light intensity of 400 μmol/m²/s promoted a significant increase in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content (106.76 mg/g SS), improved granule stability (integrity coefficient < 20 %), and enhanced biomass production (4.68 g SS/L after 120 days of operation). These findings highlight a promising strategy for sustainable wastewater treatment.
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2016
·
IF 5.31
Binbin Zhang,Jiarun Li,Xia Zhao,Xiuhua Hu,Lihui Yang,Ning Wang,Yantao Li,Baorong Hou
Marine corrosion and biofouling on metallic materials are sticky problems. Herein, we prepared hierarchical structured superhydrophobic (SHPB) surfaces via a versatile one step electrodeposition approach. The synthetic SHPB surface was employed as an efficient barrier against corrosion and Chlorella vulgaris -induced biofouling. The surface morphology and chemical compositions were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) and Energy-dispersive spectrum (EDS). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization and immersion test in Chlorella vulgaris -inoculated culture medium were carried out to evaluate the anti-corrosion and anti-biofouling performance of the obtained SHPB surface. The results demonstrated that the synthetic SHPB surface exhibits great enhanced corrosion resistance and biofouling mitigation. Moreover, the as-fabricated SHPB surfaces retain superhydrophobicity in wicked environment such as strong acid and alkali conditions, showing good chemical stability. We believe that the SHPB surfaces over metallic substrates provide a potential and worthful strategy for marine corrosion and biofouling.
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Desalination and Water Treatment
·
2026
·
IF 3.4
Wei Liu,Jin Wang,Yan Hao,Qinghong Zhang,Kecun Ma,Mei Liu,Zhi Chen,Qingguo Chen
Norfloxacin (NFX) is a widely used antibiotic that poses a persistent threat to aquatic ecosystems. The combination of photocatalysis and microalgae has emerged as a promising strategy for antibiotic removal. However, current research predominantly focuses on optimizing photocatalytic conditions and overall system efficiency, often neglecting the dynamic physiological state of microalgae when exposed to the photocatalytic degradation products of NFX (PDPN), which is the mixture of intermediates after 2 h ZGF photocatalysis of 8 mg/L NFX. This study constructed a synergistic degradation system employing a ZnO/g-C 3 N 4 /Fe 3 O 4 (ZGF) composite photocatalyst and Chlorella vulgaris for PDPN removal. Within this synergistic system, our primary focus was on the microalgal activity when cultured in a medium prepared from the PDPN. The results indicated the degradation rate of PDPN reached 82.1% in the synergistic degradation system. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that microalgae exhibited enhanced adaptability to these products, which were generated from ZGF photocatalytic pre-treatment of NFX. Key functional categories, including catalytic activity, oxidoreductase activity, and cytochrome P450 drug metabolism were significantly upregulated. This study indicates that the ZGF/microalgae system simultaneously achieves efficient pollutant degradation and maintains high metabolic potential as revealed by transcriptomic profiling, providing crucial insights for developing stable and sustainable bioremediation technologies.
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Food Frontiers
·
2026
·Vol. 7
·期 2
·e70255
·
IF 6.3
Yan Liu,Zhongyuan Wei,Qiao Wang,Xin Liu,Zhiyong Gong
Polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) size determines their adsorption by Chlorella vulgaris , which induces size-dependent changes in cell membrane properties, and these two effects synergistically regulate the alga's heavy metal adsorption capacity via the carrier effect of PS-NPs. By using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), it assessed resultant changes in cellular membrane parameters and explored the influence of different-sized PS-NPs, acting as carriers, on algal adsorption of heavy metals. C. vulgaris achieved adsorption for three nanoparticle size fractions within 1 h. Following uptake by C. vulgaris , PS-NPs of different sizes exhibited distinct intracellular and extracellular distribution patterns. Smaller NPs entered cells, while larger ones remained surface-bound. Following adsorption of polystyrene nanoparticles of varying sizes, C. vulgaris exhibited alterations in cell membrane parameters, including increased hydrophobicity and decreased permeability. These changes were size-dependent. Notably, PS-NPs of different sizes demonstrated distinct capacities for adsorbing Hg 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Pb 2+ . PS-NPs were found to influence the adsorption of these heavy metals by C. vulgaris through altering cell membrane parameters and acting as carriers for the metal ions, thereby modifying the alga's equilibrium adsorption capacity.
