Arabian Journal of Chemistry
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2021
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IF 5.165
Jiankang Deng,Jing Hu,Juanjuan Zhao,Zhiqiang Zhang,Qinghua Wang,Rongrong Wu
Patulin (PAT) contamination in fruit and fruit products is a significant public health concern. Here, we developed a ratiometric fluorescent aptasensor for PAT detection based on aptamer-recognition and Exonuclease III amplification. Two structure selective dyes, SYBR Green I (SGI) and N-methyl mesoporphyrin IX (NMM), were used as fluorescent probes. In the developed biosensing system, the binding of PAT to aptamer triggered the liberation of cDNA. Subsequently, amplification was mediated by Exonuclease III. S1 was released from the S1-S2 duplex by enzymatic hydrolyzation and incorporated into a stable G-quadruplex. As a result, the fluorescence of SGI decreased, whereas that of NMM increased. There was a strong linear correlation between the relative fluorescence intensity and PAT concentrations (20 to 500 ng·L −1 range) (R 2 = 0.99). The biosensing system was highly sensitive, and could detect PAT concentration as low as 4.7 ng·L −1 . The sensor was also highly specific, and could differentiate PAT from several other related mycotoxins. In summary, we developed a new bioassay for the accurate detection of PAT contamination in fruits and fruit products. This research provides a new approach for developing ratiometric bioassays based on structure-selective dyes and enzymatic conversion processes.
研究领域:
食品科学
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分析化学
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生物技术
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DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING
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2022
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IF 6.203
Xingjun Lu,Zhipeng Yue,Bangzhu Peng
Patulin (PAT) is a heat-stable mycotoxin produced by several fungal species belonging to the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus , in damaged or moldy fruits. In this work, TiO 2 nanotubes (TNTs) were prepared as photocatalysts for the degradation of PAT in simulated juice, by a hydrothermal method coupled with calcination treatment. Their physical, chemical, optical, and adsorption properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS), photoluminescence (PL), and N 2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, to optimize the preparation conditions. The photocatalytic activities of the TNTs were evaluated by the degradation of PAT in a simulated juice, under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The results showed that TNTs-450 calcinated at 450 °C for 2 h had high adsorption performance and photocatalytic activity in the amorphous state, and 1000 mg/L of TNTs-450 can completely degrade 1000 μg/L PAT in the simulated juice within 25 min. The kinetics of the photocatalytic degradation of PAT were then studied under various reaction conditions, showing that the photocatalytic degradation of PAT by TNTs-450 in the simulated juice followed first-order kinetics (R 2 ≥ 0.97). However, the UV light intensity and the pH of the reaction system are the main factors affecting the rate of PAT degradation. In addition, the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model can explain the photocatalytic degradation of PAT by TNTs-450 well, following the adsorption-surface reaction-desorption step.
研究领域:
食品科学
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环境科学
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材料科学
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DOI
高影响因子
FOOD CONTROL
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2022
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IF 6.652
Xiaoshuang Liu,Leran Wang,Saiqun Wang,Rui Cai,Tianli Yue,Yahong Yuan,Zhenpeng Gao,Zhouli Wang
The contamination of patulin is widely present in apple, hawthorn, pear, and their products. Many patulin detoxification methods have already been reported, among which enzymes are considered as one of the most promising degradation methods. However, in the reports available so far, patulin-degrading enzymes have rarely been separated and produced, making their application limited. In this study, four commercial enzymes including esterase, peroxidase, lipase A, and lipase M with the potential ability were used for patulin degradation. The results showed that four enzymes can degrade patulin with a rate of 97.8%, 53.2%, 76.3%, and 68.2%, respectively. The soluble solids content, pH value, browning degree, transmittance, organic acids and soluble sugar content, and volatile components of apple juice did not vary much or were within the acceptable range. The main degradation products of patulin were desoxypatulinic acid and hydroascladiol, the toxicity of which have been reported to be lower than that of patulin. Our discovery may provide a more convenient option for enzymes in juice detoxification.
