Science China-Chemistry
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2026
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IF 9.8
Cheng Baijie,Wang Ruixue,Xu Peipei,Wu Xueying,Xia Zhenhao,Jin Yexi,Xu Hongyao,Guang Shanyi
Conductive gel-based flexible wearable devices have emerged as transformative platforms for emerging applications in human-machine interaction. However, environmental humidity fluctuations can impair material performance through mechanisms such as water uptake-induced swelling/dehydration-induced embrittlement, as well as signal baseline drift. In this study, inspired by the strong hydration mechanism of natural moisturizing factors (NMF) and the sebum barrier in the skin, a biomimetic heterophase liquid-locking (BHL) design is proposed. This design precisely recapitulates the dual protective characteristics of skin. An internal hydrophilic phase, formed by zwitterionic polymers, achieves NMF-like high moisturization via hydrogen bonding/ion-dipole interactions. Meanwhile, a stable hydrophobic phase, mimicking the sebum barrier, is constructed on the surface through the covalent grafting of nanoscale hydrophobic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). The resulting gel exhibits ultra-stable mechanical and sensing performance over an ultra-wide humidity range (RH = 10%–90%), with less than 5% variation over 108 days. Furthermore, the eutectogel possesses softness, self-healing capability, high transparency, a wide temperature operating window, and ionic conductivity. By integrating gel-based electrode arrays and devices, human-machine collaboration and virtual reality (VR)-based human-machine interaction are realized. Moreover, an intelligent human-machine interaction system developed by further incorporating deep learning technology achieves a recognition rate of up to 99.68% for various gesture signals.
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高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
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2026
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IF 5.4
Rong Lu,Wenhui Xiao,Shujiao Hou,Zheng Li,Xuecui Song,Donghui Ma,Jing Guo,Fucheng Guan,Xiaohang Tuo,Hong Zhang
One-pot wet-spinning strategy for scalable fabrication of PVA eutectogel fibers with triple-network reinforcement. • Multiphysical networks synergistically integrate hydrogen bonds, ionic conduction, and crystalline domains for mechanical-electrical coupling. • Exceptional tensile strength (11 MPa) and elongation (1023%) overcoming strength-toughness trade-off. • Process-driven structure regulation paradigm shifting from composition optimization to forming control. Conductive hydrogels have been widely explored for intelligent wearable devices and flexible electronics; however, simultaneously achieving high mechanical robustness and wide-temperature stability remains challenging. Herein, a one-pot strategy is proposed to fabricate polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) eutectogel fibers using PVA as the polymer backbone, choline chloride and ethylene glycol as a green solvent system, and ionic liquids (ILs) as ion suppliers, thereby constructing a synergistically reinforced network composed of polymer network - ion-conducting network - crystalline reinforcing network. Assisted by uniaxial stretching and cyclic freezing–thawing treatments, the network structure becomes highly oriented and compact, leading to markedly enhanced mechanical properties and wide-temperature stability. The resulting PVA eutectogel fibers exhibit outstanding and tunable physical properties: specifically, the CEG/PVA₃ fibers possess a high tensile strength of 11 MPa and an ultrahigh elongation at break of 1023%, while the CEG/PVA₁ fibers achieve a peak electrical conductivity of 2.54 mS cm⁻¹ at 25 °C. Meanwhile, these fibers maintain stable strain-sensing performance over a broad temperature range from −40 to 60 °C with a rapid response time of approximately 0.2 s. This work presents a feasible strategy for developing mechanically robust, wide-temperature flexible sensors. Download: Download high-res image (198KB) Download: Download full-size image
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Advanced Healthcare Materials
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2025
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IF 9.6
Huan Liu,Aminov Nail,Decheng Meng,Liran Zhu,Xiaohan Guo,Cong Li,Xiaoqing Ye,Huanjun Li
Infected wound healing remains a significant clinical challenge, demanding innovative therapeutic strategies to simultaneously address bacterial elimination, tissue regeneration, and controlled drug delivery. Inspired by the hierarchical structure of crocodile teeth, a bioinspired, 3D-printed microneedle patch integrating Mxene nanosheets and a polymerizable deep eutectic solvent (PDES) composed of vinyl pyrrolidone (VP), itaconic acid (IA), and N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM) is developed. The resulting MXene-based eutectogel microneedle (MF-MXene@MN) combines photothermal responsiveness, antioxidant activity, and temperature-triggered drug release for photothermal conversion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. The gradient-height design inspired by crocodile teeth enhances tissue adhesion, while DLP 3D printing enables personalized wound dressing geometries with <50 µm resolution. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated a 94.88% wound closure rate within 10 days, 3.2-fold increased angiogenesis, 68% reduced bacterial viability ( S. aureus : 32.59%; E. coli : 48.17% under NIR), and pH-/temperature-responsive mangiferin release (88.3% cumulative release via 5 NIR cycles). These synergistic functions promote wound healing, offering superior antibacterial ability, tissue regeneration promotion, and drug release control compared to traditional wound dressings and microneedle systems. This multifunctional platform integrates bioinspired design, stimuli-responsive materials, and additive manufacturing, providing a transformative solution for precision wound management.