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ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
·
2024
·
IF 6.2
Yang Liu,Xia Wang,Bo Pan,Zhuo Wei,Jing Zhao,Hao Qiu,Christian E.W. Steinberg,Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg,Martina G. Vijver
A suspension of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) is a mixture of dissolved and particulate Cu, the relative proportions of which highly depend on the water chemistry. However, the relationship between different proportions of particulate and dissolved Cu and the overall toxicity of CuO NPs is still unknown. This study investigated the response of Chlorella vulgaris to CuO NPs at varying solution pH and at different tannic acid (TA) additions, with a focus on exploring whether and how dissolved and particulate Cu contribute to the overall toxicity of CuO NPs. The results of the exposure experiments demonstrated the involvement of both dissolved and particulate Cu in inducing toxicity of CuO NPs, and the inhibition of CuO NPs on cell density of Chlorella vulgaris was found to be significantly ( p < 0.05) alleviated with increased levels of TA and pH (< 8). Using the independent action model, the contribution to toxicity of particulate Cu was found to be enhanced with increasing pH values and TA concentrations. The toxic unit indicator better ( R 2 = 0.86, p < 0.001) explained impacts of CuO NPs on micro-algae cells than commonly used mass concentrations ( R 2 = 0.27–0.77, p < 0.05) across different levels of pH and TA. Overall, our study provides an additivity-based method to improve the accuracy of toxicity prediction through including contributions to toxicity of both dissolved and particulate Cu and through eliminating the uneven distribution of data due to large variations in total Cu, particulate Cu, dissolved Cu, Cu 2+ activities, Cu-TA complexes and other Cu-complexes concentrations with varying water chemistry conditions.
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2021
·
IF 13.273
Zhihong Yin,Shuangxi Li,Dan Hu,Zhuo Li,Ruoyu Chu,Chenchen Liu,Xinzhu Li,Jiangjun Hu,Liandong Zhu
As an environmentally friendly bioflocculant, chitosan has a great application potential in the field of microalgae harvesting due to its biocompatibility. In this work, three different inorganic clay minerals (kaolin, montmorillonite, and diatomite) were selected to prepare chitosan-clay composite materials (CTS/KAL, CTS/MML and CTS/DTE) as flocculants to harvest microalgae cells. The harvesting capacities of CTS/KAL, CTS/MML and CTS/DTE were accordingly 97.37%, 97.81% and 98.34% for microalgae cells under the dosage of 60 mg/L, microalgae concentration of 0.923 g/L, settling time of 30 min and pH of 10. CTS/DTE showed excellent harvesting performance for microalgae cells, mainly due to the enhancement of charge neutralization, sweeping and bridging effects. Based on the phenomenological theory, the second-order polynomial model was used to analyze the influences of different external factors on the microalgae harvesting efficiency. A reasonable performance relationship between CTS-clays for harvesting of microalgae cells and external factors was established. The analysis of carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids of microalgae biomass collected by CTS/KAL, CTS/MML, CTS/DTE and centrifugation showed that the harvesting of CTS-clay did not influence the properties of biomass. The experimental results of water resource recycling and re-cultivation after microalgae harvesting by CTS/KAL, CTS/MML and CTS/DTE exhibited that the growth rates of 50% circulating medium + 50% fresh BG11 culture medium were accordingly 2.512, 2.466 and 2.572 times higher than those of 100% circulating medium. It is concluded that chitosan-clay composite materials are efficient and environmentally friendly flocculants with a great applicable potential in microalgae harvesting.
