CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
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2022
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IF 16.744
Jiankan Zhang,Fengqi Zhao,Hui Li,Zhifeng Yuan,Ming Zhang,Yanjing Yang,Qing Pei,Ying Wang,Xueli Chen,Zhao Qin
Micron-sized aluminum particles tend to melt into agglomerates, leading to incomplete combustion, two-phase flow losses, and energy decrease of propellants. The higher ignition performance of core–shell Al@Ni makes it a promising candidate fuel with high combustion efficiency. However, little work has been done to study the combustion of Al@Ni in propellants. Here, we report a first attempt to investigate the combustion mechanism of core–shell Al@Ni in the double-based propellant containing high energy explosive HMX , and evaluate its potential as a fuel. Nickel in Al@Ni is determined to play a critical role during its intrinsic combustion and the combustion in propellants. In the condensed phase, the presence of Ni enhances the oxidation process by forming a porous oxide layer on the aluminum surface that promotes oxygen diffusion. Subsequently the phase transition and expansion of Ni break down this oxide layer, leading to the earlier ignition on the burning surface. Upon Al melting, the alloying of Ni and Al accelerates the volume expansion and surface tension reduction of the fuel, giving rise to vigorous melt-dispersion combustion and enhanced energy release. Enhanced thermal feedback and thermal decomposition exotherm combined to increase the burning rate of propellant. The resulting higher flame temperature allows the evaporation of small aluminum droplets into vapor to form smoke oxide productions, further reducing the size distribution of the condensed combustion products (CCPs). This study demonstrates the potential of Al@Ni as an effective fuel for double-based propellants, and provides the insight into its combustion mechanism in HMX-CMDB propellants, which is believed to be important for the development of novel aluminum-based fuels for solid propellants.
研究领域:
材料科学
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燃烧与推进
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DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2025
·Vol. 17
·期 12
·1702
·
IF 4.9
Ningxin Ma,Wenzheng Xu,Xiaolong Chang,Shuying Lan
The issue of interfacial inhomogeneity in energetic materials remains a significant challenge. In this study, fluoroelastomer F2602 was applied to HMX crystals using a water suspension granulation technique, followed by a bio-inspired coating formed via the crosslinking polymerization of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and pyrogallol (PG) on the HMX/F2602 composite. This process resulted in the formation of an HMX/F2602/PEI-PG microcapsule structure. Various characterization techniques confirmed that the chemical structure and polycrystalline morphology of the crystals were preserved throughout the coating process, maintaining the characteristic β-HMX morphology. The introduction of the PG–PEI shell significantly improved the coating coverage and minimized the exposure of crystal surfaces. Furthermore, compared to HMX/F2602, the HMX/F2602/PEI-PG composite exhibited notably enhanced thermal stability and reduced mechanical sensitivity. These improvements are attributed to the advantageous effects of the microcapsule structure formed by the bio-inspired coating on the material’s properties.
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CRYSTENGCOMM
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2025
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IF 2.6
Justin Darku Quansah,Xuexue Zhang,Zhi-Hua Xue,Qi-Long Yan
Insensitive hybrid energetic crystals of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) were successfully synthesized by intercalation of triaminoguanidine-glyoxal crosslinked graphene oxide (GO-TAGP) at varying concentrations (0.5–2.0 wt%). The resulting composites exhibited enhanced density (3.2% increase for GO–TAGP modified HMX and 2.8% for GO-TAGP modified CL-20) and improved thermal stability, attributed to strong interfacial interactions between the GO-TAGP and the energetic molecules. This study investigates the correlation between GO-TAGP content and mechanical properties, which critically influence the initiation sensitivity of these hybrid nitramine crystals. Nanoindentation tests revealed a 14% increase in maximum load capacity (from 35 mN to 40 mN) for GO-TAGP reinforced HMX compared to pure β-HMX, along with a 10% higher displacement before failure. Similarly, GO-TAGP modified CL-20 demonstrated a 17% improvement in elastic modulus (from 8.7 GPa to 10.2 GPa) and a 22% increase in hardness (from 0.45 GPa to 0.55 GPa) at optimal GO loading. The elevated modulus values confirm that GO-TAGP reinforcement significantly enhances structural rigidity, enabling the composites to endure greater mechanical stress without deformation. Concurrently, the hardness improvements suggest superior resistance to localized plastic deformation, indicative of a more robust interfacial bonding within the modified crystal lattice. These enhancements contribute to reduced mechanical sensitivity, ensuring safer handling and storage of these high-energy materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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应用物理学
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纳米技术
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DOI
高影响因子
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
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2017
·Vol. 42
·期 9
·1057-1065
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IF 1.908
Tao Liu,Chengzhen Geng,Baohui Zheng,Shangbin Li,Guan Luo
To improve the safety of cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) particles, a novel strategy was developed for the fabrication of graphene oxide encapsulated HMX (HMX@GO) by electrostatic self-assembly between graphene oxide and HMX particles. The prepared samples were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photon spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and water contact angle tests. The results revealed that GO sheets were coated densely and homogeneously on the HMX particles in a HMX@GO composite at a low GO content of about 0.23 wt %. Compared with that of raw HMX, the impact sensitivity of the HMX@GO composite decreased from 100 % to 30 %, and the 50 % probability of required ignition energy (E 50 ) in the electrostatic spark sensitivity test increased from 0.66 J for HMX to 1.12 J for the HMX@GO composite, suggesting that the electrostatically self-assembled GO coating layer could obviously enhance the safety of HMX.
