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Tin dioxide (SnO 2 ) is a promising anode material for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. However, the huge volume expansion during cycling makes it far away from practical application. Herein, we report a template-free “heterogeneous carbonization” strategy for fabricating SnO 2 /carbon/void/carbon nanofibers (SCVC) compound membrane with finite spatial domain in carbon matrix as buffer layer for volume changes of SnO 2 . Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is also imported into the SCVC membrane, acting as conductive binders to construct a free-standing SCVC-rGO electrode with exceptionally conductive network. The resultant SCVC-rGO anodes in lithium/sodium-ion batteries could deliver excellent electrochemical performances of higher reversible capacity, longer lifespan and superior rate capability. As lithium-ion battery anode, the SCVC-rGO electrode shows specific capacities of 950 mA h g −1 after 400 cycles at a current of 0.5 A g −1 , and 824 mA h g −1 after 650 cycles at 1 A g −1 . In sodium-ion batteries, the SCVC-rGO electrode gives rise to the specific capacity of 407 mA h g −1 after 2000 cycles at the current of 1 A g −1 with exceptional capacity retention.
Atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) nanostructures are predicted to exhibit novel physical properties that make them attractive candidates for the fabrication of electronic and optoelectronic devices . However, TMDCs tend to grow in the form of two-dimensional nanoplates (NPs) rather than one-dimensional nanoribbons (NRs) due to their native layered structure. Herein, we have developed a space-confined and substrate-directed chemical vapor deposition strategy for the controllable synthesis of WS 2 , WSe 2 , MoSe 2 , MoS 2 , WS 2(1− x ) Se 2 x NPs and NRs. TMDC NRs with lengths ranging from several micrometers to 100 μm have been obtained and the widths of TMDC NRs can be effectively tuned. Moreover, we found that TMDC NRs show different growth behaviors on van der Waals (vdW) and non-vdW substrates. The micro-nano structures, optical and electronic properties of synthesized TMDC NRs have been systematically investigated. This approach provides a general strategy for controllable synthesis of TMDC NRs, which makes these materials easily accessible as functional building blocks for novel optoelectronic devices .
The role of hydrazine in production is not to be underestimated due to its strong reducibility. However, every coin has two sides. Hydrazine represents a great hazard to the environment, which cannot be ignored. Aiming to prevent harm to people or the environment, a new near-infrared fluorescent probe is presented. This probe is specifically designed to sense hydrazine vapor accumulated in an enclosed space and detect excessive hydrazine in water samples. It shows good selectivity and a turn-on effect, as well as a remarkable color change that can be distinguished by the naked eye. This effect has been utilized for quantitative detection in real water samples. Moreover, the color change of the probe adsorbed on filter paper can be observed by the naked eye to monitor the presence of hydrazine in the air in real time; this property of the probe is expected to be used for hydrazine detection in industrial environments.
A composite nanocarrier system integrating the porous structure of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and the adhesive property of polydopamine (PDA) for loading and release of hydrophilic drugs is reported. Amino group functionalization facilitates the oxidant-induced surface polymerization of dopamine in the confined space of mesopores by Schiff base/Michael addition reaction in a mild synthesis. As a consequence, MSN@PDA particles have an average pore size of 4.0 nm, a particle diameter of ∼70 nm, as well as a thin layer of polydopamine coating on the surfaces of MSNs. The MSN@PDA nanocarriers can effectively adsorb hydrophilic drugs with high loading capacities (380 μg/mg for doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and 320 μg/mg for calcein), facilitated by the π–π stacking interactions between the abundant aromatic rings of PDA and the aromatic backbones of drugs. Interestingly, sustained and pH-dependent drug release was observed for these drug-loaded MSN@PDA particles, owing to the adhesive property of polydopamine like “molecular glue”. Moreover, a catechol–metal–drug coordination system can be easily constructed on the basis of the coordination bonding between catechols in polydopamine and transition metal ions (Fe3+, Zn2+) as well as that between metal ions and anthracycline drugs (i.e., DOX), resulting in an acid-triggered drug release.
Wearable electronic devices have received much attention for their potential applications in soft robotics, human-machine interaction, and human motion detection. Herein, a high-performance wearable fiber sensor is constructed for monitoring human micromotion by enabling compressive space dynamics manipulation. The developed sensor depends on the porous microstructure of vanadium pentoxide@ reduced graphene oxide fiber and endows it high sensitivity in sensing. Importantly, the sensor still presents a similar porous structure compared with the initial state even after thousands of repeated bending-releasing cycles, ensuring a long-term stability. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of multiple fibers can broaden the detection range and further improve the sensitivity. Consequently, the assembled multi-fiber sensor exhibits a high sensitivity (a gauge factor value of 245.1) and an excellent stability (4000 cycles). Finally, these sensors are successfully applied to monitor small-scale human movements, showing tremendous potential as wearable electronics.
Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs), which combine the flexible processability of polymers with the high mass-transfer capabilities of porous fillers such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), are widely regarded as next-generation, high-performance materials for CO 2 capture. However, challenges such as MOF aggregation and poor interfacial compatibility between MOFs and polymers often result in membrane defects, ultimately reducing CO 2 /N 2 selectivity. To address this issue, we propose an in situ MOF crystallization strategy within confined spaces to construct defect-free MMMs for CO 2 separation. In this method, prepolymers and MOF precursors are molecularly dissolved in a solvent. Following UV-induced crosslinking of the prepolymers, a gel membrane is formed, providing a confined environment for in situ MOF crystallization. The high degree of crosslinking ensures a uniform distribution of MOF nanoparticles and limits their size. This uniformity enhances interfacial interactions and effectively suppresses the formation of interfacial defects. The optimized membrane exhibited a simultaneous increase in both CO 2 permeability and CO 2 /N 2 selectivity, a 17.5-fold and 26% enhancement, respectively, compared with the pristine polymer membrane. Furthermore, due to its strong interfacial structure, the membrane demonstrated excellent mechanical stability under applied pressure and maintained consistent performance over 200 h of continuous operation. This method offers a novel and effective approach for fabricating uniform, defect-free MMMs for advanced CO 2 separation applications.