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Environmental Technology & Innovation
·
2025
·
IF 7.1
Minghua Liu,Ran Bi,Guang Wang,Donghui Han,Zhuang Wang,Juan Wu,Ping Ding,Ye Wu,Shou Yang,Qi Yu
The widespread use of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 NPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) in sunscreens necessitates a deeper understanding of their size-dependent aquatic toxicity and interaction mechanisms. This study systematically evaluates the individual and combined effects of TiO 2 NPs (5-10, 40, 100 nm) and ZnONPs (30, 50, 90 nm) on Chlorella vulgaris , integrating physicochemical behavior, oxidative stress responses, and interaction effects. ZnONPs exhibited 5.0–12.6 times higher toxicity than TiO 2 NPs, with EC 50 values of 55.9–77.0 mg L -1 for ZnONPs versus 385.8–704.3 mg L -1 for TiO 2 NPs. Smaller TiO 2 NPs (5–10 nm) showed greater toxicity ( EC 50 = 385.8 mg L -1 ) than larger ones (704.3 mg L -1 for 100 nm), while larger ZnONPs (90 nm) released 40% more Zn 2+ ions than smaller ones (20% for 30 nm). Joint toxicity presented was antagonistic at high concentrations but synergistic at low ( EC 5 ) and environmental levels ( p < 0.05). Small-sized mixtures (10 nm TiO 2 NPs + 30 nm ZnONPs) and large-sized mixtures (100 nm TiO 2 NPs + 90 nm ZnONPs) elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 1.8-fold compared to individual treatments. After 48 h depuration, reductions in MDA and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities suggested cellular self-recovery, except the medium-sized mixtures remained persistent reactive oxygen species (ROS) depletion and impaired enzymatic recovery at specific concentration levels. These results provide new insights into nanoparticle toxicity mechanisms, underscoring that synergistic effects at environmentally realistic concentrations (ng L -1 to μg L -1 ) may pose unanticipated ecological risks to primary producers and disrupt aquatic food webs.
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COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES
·
2016
·
IF 3.902
Farooq Ahmad,Xing Zhou,Hongzhou Yao,Ying Zhou,Chao Xu
The present study explored the interaction and kinetics of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) with acid phosphatase (ACP) by utilizing diverse range of spectroscopic techniques. The results corroborate, the CoFe 2 O 4 NPs cause fluorescence quenching in ACP by static quenching mechanism. The negative values of van’t Hoff thermodynamic expressions (Δ H = −0.3293 J mol −1 K −1 and Δ G = −3.960 kJ mol −1 K −1 ) corroborate the spontaneity and exothermic nature of static quenching. The positive value of ΔS (13.2893 J mol −1 K −1 ) corroborate that major contributors of higher and stronger binding affinity among CoFe 2 O 4 NPs with ACP were electrostatic. In addition, FTIR, UV-CD, UV–vis spectroscopy and three dimensional fluorescence (3D) techniques confirmed that CoFe 2 O 4 NPs binding induces microenvironment perturbations leading to secondary and tertiary conformation changes in ACP to a great extent. Furthermore, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) affirmed the comparatively significant changes in microenvironment around tryptophan (Trp) residue by CoFe 2 O 4 NPs. The effect of CoFe 2 O 4 NPs on the activation kinetics of ACP was further examined in Chlorella vulgaris . Apparent Michaelis constant (Km) values of 0.57 and 26.5 mM with activation energy values of 0.538 and 3.428 kJ mol −1 were determined without and with 200 μM CoFe 2 O 4 NPs. Apparent Vmax value of −7 Umml −1 corroborate that enzyme active sites were completely captured by the NPs leaving no space for the substrate. The results confirmed that CoFe 2 O 4 NPs ceased the activity by unfolding of ACP enzyme. This suggests CoFe 2 O 4 NPs perturbed the enzyme activity by transitions in conformation and hence the metabolic activity of ACP. This study provides the pavement for novel and simple approach of using sensitive biomarkers for sensing NPs in environment.