研究领域:
食品科学
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酶学
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毒理学
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DOI
高影响因子
Toxins
·
2021
·Vol. 13
·期 9
·662
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IF 4.546
Enjie Diao,Kun Ma,Hui Zhang,Peng Xie,Shiquan Qian,Huwei Song,Ruifeng Mao,Liming Zhang
The thermal stability and degradation kinetics of patulin (PAT, 10 μmol/L) in pH 3.5 of phosphoric-citric acid buffer solutions in the absence and presence of cysteine (CYS, 30 μmol/L) were investigated at temperatures ranging from 90 to 150 °C. The zero-, first-, and second-order models and the Weibull model were used to fit the degradation process of patulin. Both the first-order kinetic model and Weibull model better described the degradation of patulin in the presence of cysteine while it was complexed to simulate them in the absence of cysteine with various models at different temperatures based on the correlation coefficients (R2> 0.90). At the same reaction time, cysteine and temperature significantly affected the degradation efficiency of patulin in highly acidic conditions (p< 0.01). The rate constants (kT) for patulin degradation with cysteine (0.0036–0.3200 μg/L·min) were far more than those of treatments without cysteine (0.0012–0.1614 μg/L·min), and the activation energy (Ea= 43.89 kJ/mol) was far less than that of treatment without cysteine (61.74 kJ/mol). Increasing temperature could obviously improve the degradation efficiency of patulin, regardless of the presence of cysteine. Thus, both cysteine and high temperature decreased the stability of patulin in highly acidic conditions and improved its degradation efficiency, which could be applied to guide the detoxification of patulin by cysteine in the juice processing industry.Keywords:patulin (PAT);cysteine (CYS);degradation kinetics;thermal stability;Arrhenius equationKey Contribution:Thermal stability of patulin in high-acid conditions (pH 3.5) was furtherly verified. Cysteine and high temperature reduced the thermal stability of patulin and then significantly improved the degradation efficiency of patulin based on the rate constants (kT) of patulin degradation and the activation energy (Ea) of the reaction between patulin and cysteine.
研究领域:
食品科学
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化学
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毒理学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
FOOD CHEMISTRY
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2024
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IF 8.5
Ruiyun Zhou,Xinchen Wu,Shanshan Xue,Limei Yin,Shipeng Gao,Yang Zhang,Chen Wang,Yansong Wang,Hesham R. El-Seedi,Xiaobo Zou,Zhiming Guo
Patulin (PAT), a major contaminant in apples, poses a considerable food safety risk, necessitating a rapid, sensitive and reliable detection method. This study developed a novel magnetic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-based ratiometric surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) aptasensor. The sensor consists of magnetic MOFs loaded with 4-Mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) internal labeled Au MBA @Ag as the SERS substrate, and gold nanorods (AuNRs) modified with Rhodamine 6G and aptamers as capture probes. This strategy enhances sensitivity through magnetic separation and abundant SERS hotspots provided by the magnetic MOF nanocomposites. The SERS intensity ratio showed a negative correlation with PAT concentrations from 0.01 to 100 ng/mL, with a LOD of 0.0465 ng/mL. Moreover, the aptasensor achieved 95.90 % ∼ 105.83 % recoveries in apple samples, indicating high accuracy and anti-interference capability. The excellent sensing performance demonstrates great potential of the SERS nanosensor for mycotoxin detection in actual food matrices.
研究领域:
食品安全
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分析化学
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纳米技术
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS
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2025
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IF 5.4
Huiqian Zhang,Xiuwei Shen,Jiayi He,Qingyuan Wang,Yunbing Tang,Peipei Pan,Ren-shan Ge,Xiaoheng Li
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi and pose significant risks to human and animal health. This study aimed to determine inhibitory potency of 7 mycotoxins and metabolites (cyclopiazonic acid, deoxynivalenol, patulin, zearalenone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, and β-zearalanol) against human placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (h3β-HSD1) and rat homolog r3β-HSD4, as well as their effects on progesterone output in human JAr cells and perform mechanism and structure-activity relationship analysis. In placentas, h3β-HSD1 is responsible for pregnenolone-to-progesterone conversion. Cyclopiazonic acid, deoxynivalenol, patulin, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, and β-zearalanol significantly inhibited h3β-HSD1 activity at 100 μM, while zearalenone did not. Their IC 50 values ranged from 8.25 μM to 30.50 μM (patulin), and Ki values from 9.04 μM to 31.18 μM, acting as mixed inhibitors. These mycotoxins also inhibited progesterone output by JAr cells at ≥10 μM. For r3β-HSD4, similar inhibitions were observed. IC 50 values ranged from 10.55 μM to 42.83 μM. Docking analysis of mycotoxins with h3β-HSD1 and r3β-HSD4 showed interactions like cyclopiazonic acid binding to NAD + -binding site. Structure-activity relation analysis revealed correlations between molecular characteristics (hydrophilicity, density) and IC 50 values. 3D-QSAR analysis developed ten pharmacophore models, and Hypo1 was selected as the best model, which was validated by testing compounds like cyclopiazonic and patulin.