Radiative thermal management is crucial for deep space exploration spacecraft. However, most thermal management materials are static and single-functional, failing to adapt to the complex thermal environment of deep space exploration. Here, a method for regulating thermal radiation using asymmetric structures is proposed to meet the dynamic thermal management requirements of deep space exploration spacecraft. The thermal adaptive management material with shape memory Janus array (TAMSJ) was constructed by replication molding and surface modification. In contrast to traditional strategies for variable emissivity control that depend on phase transitions, TAMSJ employs the dynamic deformation of temperature responsive asymmetric structures. The structure of the shape memory Janus array can be transformed between collapsed and tilted states, allowing for adaptive switching between thermal insulation and radiative cooling modes. This innovative thermal management can achieve a broader range of variable emissivity amplitudes. The infrared emissivity of the thermal insulation mode and radiative cooling mode is 0.04 and 0.90, respectively. Compared with traditional materials with a single fixed thermal control mode, effective temperature control can be achieved by TAMSJ. This study provides valuable references for the application of shape memory Janus arrays in dynamic thermal management in deep space exploration.
Donor doping can increase the dielectric constant of a material by several orders of magnitude due to induced space charge causing interfacial polarization. Giant dielectric properties and interface polarization are also both expected to greatly enhance the flexoelectric behavior of a material. In this work, a typical flexoelectric ceramic material, BaTiO 3 , was selected and donor doped using elemental Nb. Compared with the nominal BaTiO 3 ceramic, the dielectric constant and flexoelectric coefficient of the Nb-doped BaTiO 3 ceramics were significantly improved. The transverse flexoelectric coefficient of 0.3 mol. % Nb-BaTiO 3 was found to increase to nearly 40 times the nominal value, reaching 387 μ C/m. The results indicate that the giant dielectric response, and therefore the giant flexoelectric response, is the result of the combined effects of internal barrier-layer capacitance and surface barrier-layer capacitance. This study not only deepens the understanding of the semiconductor macro-dielectric effect and the flexoelectric mechanism caused by doping, but it also provides a feasible strategy for the design of giant dielectric/flexoelectric response materials and related devices with high dielectric constants and flexoelectric coefficients.
Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) produce electrical energy exclusively through the natural decay of radioactive materials, rendering them an ideal power source for space missions and other extreme environments. 241 Am is viewed as a promising substitute for 238 Pu as the heat-generating nuclide in these applications. However, there is currently no consensus on the sintering of 241 Am (Ⅲ) pellets. In this research, Nd (Ⅲ) oxide was used as a surrogate for americium (Ⅲ) oxide, and conventional cold-press-and-sinter methods were employed. Through a systematic investigation of the heating rate, holding time, and maximum temperature during the sintering of Nd (Ⅲ) oxide pellets made from commercial materials, an optimized sintering thermal cycle was developed. This curve enhances sintering efficiency and results in pellets with an open pore network, which is crucial for helium gas release. This work is significant in advancing the research and development of 241 Am nuclear batteries.
Summary Metal-halide X-ray scintillators have substantial potential in various applications, including medical diagnosis, nondestructive inspection, security checking, and space exploration. However, it has been found that the formidable humidity decomposition of conventional scintillators remains a great obstacle in advancing next-generation X-ray imaging technology. Herein, we report a nontoxic copper-halide scintillator featuring an organic framework structure, where hydrophobic long-chain molecules impart exceptional waterproof properties to the scintillator even after being soaked in water for 500 days. Moreover, a flexible film achieved from the stable scintillator demonstrates remarkable radiation robustness along with a high spatial resolution of 16.6 lp mm −1 and a low limit of detection of 33.75 nGy air s −1 . Finally, leveraging color and spatial reconfiguration technologies enables impressive 3D X-ray imaging, revealing clear and distinct internal details of objects. This work highlights significant advantages of our waterproof scintillator for efficient 3D X-ray imaging, paving the way for its diverse applications in challenging environments.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), have exhibited potential value for revolutionizing photovoltaic technology for space applications, and they have passed a series of tests in a simulated space environment. Nevertheless, the simulated space environment on land is definitely distinguished from the real-space conditions, and the results cannot completely represent the real operating state of PSCs in space. Herein, PSCs mounted on a high-altitude balloon are launched into near-space and the current–voltage characteristics are measured in situ throughout the 19-h flight, during which the PSCs are exposed directly to near-space and experience wide temperature variation, vacuum, and strong irradiation. Thus, the diurnal performance evolution of PSCs is obtained for the first time and a possible variation mechanism is identified. The PSCs present expected stability and a champion power density of ≈12 mW cm −2 at noon, which is demonstrated as the highest result achieved in near-space for PSCs. Additionally, despite a complex degradation process, the PSCs still deliver a high energy density comparable to that of silicon solar cells. Finally, the challenges facing the space application of PSCs are discussed. This work highlights the feasibility of PSCs in near space and provides direction for further exploration.
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