研究领域:
材料科学
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医学工程
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生物医学
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PubMed
高影响因子
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
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2021
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IF 4.094
Zhongxu Li,Shengzhao Zhang,Zhao Jiang,Dan Cai,Changdong Gu,Jiangping Tu
A novel cheap eutectogel (ETG) membrane based on the deep eutectic solvent (DES) immobilized poly (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene) (PVDF-HFP) is proposed as a solid electrolyte for safe lithium metal batteries in this study. The composition of DES is optimized, which is prepared by mixing the N-methylacetamide (NMAC) and the lithium bis [(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imid (LiTFSI) with a molar ratio of 4:1. The eutectogel is formed by incorporating 70 wt% DES into the PVDF-HFP, which is non-flammable and shows excellent mechanical properties. This ETG membrane electrolyte with a thickness about 25 μm possess a high ionic conductivity (3.05 × 10 −4 S cm −1 ) at room temperature and a wide electrochemical stability window (~5 V). The Li//ETG//LiFePO 4 full cells deliver an acceptable discharge capacity of ~133.9 mAh g −1 at 0.1C and room temperature after 100 charge-discharge cycles. The ETG membrane electrolyte can also endow the Li//ETG//LiFePO 4 pouch cell with flexibility and withstanding abuse operations, like nail penetration and cutting. We expect that the flexible and non-flammable eutectogel membrane will have implications for the use of DES based ionic liquids in the synthesis of advanced solid-state electrolytes for safer lithium batteries .
研究领域:
材料科学
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电化学
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能源存储
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高分子物理
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电池技术
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
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2023
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IF 15.1
Lingtao Fang,Chi Zhang,Wenjiao Ge,Mingming Rong,Fan Chen,Zijian Chen,Xiaohui Wang,Zijian Zheng,Qiyao Huang
Tough conductive eutectogel fibers synthesized based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have attracted increasing attention in fields of flexible/stretchable electronics, due to their promising stretchability, mechanical strength, conductivity, and relatively inexpensive cost. However, it is still challenging to fabricate such high-performance eutectogel fibers in a simple and versatile strategy. Here, we report a facile spinning of tough conductive eutectogel fibers based on one-pot photopolymerization and Li + -induced toughening effect. This photopolymerization allows the formation of eutectogel into a long fiber format within seconds. The introduction of Li salt into the DESs can regulate the hydrogen bonding interactions, which can significantly promote the construction of a dense interchain hydrogen-bonding network in the eutectogel. Consequently, the spun eutectogel fibers exhibit outstanding Young’s modulus (103.8 MPa), high toughness (38 MJ/m 3 ), promising stretchability (>300 %), conductivity (6 × 10 -3 S/m), and good thermal stability at high temperature. The mechanical properties of the resultant eutectogel fibers can also be modulated by varying the DESs constituents. We demonstrate the multifunction of the fibers in shape-memory behavior, strain sensing, and recyclability. This facile spinning strategy offers a promising way to develop super-strong and conductive gel fibers as smart materials for diverse flexible and wearable device applications.
