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Seeking novel solar energy utilization and conversion methods has always been a frontier topic in energy research. Here, we propose a new way to directly photoelectrodeposit metals using solar energy based on semiconductor energy band theory . Three kinds of semiconductor photoanodes (TiO 2 , BiVO 4 and Fe 2 O 3 ) are employed to deposit metallic Cu or Bi at the cathode under illumination without external voltage. It is found that when TiO 2 and BiVO 4 are used as photoanodes, Cu, Cu 2 O and Bi can be continuously deposited on the cathode, but when Fe 2 O 3 photoanode is irradiated, no material comes out. The results prove that the potential of electrons in the conduction band determines whether photoelectric deposition occurs or not. The related mechanism involves the oxygen reduction reaction (OER) of the valence band holes of the photoanode, the collection of conduction band electrons by back electrode, as well as the reduction of metal ions on the counter electrode. In addition, we also put forward the concept of using the deposited Cu or Bi as the metal electrode to form a new metal-air battery to release chemical energy of the deposited metal.
Plants adjust their morphology in response to light environment by sensing an array of light cues. Though the wavelengths of ultraviolet-A1 radiation (UV-A1, 350–400 nm) are close to blue light (B, 400–500 nm) and share same flavoprotein photoreceptors, it remains poorly understood how plant responses to UV-A1 radiation could differ from those to B. We initially grown tomato plants under monochromatic red light (R, 660 nm) as control, subsequently transferred them to four dichromatic light treatments containing ~20 µmol m −2 s −1 of UV-A1 radiation, peaking at 370 nm (UV-A 370 ) or 400 nm (V 400 ), or B (450 nm, at ~20 or 1.5 µmol m −2 s −1 ), with same total photon irradiance (~200 μmol m −2 s −1 ). We show that UV-A 370 radiation was the most effective in inducing light-intercepting leaf-area display formation, resulting in larger leaf area and more shoot biomass, while it triggered weaker and later transcriptome-wide responses than B. Mechanistically, UV-A 370 -promoted leaf-area display response was apparent in less than 12 h and appeared as very weakly related to transcriptome level regulation, which likely depended on the auxin transportation and cell wall acidification. This study revealed wavelength-specific responses within UV-A/blue region challenging usual assumptions that the role of UV-A1 radiation function similarly as blue light in mediating plant processes.
The photoconductivity and the gas sensing property of TiO 2 at room temperature under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation were compared with those under visible light irradiation (≥420 nm), respectively. It was found that UV light could cause the photoconductivity of TiO 2 and its sensing response to both ethylene and oxygen, while the visible light at 420 nm could cause the photoconductivity of TiO 2 and its sensing response to oxygen but not to ethylene. This indicates that the photo-assisted gas sensing performance of TiO 2 was dependent on its light-excited behavior: The intrinsic excitation of TiO 2 induced by UV light could produce both the holes and electrons, which exhibited a respective response to ethylene and oxygen, while the extrinsic excitation of TiO 2 induced by visible light maybe only produced the free electrons but not free holes, resulting in only a response to oxygen. Furthermore, it was found that the visible-light enhanced conductivity maybe depend on the Ti–bonded hydroxyls (Ti–OH) at TiO 2 surface. With the removal of Ti–OH by increasing temperature, the visible light could not produce the photoconductivity of TiO 2 . It was proposed that Ti–OH groups act as the shallow trapped level to cause the extrinsic excitation of TiO 2 .
Smart optical films integrating multiple modalities (fluorescence, phosphorescence, transmission, and scattering) demonstrate significant potential for flexible displays and optical devices. However, fabricating such films remains challenging due to structural design complexity and material synthesis difficulties. Herein, a smart multimodal optical film (SMOF) is fabricated by embedding visible-light-excited phosphorescence nanoparticles (CD-SiO2 NPs) within the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix. Notably, the optical properties of SMOF are dynamically tunable through mechanical deformation and visible-light excitation, which effectively circumvent the intrinsic limitations of ultraviolet (UV) excitation. In the released state, the SMOF architecture demonstrates exceptional UV–vis transmittance, which is attributed to the similar refractive index between the PDMS and SiO2 NPs. Concurrently, this film facilitates green-emissive fluorescence and phosphorescence under flashlight excitation, thereby eliminating UV-induced photodegradation. In addition, mechanical deformation will induce the formation of cracks and voids at the CD-SiO2 NPs and PDMS matrix, which can amplify light scattering and enhance the ability of CD-SiO2 NPs to absorb scattered light. These synergistic interfacial phenomena collectively govern the optomechanical switching behavior of the SMOF system, consequently achieving its broadband transmittance regulation while simultaneously amplifying the photoluminescence intensity. These distinctive optomechanical characteristics establish SMOF as a multifunctional platform, particularly suitable for stimuli-responsive privacy protection, UV-shielding applications, and persistent-luminescence-based traffic safety systems.
