CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
·
2019
·
IF 1.911
Shouwu Yu,Shujuan Xiao,Zewen Zhao,Xiaowen Huo,Junfu Wei
Dipentaerythritol (DPER), 4, 4′-diphenylmethanediisocyanate (MDI) and melamine (MEL) are used as raw materials to microencapsulate ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) in situ polymerization. The MAPP is characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The results show that the coating operation can effectively improve water resistance of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and MAPP has higher residual rate than that of APP after combustion. The flame retardant action of MAPP and APP in polypropylene (PP) is investigated by the limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), TGA, SEM, and cone calorimeter test (CCT). The LOI value of the PP/MAPP composite at the same loading is higher than that of PP/APP composite. UL 94 ratings of PP/MAPP composites are raised to V-0 at 20 wt% loading. The results of CCT also show that MAPP is more efficient than APP. The morphological structures observed by digital photos and SEM demonstrated that MAPP could be promoted to form the continuous and compact intumescent char layer. The flame retardant mechanism of PP/MAPP is also discussed.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Omega
·
2021
·
IF 3.512
Teng-Kun Ma,Yu-Man Yang,Jia-Jia Jiang,Meng Yang,Jun-Cheng Jiang
Flame retardants have important theoretical research and applied value for lithium-ion battery safety. Microcapsule flame retardants based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) were synthesized for application in lithium-ion batteries. First, the ATH–APP was prepared by coating a layer of ATH on the surface of the core APP. Then, the ATH–APP was encapsulated by poly(urea-formaldehyde) (PUF) to obtain en-ATH–APP. The structure and flame-retardant property of en-ATH–APP, the influence of en-ATH–APP on the thermal stability of the electrode, and the electrochemical performance of the battery were studied. The results of Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscope experiments indicated that APP was coated with ATH and PUF in turn. The results of differential scanning calorimetry and the fire extinguishing test for electrodes manifested that en-ATH–APP had better flame-retardant property than APP because of the synergistic effect between APP and ATH. Moreover, the flame-retardant efficiency of en-ATH–APP was comparable to that of ATH–APP, indicating that the presence of PUF had almost no effect on the flame-retardant property. The results of electrochemical experiments indicated that en-ATH–APP had the best electrochemical compatibility for the battery compared with APP and ATH–APP. The research lights the way to improve inherent safety of lithium-ion batteries by adding en-ATH–APP to the cathode.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2019
·
IF 3.78
Yong Luo,Delong Xie,Yifan Chen,Tao Han,Renjie Chen,Xinxin Sheng,Yi Mei
To overcome the flammability and melt dripping issues of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) aerogel , a combination of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and α-zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) was used to enhance the flame retardancy of PVA aerogels, which were fabricated using a simple mixing and freeze-drying approach. Results obtained from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirm that α-ZrP was successfully exfoliated by ultrasonic stripping. The effects of the exfoliated α-ZrP nano-plates on the microstructure, composition , flame retardancy, fire behavior of the aerogels was investigated using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning, and cone calorimetry test. It was found that the incorporation of α-ZrP improved the 3D network structure of the PVA aerogel. The results showed that a sample with 2 wt% α-ZrP and 13 wt% APP could reach the maximal LOI value of 43.1%, achieved the UL-94 V-0 rating, and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of the sample reduced by 82.6% and 76.3%, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that α-ZrP improved the thermal stability of PVA-APP system. The residues analysis revealed that α-ZrP accelerated the formation of a compact and graphitization structure of residues and catalyzed the charring of PVA during burning.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
燃烧学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Omega
·
2020
·
IF 2.87
Xilei Chen,Yongxing Lai,Yuanxiang Gu,Chuanmei Jiao,Shaoxiang Li
In this article, carbon microspheres (CMSs) synthesized by the hydrothermal method and CMSs-Fe (with Fe3+ adsorbed on the surface of CMSs) were combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to achieve the fire safety improvement of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The fire safety performance of TPU composites was investigated by the cone calorimeter test, microscale combustion calorimeter test, thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry, Raman spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that CMSs and CMSs-Fe can improve the fire safety performance of TPU/APP composites and the effect of CMSs-Fe was better than that of CMSs. The peak heat release rate of the sample containing 0.25 wt % CMSs and 7.75 wt % APP was 16.7% lower than that of the sample containing 8.00 wt % APP, and the content of toxic gases was also reduced in the fire smoke. Also, total heat release and total smoke release of the sample containing CMSs-Fe were 54.7% and 11.6%, respectively, lower than those of the sample containing 0.25% CMSs. It confirmed the contribution of CMSs to the flame retardant system, and the performance of CMSs is improved by adsorbing Fe3+.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Frontiers in Materials