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Foods
·
2025
·Vol. 14
·期 9
·1637
·
IF 5.1
Weiheng Kong,Xianjiang Lin,Jing Ye,Yanbin Lu
In this study, an efficient and eco-friendly method was developed for continuous liquid–liquid extraction of lutein from microalgaeChlorella vulgaris. By employing a limonene-based biphasic liquid system, high-purity lutein was successfully obtained from the crude extract in a single run via centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). Evaluation and optimization results demonstrated that limonene could effectively serve as a replacement forn-hexane as the solvent system for lutein extraction, exhibiting natural renewability and minimal environmental impact. Furthermore, the elution–extrusion operation mode was employed to fully exploit the liquid nature of the stationary phase in the extraction process, allowing for continuous sampling and separation without interruption. This proposed protocol offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative for extracting valuable ingredients from microalgae biomass, demonstrating its potential as a scalable solution for producing lutein-enriched ingredients applicable to functional foods and nutraceuticals.
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WATER RESEARCH
·
2023
·
IF 12.8
Xiaolei Liu,Bin Ji,Anjie Li
Microalgae-bacteria symbiotic systems were known to have great potential for simultaneous water purification and resource recovery, among them, microalgae-bacteria biofilm/granules have attracted much attention due to its excellent effluent quality and convenient biomass recovery. However, the effect of bacteria with attached-growth mode on microalgae, which has more significance for bioresource utilization, has been historically ignored. Thus, this study attempted to explore the responses of C. vulgaris to extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extracted from aerobic granular sludge (AGS), for enhancing the understanding of microscopic mechanism of attached microalgae-bacteria symbiosis. Results showed that the performance of C. vulgaris was effectively boosted with AGS-EPS treatment at 12–16 mg TOC/L, highest biomass production (0.32±0.01 g/L), lipid accumulation (44.33±5.69%) and flocculation ability (20.83±0.21%) were achieved. These phenotypes were promoted associated with bioactive microbial metabolites in AGS-EPS (N-acyl-homoserine lactones, humic acid and tryptophan). Furthermore, the addition of CO 2 triggered carbon flow into the storage of lipids in C. vulgaris , and the synergistic effect of AGS-EPS and CO 2 for improving microalgal flocculation ability was disclosed. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed up-regulation of synthesis pathways for fatty acid and triacylglycerol that was triggered by AGS-EPS. And within the context of CO 2 addition, AGS-EPS substantially upregulated the expression of aromatic protein encoding genes, which further enhanced the self-flocculation of C. vulgaris . These findings provide novel insights into the microscopic mechanism of microalgae-bacteria symbiosis, and bring new enlightenment to wastewater valorization and carbon-neutral operation of wastewater treatment plants based on the symbiotic biofilm/biogranules system.
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JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
·
2023
·
IF 13.6
Yongrui Pi,Wenpeng Jia,Shengkai Chi,Hongke Meng,Yongzheng Tang
The Chlorella vulgaris - Rhodococcus erythropolis consortia was constructed for the biodegradation of waste motor oil (WMO), combined with thermodynamic calculations and stoichiometric analyses. The microalgae-bacteria consortium was constructed as C. vulgaris : R. erythropolis = 1:1 (biomass, cell/mL), pH = 7, 3 g/L WMO. Under the same condition, the terminal electron acceptors (TEAs) play a crucial role in the WMO biodegradation, which follows Fe 3+ >SO 4 2- > none. The biodegradation of WMO fitted well with the first-order kinetic model under experimental temperatures with different TEAs ( R 2 >0.98). The WMO biodegradation efficiency reached 99.2 % and 97.1 % with Fe 3+ and SO 4 2− as TEAs at 37 °C, respectively. Thermodynamic methanogenesis opportunity windows with Fe 3+ as TEA are 2.72 times fold as large as those with SO 4 2- . Microorganism metabolism equations demonstrated the viability of anabolism and catabolism on WMO. This work lays the groundwork for the implementation of WMO wastewater bioremediation and supports research into the biochemical process of WMO biotransformation .
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