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
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2026
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IF 12.5
Qianyu Wei,Weicheng Gao,Tianze Zhang,Lixia Long,Jin Zhao,Lizhi Pan,Xubo Yuan
A water-resistant eutectogel with environmental stability was developed. • Balanced toughness, adhesion, self-healing, and ionic sensing were achieved. • Printable, structurally tunable gel devices designed for customized sensing needs. • Combining actuation with sensing for human–machine interaction. Flexible gel sensors for human-machine interaction are often constrained by trade-offs between environmental stability, mechanical robustness, interfacial adhesion, and multifunctional sensing. A printable hydrophobic eutectogel sensor with environmental robustness is reported, enabling operation in aqueous environments and under various temperature conditions. A hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent is constructed, followed by the introduction of the hydrophobic monomer and photopolymerization to form a three-dimensional network. Hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic association contribute to the gel's high strength and effective energy dissipation, while the non-covalent gel network provides toughness and self-healing properties. The eutectogel exhibits robust mechanical strength of 3.40 MPa and toughness of 19.03 MJ m −3 . Hydrophobic monomers effectively remove interfacial water and abundant carboxyl groups form multiple interactions with the substrate surface to establish strong interfacial adhesion strength of up to 897 kPa. Hydrophobic hydrogen acceptors and monomers reduce ion leakage and water penetration. The low glass transition temperature of the eutectogel ensures its anti-freezing performance, while the non-volatility of the eutectic solvent contributes to thermal stability. Stable ionic transport channels support multifunctional sensing, and the printability of the precursor facilitates the fabrication and integration of complex structural devices. Download: Download high-res image (239KB) Download: Download full-size image
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ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
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2026
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IF 19.9
Haitao Deng,Ziquan Cao,Jianmin Yang,Maosong Yin,Chuanghui Yu,Dianyu Wang,Jianning Yu,Guoliang Liu,Weihua Gao,Xianhe Yu,Jiantao Yao,Ye Tian
Engineering soft conductors that simultaneously offer high strength, extreme stretchability, and environmental stability remains a central challenge for next-generation wearable electronics. Here, we incorporate an electrospun polyurethane (PU) nanomesh rich in hydrogen bonding sites into a eutectogel matrix. Benefiting from designable interfacial interactions, the thin hybrid gel (≈45 µm) exhibits high tensile strength (12.6 MPa), remarkable stretchability (1376%) and fatigue resistance. Based on its good sensitivity, the hybrid gel can serve as a strain sensor for wide range human motion monitoring, as well as a multifunctional sensor for humidity and temperature detection. Moreover, its high water vapor transmission rate (1176 g·m −2 ·d −1 ) and robust anti-freezing and anti-drying properties enable reliable recording of physiological signals such as electromyography (EMG) and electrocardiography (ECG). By coupling the EMG output with a convolutional neural network (CNN), the system attains a high gesture recognition accuracy of 98.7%. This work demonstrates great potential for next-generation wearable healthcare and human-machine interfaces.
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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
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2026
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IF 7.8
Shanshan Liao,Guanhao Ma,Jinqing Qu
Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are regarded as promising candidates for flexible wearable electronics due to their high safety, environmental friendliness, and low cost. However, the uncontrollable dendrite growth and side reactions at the zinc anode hinder their practical application. Here, we report a multinetwork antifreeze eutectogel (SB eutectogel) electrolyte that demonstrates superior self-healing efficiency (70%) with Schiff base. The synergistic effects of the dynamic imine bonds and metal-coordination interactions endow the SB eutectogel with antifreezing capability (Tg = −95.1 °C), robust environmental adaptability, a strong binding energy of −35.68 eV, high conductivity (1.71 mS·cm–1), and a wide electrochemical stability window, which collectively suppress zinc dendrite growth and parasitic reactions throughout cycling. The Zn//Zn symmetric cell with this electrolyte demonstrates an extended cycling life of 1800 h (0.2 mA·cm–2/ 0.2 mAh·cm–2), and the Zn//PANI full cell exhibits 80.15% retention of its original specific capacity after 2850 cycles, with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.88%. Furthermore, the Zn//Zn cell exhibits prolonged cycling stability, with a duration of 800 h at −20 °C (0.1 mA·cm–2/0.1 mAh·cm–2). Additionally, flexible batteries based on SB eutectogel electrolytes can power light bulb at low temperatures. This Schiff-based eutectogel electrolyte with excellent self-healing efficiency, freezing resistance, and high electrochemical stability is expected to pave the way for the development of high-performance flexible energy storage and wearable devices.
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PubMed
高影响因子
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
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2026
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IF 6.8
Tongbin Li,Lu Tian,Haoran Wu,Xuelei Pang,Lifei Ji,Yajuan Li,Xudong Yu
To address the problems of poor mechanical properties and strong hygroscopicity of the existing eutectogels, this study presents a novel eutectogel containing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) designed for wearable strain-sensing applications. The gel was synthesized via a rapid photopolymerization strategy using a choline chloride-urea deep eutectic solvent to dissolve CMC, combined with hydroxyethyl acrylamide as the monomer and phytic acid as a multifunctional crosslinker. The optimized eutectogel exhibited exceptional high stretchability (1189% strain), tensile strength (1166 kPa), and toughness (6.1 MJ/m 3 ), alongside remarkable optical transparency (91% transmittance). The incorporation of phytic acid enhanced hydrogen-bonded crosslinking, enabling self-healing within 3.2 s. The dual ionic/protonic conductive network endowed the gel with high strain sensitivity (gauge factor: 8.81 at 150–300% strain) and temperature resilience, maintaining stability across a wide temperature range (−20 to 60 °C). Unlike conventional hydrogels, this eutectogel demonstrated superior environmental stability, with minimal weight fluctuation (±4%) after 7 days under ambient conditions. This eutectogel-based flexible sensor can monitor both large joint movements (e.g., knee bending) and subtle muscle activities (e.g., facial expressions). This work provides a construction strategy of eutectogel by integrating green chemistry, multifunctional performance, and scalable fabrication, offering a promising platform for durable, high-sensitivity wearable electronics.