·
2022
·
IF 3.985
Xu Zhirong,Xu Zihui,Tao Ran,Mao Liangchen,Zhan Jing,Xiao Junfeng,Yu Tao
Phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) as a synergist was added into polyurethane (PU) rigid foam with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to improve its flame retardancy and thermal stability. The combustion performance of PU was studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, and a cone calorimeter. The thermal degradation behavior of PU was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and thermogravimetric infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR). Experimental results showed that the introduction of PMA could further improve the flame retardant performance of PU/APP composites and significantly increase the amount of carbon residue at high temperatures. Adding 3wt% PMA to PU containing 12wt% APP could make the foam pass UL-94 V-0, increase the carbon residue at 800°C by 69.16% in the air atmosphere, and decrease the THR by 24.62% compared to those of PU/15APP. TG-IR results showed that the presence of PMA reduced the production of small-molecule gas-phase products. As for the mechanical properties of PU composites, the addition of PMA influences their density and compressive strength obviously. The results suggest that PMA and APP have good synergistic flame retardancy on PU and can reduce its fire risk.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
燃烧学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2022
·
IF 6.206
Jinyong Ren,Junxiu Piao,Yaofei Wang,Yaxuan Wang,Tingting Feng,Wei Liu,Huixin Dong,Wenjiao Chen,Chuanmei Jiao,Xilei Chen
In recent years, bio-based flame retardants have attracted extensive interest on account of their environmental-friendly character compared with traditional flame retardants. It is reported that oyster shell powder (OSP), composed of 95% calcium carbonate and 5 % organic matter, displays excellent flame retardant potential. In this paper, a novel bio-based flame retardant named functionalized oyster shell powder (FOSP) was prepared by mechanochemistry strategy based on OSP and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and applied to enhance the fire safety of epoxy resin (EP) composites. The results showed that FOSP emerged with notable effects in improving the fire safety performance for EP composites. Compared with pure EP, the peak value of smoke production rate (pSPR) and peak value of heat release rate (pHRR) reduced by 69.4 % and 78.2 %, respectively. In addition, the char yields of EP composites were higher than EP. Conspicuously, the total CO production for EP composites with the addition of FOSP decreased by 44.9 % compared with EP composites with the addition of APP. Therefore, OSP, a typical marine solid waste, will become a promising candidate for high fire safety polymers.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2023
·Vol. 15
·期 6
·1455
·
IF 5
Taohua Zhu,Xuan Zhou,Guozheng Guo,Zhihua Chai,Ming Gao
Ionic liquid functionalized imogolite nanotubes (INTs-PF6-ILs) were introduced into the epoxy resin (EP)/ammonium polyphosphate (APP) system to investigate the flame retardant performance and thermal properties using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, the UL-94 test, and the cone calorimeter test (CCT). The results suggested that a synergistic effect exists between INTs-PF6-ILs and APP on the char formation and anti-dripping behavior of EP composites. For the EP/APP, an UL-94 V-1 rating was obtained for the loading of 4 wt% APP. However, the composites containing 3.7 wt% APP and 0.3 wt% INTs-PF6-ILs could pass the UL-94 V-0 rating without dripping behavior. In addition, compared with the EP/APP composite, the fire performance index (FPI) value and fire spread index (FSI) value of EP/APP/INTs-PF6-ILs composites were remarkably reduced by 11.4% and 21.1%, respectively. Moreover, the char formed by EP/APP composites was intumescent, but of poor quality. In contrast, the char for EP/APP/INTs-PF6-ILs was strong and compact. Therefore, it can resist the erosion due to heat and gas formation and protect the inside of the matrix. This was the main reason for the good flame retardant property of EP/APP/INTs-PF6-ILs composites.Keywords:INTs-PF6-ILs;synergistic effect;epoxy resin;flame retardancy
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS
·
2023
·Vol. 25
·期 13
·2300011
·
IF 3.6
Jingjing Yang,Yifang Hua,Jun Sun,Xianming Wang,Xiaoyu Gu,Sheng Zhang
Epoxy resin (EP) has been widely used in coatings, adhesives, and composites. However, EP is flammable with severe smoke production. The addition of flame retardant fillers into EP can effectively improve its flame retardancy, but often brings mechanical reduction to EP. Herein, a high-effective boron-containing flame-retardant (2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-4-yl) methanamine ammonium polyphosphate (PBMA-APP) is synthesized and introduced into EP to improve the fire resistance and the impact toughness. With the addition of 6% PBMA-APP, the fire performance of EP is significantly improved. The Underwriters Laboratories-94 rating is increased to V-0, the total heat release and total smoke production (TSP) are reduced by 30% and 32%, respectively. It is proposed that the synergistic effect among B, N, and P in PBMA-APP promoted the char formation of EP. The addition of 6% PBMA-APP into EP causes little effect on tensile strength but increases the impact strength of EP to 11.2 kJ m −2 . This work has proposed a possible strategy to develop a high-efficient flame retardant for thermosetting resins.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL
·
2024
·
IF 4.1
Baodeng Chen,Han Lu,Hongtao Zhu,Zhiyong Huang,Xuejun Lai,Hongqiang Li,Xingrong Zeng
Flexible sensors have great application prospects in wearable electronics, electric skin and smart robot. However, the lack of functionalities such as superhydrophobicity and flame retardancy limits the practical applications of the sensors under complex conditions. Herein, a flame-retardant chitosan (CS)/ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/montmorillonite (MMT) aerogel was prepared through freeze-drying method, and then the superhydrophobic and flame-retardant piezoresistive pressure sensor was obtained after coating silver nanowires and spraying silica/PDMS. The sensor demonstrated superhydrophobicity even after 1500 compression cycles. APP and MMT effectively improved the flame retardancy of the aerogel, and the self-extinguishing time was only 1.3 s. The sensor showed real-time electrical response in a wide pressure range and was able to detect not only large-scale limb activities but also small-scale muscle movements. The prepared superhydrophobic and flame-retardant piezoresistive pressure sensor has great potential in wearable electronics, healthcare monitoring and smart robots even under watery or flammable conditions.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
生物医学工程
·
柔性电子
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
·
2025
·
IF 2.5
cui baoyu,Jiehu Cui,Mao Tenghao,liu chang,wang shuxia,cai jialin,Chen Hongwu
The application of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as an additive flame retardant to epoxy resin (EP) flame retardant is common, while, APP is poorly dispersed and easily agglomerated in EP. For solving the problem, in this paper, three kinds of ZnAl-layered double hydroxides (ZnAl-LDH1, ZnAl-LDH2 and ZnAl-LDH3) were successfully prepared by using sodium hydroxide, urea and triethanolamine as differences alkali source, respectively, which were used to strengthen the flame retardant performance of EP with APP. The results showed that the heat release peak and the smoke production rate peak were decreased by 58.2% and 44.2% after the addition of APP (5 wt%) and ZnAl-LDH3 (5 wt%) which is prepared with triethanolamine as the alkali source compared with that of Pure-EP.The addition of ZnAl-LDH3 will contribute to the dispersion of APP and the increase of the most C element in this process by SEM and XPS. The metal oxides were uniformly distributed on the surface of the carbon layer after combustion. The residual carbon value of ZnAl-LDH3 was smaller than that of ZnAl-LDH1-APP-EP and ZnAl-LDH2-APP-EP by the raman pattern. The heat release profile of APP-EP was better than that of ZnAl-LDH3-APP-EP, however, the tensile property and elongation at break of ZnAl-LDH3-APP-EP are better than that of APP-EP.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2016
·
IF 3.12
Yi Tan,Zhu-Bao Shao,Lei-Xiao Yu,Ying-Jun Xu,Wen-Hui Rao,Li Chen,Yu-Zhong Wang
To expand the application of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) in epoxy resin (EP), hyperbranched polyethyleneimines (PEI) were selected to modify it via cation exchange reaction. Then, a highly-efficient flame-retardant hardener with poly-functionalities for EP was successfully prepared and named as PEI-APP. After curing, PEI-APP endowed the EP samples with good flame retardance and smoke suppression performance. Results suggested the total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) decreased 76.1% and 70.5% respectively. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) of the PEI-APP cured EPs displayed a slight improvement in the high temperature region compared with the reference sample (PEI/EP). Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) demonstrated that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PEI-APP/EP also slightly increased compared with PEI/EP. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) was used to analyse the condensed products of PEI-APP/EP samples at different temperatures to investigate the flame-retardant mechanism. All the aforementioned results distinctly confirmed that PEI-APP did not only act as an effective flame-retardant hardener for EP, but also brought a good thermal stability and improved the smoke suppression to the system. This polyamine hardener provided a new platform for intumescent flame-retardant application in EP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2020
·Vol. 138
·期 6
·49813
·
IF 2.52
Yingtong Pan,Zhonglin Luo,Biaobing Wang
Amino trimethylene phosphonic acid piperazine (ATPIP) salt, as a novel charring agent, is prepared via a simple ionic reaction in distilled water using amino trimethylene phosphate (ATMP) and piperazine as raw materials. The synergistic flame retardant effect of ATPIP and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) is investigated by various characterization and testing methods. The results show that the polypropylene (PP)/modified APP with piperazine (MAPP)/ATPIP ternary blend passes UL-94 V-0 rating and achieve a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30% at a loading level of 25 wt% IFR (MAPP:ATPIP = 3:1). Meanwhile, the total smoke production (TSP) value of IFR-PP samples is 3.3 m 2 , which decreases by 93.2% compared with that of pure PP, exhibiting excellent smoke suppression performance. Besides, the analysis of gaseous pyrolysis products and char residue indicates that the IFR-PP samples show a synergistic flame-retardant mechanism including the gas phase and the condensed phase.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）