While lead-free perovskite has attracted widespread interest in the optical field by overcoming their toxicity and stability disadvantages compared to conventional lead-based perovskite, the low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of lead-free perovskite has greatly limited their commercialization path. In this research, a modified co-precipitation method was used to prepare Cs 2 ZrCl 6 , which was achieved by the addition of TeCl 4 to shift the emission wavelength from 436 to 556 nm with bright yellow emission, the optimal PLQY of 98.2% was achieved by the addition of Te 4+ in the amount of 1 % and the optimization of the reaction concentration. First-principles calculations and spectral analysis of Cs 2 Zr 1-x Te x Cl 6 show that the broadband yellow light emission comes from self-trapped excitons (STEs) in Cs 2 Zr 1-x Te x Cl 6 . In addition, the luminous intensity of the prepared Cs 2 Zr 1-x Te x Cl 6 was 57.3, 63.3 and 90.1% of the initial intensity after exposure to air for 30 d, cyclic intermittent heating to 200°C and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for 7 d, respectively. Finally, Cs 2 Zr 1-x Te x Cl 6 and Cs 2 ZrCl 6 :10% Bi were used as phosphors and encapsulated with a UV chip to make three different colors of light-emitting diodes (LED), where the white LED (WLED) had CIE coordinates of (0.3061 0.3244), color temperatures, color rendering indices as well as color tolerances of 6921 K, 84 and 6.52 respectively. This research provides a new approach to improve the performance of lead-free perovskite.
Ultraviolet C (UVC) mercury-vapor lamps have effectively achieved the decontamination of hydrocarbons and antimicrobial effects on dental implants. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of photofunctionalization technologies on titanium surface by using two different UVC light sources, mercury-vapor (Hg-vapor, λ = 254 nm) and light-emitting diode (LED, λ = 275 nm) radiators. By exposing aged titanium surface to two UVC light sources, the effect on osseointegration and bacteria and the relevant mechanism was investigated. Results indicated that irradiation with UVC light source on aged titanium surface decreased carbon atom concentration, changed surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, consumed oxygen, formed reactive oxygen species, and altered surface potential. Additionally, irradiated groups had increased protein adsorption, changed protein structure, promoted in vitro biomineralization, and significantly enhanced the functions of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Irradiated groups also had significantly higher bone volume/tissue volume and bone-implant contact after 4-week healing by placing titanium implant in rat maxilla. UV-irradiated titanium surfaces manifested inhibiting facultative anaerobes such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli but promoting anaerobes such as Porphyromonas gingivalis . The changes of the physicochemical properties and bioactivities of titanium surface were in a radiation energy-dependent manner. UVC-LED radiator showed similar photofunctionalization abilities as Hg-vapor radiator at similar radiation energies. Therefore, combining with its no mercury, compact design, faster start-up time, and stable output, UVC-LED radiator has the potential to be an alternative source of Hg-vapor for UV-photofunctionalization procedure.
The full-screen mobile phone can be fabricated by integrating the camera beneath the screen, which needs the nanocomposite light guide plate (nano-LGP) with exceptional transparency and light-guiding properties simultaneously. Choosing an appropriate nanoparticle with a high refractive index and exceptional compatibility within the polymer matrix is crucial for producing the nano-LGP. In this study, the high refractive index carbonized polymer dots (HRI-CPDs) are synthesized through the solvothermal treatment, achieving a refractive index value of 1.7220 at 450 nm. Subsequently, the modified HRI-CPDs (mHRI-CPDs)/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) nanocomposites are fabricated by copolymerizing the mHRI-CPDs with methyl methacrylate . Due to the high visible light transmittance and Rayleigh scattering characteristics when light passes through the nanocomposites, this kind of nanocomposites is suitable for serving as nano-LGPs. The potential of carbonized polymer dots as light-scattering unit is originally explored to improve surface illuminance and uniformity of nano-LGPs. The best-performing 4.3-inch LGP with 1.0 wt.% doping content shows 15.8 times higher surface illuminance and 2.1 times higher uniformity than pure PMMA. This new type of LGP based on mHRI-CPDs/PMMA nanocomposite holds tremendous promise in conjunction with advanced liquid crystal display technology.