研究领域:
毒理学
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生物化学
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药理学
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生殖生物学
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分子生物学
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计算生物学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
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2025
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IF 4.6
Zhiming Guo,Jiayi Ma,Limei Yin,Shanshan Xue,Ruiyun Zhou,Chanjun Sun,Chen Wang,Heera Jayan,Nermeen Yosri,Xiaobo Zou
Patulin (PAT), a hazardous mycotoxin prevalent in apples, poses significant food safety risks requiring sensitive detection methods.In this work, a SERS aptasensor utilizing covalent organic frameworks (COFs) anchored with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was designed, which is capable of specifically detecting PAT in the presence of interfering substances in apple matrices. Consequently, the Raman signal intensity exhibits an inverse relationship with the concentration of PAT. The method demonstrates high sensitivity and stability, with a linear detection range of 0.1–250 ng/mL and a limit of detection of 0.0544 ng/mL. The developed aptasensor shows excellent potential for rapid, on-site PAT screening in food industry quality control, with performance exceeding regulatory requirements. This work also contributes to the application of COFs in SERS technology.
研究领域:
分析化学
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食品安全
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纳米生物技术
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分子诊断
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农产品质量控制
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Foods
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2023
·Vol. 12
·期 4
·786
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IF 5.2
Shuaishuai Duan,Fengjuan Liu,Qiaomei Qin,Qinlan Jia,Xiaoqian Cao,Zhenyu Hua,Yingying Fan,Cheng Wang
Patulin (PAT) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced byAspergillussp. andPenicilliumsp., which acts as a contaminant of most apples and their products. The internationally recognized HACCP system is selected as the theoretical basis to more effectively reduce the PAT in apple juice concentrate (AJC). Through field investigation of apple juice concentrate (AJC) production enterprises, we collected 117 samples from 13 steps of AJC production, including whole apple, apple pulp, and apple juice. PAT contents were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and compared with samples from the different production processes. The result demonstrated that the PAT content was significantly (p< 0.05) influenced by five processes, receipt of raw apples, sorting of raw apples, adsorption step, pasteurization, and aseptic filling. These processes were determined as the CCPs. Monitoring systems for maintaining CCPs within acceptable limits were established, and corrective actions were proposed in case a CCP was surpassed. Based on the above-identified CCPs, critical limits, and control methods (corrective actions), a HACCP plan related to the production process of AJC was established. This study provided important guidance for juice manufacturers wishing to effectively control the PAT content in their products.Keywords:apple juice concentrate;HACCP;patulin;critical control points
研究领域:
食品科学
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食品安全
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微生物学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL
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2024
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IF 4.9
Lixin Ma,Qian Xu,Limei Yin,Caixia Zou,Wei Wu,Chen Wang,Ruiyun Zhou,Zhiming Guo,Jianrong Cai
Fruits are susceptible to fungal infection and propagation during storage and transportation, and carry toxic metabolites of fungi. Patulin (PAT) is a primary mycotoxin contaminant in fruits and their products, with neurotoxicity, teratogenicity and carcinogenicity. The current chromatographic methods have limitations such as time-consuming, high-cost and the need for professional training. For rapid and sensitive detection of PAT, a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method based on nucleophilic addition reaction was described in this paper. 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP), silver ion, and cysteine (Cys) were successively attached to the surface of the Au-core-Ag-shell nanoparticles to form SERS sensors. PAT reacted with Cys to form a complex covering the surface of the sensor, attenuating the Raman signal from 4-ATP. Combined with the chemometrics algorithms, the hidden spectral information can be extracted effectively. Among these algorithms, the ant colony optimization partial least squares (ACO-PLS) model demonstrated the best predictive performance (R c = 0.9985, RMSEC = 0.0494). The recovery rate of PAT was 96.58 ∼ 101.74 % with the RSD ≤ 1.42 %. HPLC was used to verify the applicability of this SERS method, and the results indicated that the SERS method was consistent with the HPLC method ( p = 0.283 > 0.05). Furthermore, the SERS sensor was not subject to interference from ochratoxins A, alternariol, and the PAT structural analogues. Consequently, the proposed SERS sensor can realize rapid and highly selective detection of PAT, providing a new strategy for the rational design of SERS sensor based on chemical reaction for indirect detection of harmful substances.