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高影响因子
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
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2025
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IF 19
Tao Liu,Zhenzhen Nong,Yong Li,Zhuohang Liu,Zhuoyue Fan,Huansheng Liu,Qi Liu,Jianyu Qiu,Qingwen Wang,Zhenzhen Liu
Acquiring high-quality and long-term electrophysiological signals remains a critical challenge in human health monitoring. However, traditional commercial gel or paste skin electrodes are extremely susceptible to sweat, body motion, or environmental interference, seriously limiting the high-fidelity of outputted signals. Herein, a completely physical crosslinked eutectogel is prepared at room temperature, which displays low modulus yet high toughness because of the multiple hydrogen bonding interactions of konjac glucomannan (KGM) with other components of the gel network. This eutectogel not only exhibits superior adhesion to normal skin but also shows enhanced adhesion under sweating conditions, enabling seamless and ultraconformal skin contact. Furthermore, the eutectogel possesses excellent environmental stability, biocompatibility, and low interfacial contact impedance. Based on these merits, this eutectogel is used as a skin electrode for real-time monitoring of electrophysiological signals with extraordinary immunity to motion artifacts, sweat disturbance, and environmental interference, thereby providing a robust solution for the acquisition of electrophysiological signals. Graphical A physically crosslinked ALK eutectogel with superior adhesion to normal/sweaty skin, excellent low impedance persistence, remarkable environmental stability, and ultra-conformability with skin is developed for use as skin electrodes for real-time monitoring of electrophysiological signals, which exhibits extraordinary immunity to motion artifacts, sweat disturbance, and environmental interference, thus providing a robust solution for the acquisition of electrophysiological signals.
研究领域:
生物医学工程
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材料科学
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电生理学
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柔性电子学
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可穿戴传感器
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高影响因子
Small
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2026
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IF 12.1
Shan Gong,Tao Wang,Yafen Zheng,Pengxu Ren,Dianzeng Jia,Dongling Wu
Flexible zinc-air batteries (FZABs) represent an emerging energy storage technology, yet their development is hindered by the limitations of conventional hydrogel electrolytes, including poor water retention, low ionic conductivity, undesirable side reactions, and poor low-temperature applicability. Herein, a series of deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based eutectogel electrolytes are developed by dissolving polyvinyl alcohol in DESs composed of ethylene glycol and amides with varying carbon chain lengths. The formamide-derived eutectogel (FEP) exhibits superior hydrogen bonding strength and denser cross-linked network, enhancing mechanical robustness, ionic conductivity (184 mS cm −1 ), and liquid retention (90.01% after 96 h in air). The synergistic effect of ─C═O and —NH 2 groups in formamide promotes the conversion of free water to bound water and restricts Zn(OH) 4 2− diffusion, which suppresses hydrogen evolution, corrosion, dendrite, and passivation. Moreover, CoFe alloy encapsulated in carbon nanotubes (CoFe-CNT), synthesized using formamide, serves as an efficient oxygen reduction catalyst. The assembled FEP-based FZAB achieves a peak power density of 121.1 mW cm −2 , a specific capacity of 800 mAh g Zn −1 , and stable operation across an ultra-wide temperature range from −115°C to 70°C. This work advances eutectogel technology and offers novel approaches to designing gel electrolytes with a wide operating temperature range and excellent electrochemical performance.
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高影响因子
ACS Applied Polymer Materials
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2025
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IF 4.7
Ji-Dong Liu,Jun Wu,Xinhua Liu,Xiang-Yun Du
Functional helical ionogel fibers have demonstrated considerable promise for use in sensing and smart wearable devices owing to their unique spiral architecture. However, conventional helical ionogel fibers currently encounter several challenges, including complicated preparation processes, insufficient control over the helical morphology, and a suboptimal mechanical performance, which seriously constrains their practical deployment. Here, a series of core–shell helical ionogel fibers are conveniently fabricated by using a coaxial microfluidic spinning technique. The fiber shell consists of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), which is rapidly solidified during the spinning process via solvent exchange. The ionogel core of the fiber is constructed through in situ polymerization of a polymerizable deep eutectic solvent, milk powder, and metal salt (Li+, Tb3+, or Eu3+). The as-prepared core–shell helical ionogel fibers present remarkable flexibility, mechanical strength (6.1 MPa), and elongation (2352%) attributed to the synergistic effect of the PVA shell with high strength and the ionogel core featuring multiple physical interactions (including hydrogen bonds and metal coordination). Notably, the Eu3+-containing ionogel fiber possesses distinct red fluorescence, ion conductivity, and solvent-responsive characteristics. More importantly, the strain-sensing behavior of the fiber enables its application in wearable sensors for monitoring human motion signals. This study explores a feasible solution for fabricating high-strength, stretchable, and functional helical ionogel fibers suitable for application in flexible wearable devices.
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高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）