研究领域:
材料科学
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含能材料
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纳米复合材料
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安全工程
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DOI
高影响因子
MOLECULES
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2026
·Vol. 31
·期 11
·1911
·
IF 5.1
Shimin Zhang,Nan Wu,Kaixuan Jia,Xinyue Huang,Xudong Wu,Conghua Hou,Honglu Li,Jingyu Wang
High-energy insensitive energetic materials are currently a research focus. Octogen (HMX) is one of the best-performing nitramine explosives, but its poor crystal morphology causes high mechanical sensitivity, limiting its application. This study proposed a method combining spheroidization, nanosizing, and coating desensitization. Nano-SiO2and TiO2were used to modify methyl methacrylate (MMA), and HMX/PMMA composite energetic microspheres were successfully prepared with the assistance of an ultraviolet (UV) lamp for catalytic polymerization. Molecular dynamics simulations determined the optimal particle ratios, and the effects of modifier content on morphology, crystal form, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and static mechanical properties were experimentally investigated. The prepared HMX/PMMA/modifier microspheres exhibited uniform size, dense structure, excellent performance, and ideal coating. Thermal decomposition kinetics showed that the activation energy of HMX/PMMA/SiO2(0.75 wt% SiO2) increased by 79.86 kJ/mol and 27.55 kJ/mol compared with raw HMX and HMX/PMMA, respectively. Its impact sensitivity was 3.6 times that of raw HMX, and its friction sensitivity was twice that of raw HMX. Static mechanical analysis revealed that the compressive strength of HMX/PMMA/SiO2(0.75 wt% SiO2) and HMX/PMMA/TiO2(0.5 wt% TiO2) microspheres increased by 7.3 MPa and 6.1 MPa, respectively, over HMX/PMMA, indicating significant improvement. Overall, HMX/PMMA/SiO2and HMX/PMMA/TiO2microspheres prepared by photoinitiated emulsion polymerization exhibited excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties.
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
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2026
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IF 5.4
Jiao Feng,Wenjie Liu,Penglin Kang,Wenyu Wu,Xiaoyan Chen,Jie Guo,Xiangxin Wu,Xiaojuan Fu,Xiaodong Li
High-energy composite microspheres are fabricated using coaxial flow-focusing microdroplet technology. • Fluorinated additives enhance the thermal stability and combustion performance of HMX-based microspheres. • Comprehensive analysis of microstructure, chemical structure, and thermal decomposition behavior. • The microspheres exhibit excellent mechanical safety and controlled combustion characteristics. High-energy composite microspheres based on HMX were fabricated via coaxial flow-focused microdroplet technology to elucidate the role of functional components in regulating safety and energetic performance. Four composite systems, HMX/F2602, HMX/F2602/FGO, HMX/F2602/PTFE, and HMX/F2602/PVDF, were comparatively investigated using HMX/F2602 as the reference. The incorporation of fluorinated graphene oxide (FGO) resulted in microspheres with a well-defined spherical morphology, dense surfaces, high sphericity, and a narrow particle size distribution, with an average diameter of approximately 470 μm. XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed that all composites preserved the intrinsic chemical structure of HMX without detectable chemical transformation. Thermal analysis showed that HMX/F2602/FGO exhibited moderated decomposition behavior, achieving a favorable balance between thermal stability and reactivity, with an apparent activation energy intermediate among the studied systems and a reduced peak decomposition temperature. Mechanical sensitivity evaluation demonstrated significantly increased critical impact and friction thresholds compared with the other composites. Combustion tests further revealed enhanced combustion stability and increased luminous intensity, a shortened ignition delay time of 43.31 ms, and an extended combustion duration of 2.11 s. Overall, the incorporation of the two-dimensional FGO network provides an effective structural strategy to simultaneously enhance the mechanical safety and stabilize the deflagration behavior of HMX-based composites, offering valuable insights for the microstructural design of advanced energetic materials. In this study，HMX-based composite microspheres were prepared via coaxial flow-focused microdroplet technology. The incorporation of fluorinated graphene oxide (FGO) produced uniform microspheres with dense surfaces and narrow particle size distribution (∼470 μm) while preserving the intrinsic structure of HMX. The HMX/F/FGO system exhibited moderated thermal decomposition, enhanced mechanical safety, shortened ignition delay (43.31 ms), and prolonged combustion duration (2.11 s), demonstrating synergistic optimization of safety and energetic performance. Download: Download high-res image (225KB) Download: Download full-size image