研究领域:
分析化学
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食品安全
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光谱学
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纳米技术
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毒理学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
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2026
·
IF 4
Rui Chu,Wenhui Li,Jintian Wang,Xiaoyang Li,Tianying Lu
BACKGROUND Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin commonly found in apple products, which poses significant health risks and is challenging to remove using conventional methods. This study employed a ligand functionalization strategy to precisely modulate the microenvironment of metal–organic frameworks and investigate its impact on PAT adsorption performance. RESULTS A series of functionalized UiO-66 nanomaterials (UiO-66, UiO-66-NH 2 , and UiO-66-SH) were synthesized via solvothermal method using zirconium as the metal node and terephthalic acid derivatives as organic linkers. Comprehensive characterization confirmed the successful incorporation of the corresponding functional groups and the conserved crystalline structure of the UiO-66. Screening of their adsorption capabilities revealed a dramatic dependence on the surface chemistry, with UiO-66-SH exhibiting superior PAT adsorption performance and achieving complete removal under optimized conditions. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies were conducted. The results demonstrated that the adsorption process of UiO-66-SH toward PAT followed a pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, indicative of chemisorption-driven monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity was determined to be 18.209 μg mg −1 . Mechanistic investigations confirmed that the thiol groups on UiO-66-SH chemically interacted with PAT via a Michael addition reaction, thereby achieving efficient adsorption and removal of PAT. In practical application, UiO-66-SH effectively removed PAT from spiked apple juice while maintaining the key quality parameters of apple juice. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that ligand-induced microenvironment modulation renders UiO-66-SH a highly efficient and selective adsorbent for PAT decontamination, offering a promising strategy for enhancing the safety of apple products. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
TALANTA
·
2026
·
IF 6.7
Keyu Sun,Ziwuzhen Wang,Shuhong Ye
Patulin (PAT) is a hazardous mycotoxin frequently detected in fruits and fruit-derived products, requiring rapid, portable, and visual strategies for on-site food safety screening. Herein, a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)/quantum dot-loaded molecularly imprinted polymer (QDs@MIP) hydrogel microneedle platform was developed by integrating molecular imprinting-based recognition, quantum dot fluorescence transduction, and microneedle-assisted surface sampling. QDs@MIP particles, prepared using QDs as fluorescent probes and molecularly imprinted polymers as selective recognition layers, were embedded into GelMA microneedles. Multiscale characterization confirmed successful QDs@MIP construction and preservation of red fluorescence after imprinting and microneedle encapsulation. The obtained microneedles exhibited well-defined arrays, uniform fluorescence distribution, rapid swelling, elastic gel-network behavior, and reliable compressive resistance, enabling conformal attachment and in situ sampling on fruit surfaces. Under optimized conditions, PAT binding and enrichment were accompanied by fluorescence attenuation at approximately 662 nm and a visible color transition under 365 nm UV-vis irradiation. Smartphone-assisted red-green-blue (RGB) analysis converted the fluorescence variation into quantitative signals, with the R/G ratio serving as the analytical parameter for visual PAT determination, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.009 μg L −1 and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.1 μg L −1 . The method provided recoveries of 82.0–112.0% across multiple fruit matrices and showed strong agreement with UPLC–MS/MS analysis. Moreover, the microneedles exhibited enzymatic and soil degradation potential and no obvious in vitro cytotoxicity. This work provides a portable, sustainable, and user-friendly strategy for rapid on-site screening of PAT in fruits.
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DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
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2025
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IF 13.2
Wenyan Yan,Zisheng Luo,Jiayi Liu,Xianfeng Peng,Zhenbiao Li,Xingyu Lin
Efficient degradation of mycotoxins from complex food matrices without affecting their nutrition is challenging. Inspired by the ultrathin cell membrane with selective nanochannels, we prepared a silica nanochannel membrane - modified TiO 2 nanorods (TiO 2 NRs) photoelectrode that enabled efficient and selective photoelectrocatalysis of patulin (PAT) from complex food matrices, while retaining their nutrients. The ultrathin silica membrane with ultra-small nanochannels allow the selective passage of patulin in complex food matrices, while prevent the leakage of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by photoelectrodes. The confined catalysis reaction between PAT and ROS within the ultrasmall nanochannels enhanced PAT degradation efficiency, allowing simplified degradation pathway compared to bare TiO 2 NRs. Even in complex fruit juice matrices with diverse biological components, their target degradation efficiency was not affected. Moreover, the silica nanochannel coating exhibited excellent nutrient-hindering ability, effectively preventing the interaction between ROS and biological nutritional components during photoelectrocatalytic treatments, thereby preserving the nutritional value of the food. As a result, the nanochannel-coated TiO 2 NRs photoelectrode completely mineralized PAT into CO 2 and H 2 O within 2 h while preserving the nutrients. On the contrary, the bare TiO 2 photoelectrode required 6 h for complete degradation, with significant nutrient loss in the juice. Additionally, the degradation efficiency of the nanochannel-coated TiO 2 NRs photoelectrode remains unchanged after five cycles and long-term storage. This study provides valuable insights into the efficient in-situ removal of mycotoxins from complex biological matrices without negatively affecting food nutrition and quality.
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）