A series of C 60 /BN composites have been synthesized, which can efficiently photodegrade TC under visible-light irradiation. Compared with C 60 /BN-D6 and C 60 /BN-V6 synthesized under dark and visible-light irradiation, C 60 /BN-U6 synthesized under UV-light irradiation has the largest adsorption and photodegradation performance for TC under visible-light irradiation. FTIR and XPS characterizations suggest that C 60 /BN composite is most likely the charge transfer composite, in which C 60 acts as electron acceptor and BN acts as electron donor. UV-light has the best promotion effect for the formation of C 60 /BN. The adsorption quantity of TC by C 60 /BN-U6 is 2.77 times higher than that of BN (131.05 mg g −1 vs. 47.27 mg g −1 ), being due to that C 60 /BN-U6 has higher surface area than BN (135.7 m 2 g −1 vs. 18.8 m 2 g −1 ). The photodegradation of C 60 /BN-U6 for TC follows Z-scheme heterojunction mechanism, as well as the photo-induced ·O 2- and h + are the dominant photoactive species. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) method is applied to evaluate the toxicity of TC and its photodegradation intermediates. The photodegradation rate of C 60 /BN-U6 for TC is 19.19 times, 10.06 times, 5.83 times, 2.73 times and 1.84 times higher than that of TiO 2 (P25), g-C 3 N 4 , BNPA, BCNPA, and BN/TiO 2 , respectively, implying that C 60 /BN-U is a good metal-free photocatalyst.
Excitation of metal-free graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) under visible light can successfully achieve efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Synergistic effects and involved mechanism were systematically investigated using a light-inert endocrine disrupting compound, dimethyl phthalate (DMP), as the target pollutant. Under visible light irradiation, DMP could not be degraded by direct g-C 3 N 4 -mediated photocatalysis , while in the presence of PMS, the dominant radicals were converted from •O 2 to SO 4 • - and •OH, resulting in effective DMP degradation and mineralization. Results showed that higher dosage of PMS or g-C 3 N 4 could increase the activation amount of PMS and corresponding DMP degradation efficiency, but the latter approach was more productive in terms of making the most of PMS. High DMP concentration hindered effective contact between PMS and g-C 3 N 4 , but could provide efficient use of PMS. Higher DMP degradation efficiency was achieved at pH lower than the point of zero charge (5.4). Based on intermediates identification, the DMP degradation was found mainly through radical attack (•OH and SO 4 • - ) of the benzene ring and oxidation of the aliphatic chains.
Recently, lead-free materials with stable photoluminescence (PL) at room temperature, such as vacancy-ordered double perovskites have drawn wide attention. Herein, Te 4+ -doped all-inorganic lead-free Cs 2 Zr 1− x Te x Cl 6 perovskite microcrystals (MCs) are reported. The obtained pure Cs 2 ZrCl 6 perovskite MCs exhibit a blue emission, while Cs 2 Zr 1− x Te x Cl 6 perovskite MCs show a broad and strong yellow emission with ultrahigh photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) up to 79.46% at room temperature. The structure and optical properties of perovskite MCs are investigated in detail by experiments and theoretical calculations. The mechanism that 3 P 1 of Te can be partially frozen at the low temperature regarding Cs 2 Zr 1− x Te x Cl 6 perovskite MCs is proposed. White light emitting diodes (WLEDs) with a color coordinate of (0.344, 0.333), a correlated color temperature of 4959 K, a color rendering index (Ra) of 74.8, and a high light efficiency of 91.16 lm W −1 , are fabricated by the prepared Cs 2 Zr 1− x Te x Cl 6 perovskite MCs powder with a commercial near-UV LED (NUV-LED) chip (450 nm). The results suggest that Te 4+ -doped all-inorganic lead-free perovskite MCs show great potential in the next-generation solid-state lightings.
Low-dimensional hybrid perovskites have demonstrated excellent performance as white-light emitters. The broadband white emission originates from self-trapped excitons (STEs). Since the mechanism of STEs formation in perovskites is still not clear, preparing new low-dimensional white perovskites relies mostly on screening lots of intercalated organic molecules rather than rational design. Here, we report an atom-substituting strategy to trigger STEs formation in layered perovskites. Halogen-substituted phenyl molecules are applied to synthesize perovskite crystals. The halogen-substituents will withdraw electrons from the branched chain (-R-NH 3 + ) of the phenyl molecule. This will result in positive charge accumulation on -R-NH 3 + , and thus stronger Coulomb force of bond (-R-NH 3 + )-(PbBr 4 2− ), which facilitates excitons self-trapping. Our designed white perovskites exhibit photoluminescence quantum yield of 32%, color-rendering index of near 90 and chromaticity coordinates close to standard white-light. Our joint experiment-theory study provides insights into the STEs formation in perovskites and will benefit tailoring white perovskites with boosting performance.
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