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DOI
高影响因子
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
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2020
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IF 3.408
Hongli Bian,Lei Li,Ziqiang Shao,Jianxin Liu,Zhihua Li,Xuan Zhang
Octogen (HMX) composites are widely concerned as defensing weapon warhead due to the superior stability and high energy density . However, there still remain huge challenges for the fabrication of HMX composites with high loading capacity as well as reduced impact sensitivity. Among the various ecofriendly materials reported to date, cellulose has been highlighted as a promising carrier for HMX because of its natural abundance, low cost, physicochemical robustness, lightweight, and recyclability. Herein, we demonstrate a straightforward, eco-friendly suspension atomization regeneration process to prepare cellulose aerogel microspheres (CAMs). Then HMX was homogeneously embedded into the porous CAMs to obtain HMX composite materials (HCMs). As a result, a three-dimensional (3D) network-structure filled with a large number of HMX particles (93.8%) was achieved with insensitive features. Specifically, the impact sensitivity was decreased by 137.13%, the friction sensitivity was reduced to 0%, and the thermal stability of composite energetic materials was also greatly improved. The detonation velocity was estimated as 8136 m/s, almost the same as the calculated value. The combination of cellulose aerogels and HMX broadens the application of cellulose in energetic materials and brings unprecedented potential for energetic aerogel materials with ultra-high loading capacity.
研究领域:
材料科学
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国防科技
·
化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Energetic Materials
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2025
·
IF 1.9
Xiwei Xing,Pengsong Nie,Shaohua Jin,Kun Chen,Junfeng Wang,Feng Qing Shang,Na Wang
Polymer-bonded explosives (PBX) based on HMX offer exceptional detonation performance but are limited by high costs. This study investigates the feasibility of reducing costs by partially substituting HMX with RDX while maintaining energy output. Four HMX-based PBXs with RDX doping ratios of 0%, 8.3%, 16.6%, and 24.9% were prepared and characterized. Results indicate that RDX incorporation has minimal impact on the formulation’s microstructure. However, at 24.9% RDX content, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) revealed a 6°C decrease in decomposition peak temperature and a 15 kJ/mol drop in activation energy. Cylinder tests showed only a marginal reduction in Gurney energy (2.99 mm·μs⁻¹ vs. 2.97 mm·μs⁻¹). Validated by explosive driving tests and multi-physics simulations across various media, the velocity differences remain negligible. These findings confirm that partially replacing HMX with RDX is a viable, cost-effective strategy for PBX formulations without significantly compromising performance.
研究领域:
含能材料
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爆炸工程
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材料科学
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热分析
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爆轰物理
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN
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2026
·
IF 3.6
Ying Li,Wenhao Bai,Bindong Li
In recent years, plant polyphenols have emerged as promising, eco-friendly desensitizers for energetic materials. By employing a bionic interface design, we successfully constructed core–shell structured Cyclotetramethylene tetranitroamine (HMX)@polyphenol composites, wherein plant polyphenols form a continuous protective coating. This coating effectively shields the energetic core from external stimuli, leading to a significant improvement in safety. Specifically, the impact sensitivity of the composite was reduced by 1.92 times compared to that of pure HMX. This work successfully integrates the advantages of natural polyphenols with advanced material design, demonstrating substantial potential for developing safer energetic materials.
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DOI
高影响因子
FirePhysChem
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2026
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IF 5.1
Ying-Nan Dong,Yi-Fan Jiang,Wei-Qiang Pang,Feng-Qi Zhao,Ding Liu,Jing-Ni Wang,Chang Nie,Wen-Gang Qu
Enhancing the combustion efficiency of aluminum (Al) is a crucial research direction for solid propellants. Constructing an efficient fuel-oxidizer interaction environment through interfacial regulation is an effective approach. In this work, a synergistic strategy integrating polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-mediated interface regulation with core-shell structuring was adopted to fabricate a dual-layer core-shell Al@PVDF@HMX composite energetic materials (EMs). This composite exhibits an ultra-high heat of explosion (8416.8 J·g⁻¹), which is over 52.8% higher than that of the Al+HMX physical mixture. Explosion residue measurements show that the primary combustion products were AlN and Al₂O₃, and no large Al agglomerations were detected, meaning that the inhibition of Al particle agglomeration by the dual-layer core-shell structure and the shell-breaking combustion effect induced by PVDF should be the key factors for the heat of explosion enhancement. Simultaneously, it was demonstrated that the composite is superior safety to HMX, as its impact sensitivity (8%) and friction sensitivity (36%) are decreased by 91% and 64%, respectively. This work indicates that the dual-layer core-shell structured Al@PVDF@HMX can synergistically improve the reaction between Al and HMX, providing a new approach to improve the energy efficiency and safety of EMs.
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DOI
高影响因子
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
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2026
·
IF 2.2
Guo Chen,Yuchen Gao,Xianrui Shi,Yucheng Zhang
High solid content nitramine propellants are attractive for high-chamber-pressure tank weapons because of their high energy density, but their low-temperature mechanical reliability remains limited. In this work, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were surface-modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), oleic acid (OA), and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS), and introduced at 0.5 wt.% into an octogen (HMX) nitramine propellant. Their effects on thermal decomposition, combustion behavior, and mechanical properties were then examined. Structural characterization confirmed that all three treatments altered the CNFs surface chemistry and improved compatibility with the nitrocellulose/plasticizer matrix. DSC and TG results showed that CNFs incorporation did not noticeably change the main decomposition sequence or overall thermal stability of the propellant system. Closed-bomb tests likewise indicated only limited changes in overall combustion behavior, while temperature remained the dominant factor controlling the burning response. By contrast, the mechanical effect of CNFs was more evident under low-temperature conditions. Among the modified samples, CTAB-CNF showed the highest average impact strength at −40°C, increasing it from 4.10 kJ m − 2 to 5.05 kJ m − 2 . The observed behavior may be associated mainly with interfacial effects introduced by CNF surface modification. These results show that tailoring CNFs surface chemistry is a feasible way to improve the low-temperature mechanical reliability of high solid content nitramine propellants without sacrificing their intrinsic thermal and combustion characteristics.
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DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
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2026
·
IF 8.1
Sheng Wang,Dabin Liu,Qiang Li,Xiao-an Wei
A nitric acid-based route was developed for the safe and efficient recovery of HMX from decommissioned composite propellants via selective degradation of the polyurethane (PU) binder. At 60 °C, the combined acidity and oxidizing capacity of nitric acid promoted PU chain scission and dissolution, leading to pore formation and interfacial debonding that facilitated HMX release. The temperature increase from nitric acid-aluminum reactions remained controllable. The effects of propellant size, acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, reaction time, and temperature were evaluated using HMX yield, purity, and Al 3+ concentration in the filtrate as key metrics. Under optimized conditions, the HMX yield and purity reached 98.2% and 98.89%, respectively. FTIR, micro-FTIR, 1 H NMR, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analyses of pure PU degradation products identified the major degradation pathways of hydroxyl‑terminated PU in nitric acid, and molecular simulations were used to calculate reaction energies. SEM–EDS mapping at different depths confirmed interfacial selectivity and surface-to-interior propagation of the reaction front. Kinetic analysis showed that aluminum dissolution followed an interfacial reaction-controlled regime, with an apparent activation energy of 52.52 kJ mol -1 , whereas HMX release followed a first-order model with an apparent activation energy of 69.33 kJ mol -1 and was governed by binder-degradation-induced pore opening and mass transfer. The recovered HMX retained the β-HMX crystal form and its original ultrafine particle-size distribution. Overall, this route eliminates the need for fine propellant pulverization, simplifying the process and improving operational safety.
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DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）