INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
·
2026
·Vol. 65
·期 29
·15525-15536
·
IF 3.9
Lin Weijie,Yang Yuanhaobo,Zhang Jiaxing,Yang Qin,Fu Runfang,Yan Bin,Chen Sheng
Traditional
liquid electrolytes suffer from inherent limitations,
including poor shape adaptability, inferior interfacial stability,
low safety, and narrow operational voltage windows. Moreover, the
risks of electrolyte leakage complicate device packaging and increase
its cost. In this work, we fabricate an integrated electrochromic-solid
polymer electrolyte (EC-SPE) material based on viologen derivatives
and cross-linked polyvinyl butyral (PVB) via a solution-casting process.
The EC-SPE is laminated between transparent conductive indium tin
oxide (ITO) electrodes to form an ordered ITO/EC-SPE/ITO assembly.
The cross-linked PVB-based SPE (denoted as PK-10) exhibits high ionic conductivity
(3.48 mS·cm –1 ), strong adhesion
(1.32 MPa), and excellent thermal stability. Tailored viologen derivatives
(V1 and V2) show significantly improved solubility in organic solvents
and, through π–π stacking during solvent removal,
achieve uniform dispersion while effectively suppressing crystallization.
The resulting EC-SPE films (PKV1 and PKV2) demonstrate nearly 99%
initial transmittance, high optical modulation (Δ T = 65% and 60%), and fast switching (coloration/bleaching times of
8.2 s/2.5 s and 3.9 s/2.4 s, respectively). Notably, they retain 91.5%
and 85.7% of their initial Δ T after 10,000
and 5000 cycles, respectively, indicating outstanding cycling stability.
This work provides a promising strategy for developing high-performance
integrated EC-SPE devices.
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ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
·
2026
·
IF 5.8
Miao Li,Fangyuan Sun,Haibo Wu,Changxiang Hao,Chengwei Jiang,Xingyu Chen,Yanan He,Liyang Wang,Shaowei Jin,Fengyu Su,Yanqing Tian,Yan Jun Liu
Solid-state all-in-one FECDs are constructed using PEGDMA-TPU electrolyte. • FECDs achieve fast switching with 3.2 s coloring and 8.4 s bleaching. • FECDs realize dynamic patterns and 3.2 °C photothermal regulation. A key challenge in viologen-based solid-state all-in-one flexible electrochromic devices (FECDs) lies in that they display generally sluggish electrochromic response. In this work, flexible thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is incorporated into the cross-linked skeleton of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (poly(PEGDMA)). By regulating the cross-linked network structure, the system is endowed with high-efficiency ion conduction and excellent mechanical flexibility. Viologen-based solid-state all-in-one electrochromic devices fabricated via this strategy exhibit superior comprehensive performance: rapid switching (3.2/8.4 s for coloration/bleaching), which is among the superior response times reported in relevant FECDs, high optical contrast (Δ T =81.9%), and excellent cycling durability (>87% retention after 1000 cycles) and reliable bending tolerance (negligible changes in CV curves after 1000 bending cycles). Moreover, the devices enable applications such as anti-counterfeiting and smart windows. Compared with conventional windows, a model house equipped with the smart window achieves a temperature reduction of 3.2°C under simulated solar irradiation within the time period of 30 minutes. This work provides robust support and lays a technical foundation for constructing fast-response viologen-based solid-state all-in-one FECDs. Download: Download high-res image (271KB) Download: Download full-size image
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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
·
2026
·
IF 4.6
Yao Xiao,Dan Ni Luo,Qing Lin Guan,Yu Xian Chi,Ting Zhang,Feng Ying Bai,Yong Heng Xing
Viologen-encapsulated metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted significant interest owing to their responsiveness to multiple external stimuli, which enhances their potential applications in sensing and environmental monitoring. Here, we synthesized the novel viologen-encapsulated Ho-MOF material (pbpy)·[Ho2(NH2–BDC)4(H2O)]·3H2O (complex 1) via an in situ method using 2-aminoterephthalic acid (NH2–H2BDC) and the viologen derivative dichloro-1,1′-(1,4-benzylidene)-di(4,4′-bipyridine) (pbpy·2Cl), along with the control material [Ho4(NH2–BDC)5(DMA)2(μ3-OH)2]·3H2O (complex 2) without a viologen for comparison. Complex 1 exhibited dual detection capability for Th(IV) and nitroaromatic compounds (NACs), demonstrating significant advantages in sensing performance compared to complex 2. These results highlight the critical role of viologen incorporation in improving sensor functionality. Moreover, we prepared a MOF-based PVDF composite film material capable of rapidly detecting Th(IV) and NACs, demonstrating potential for practical sensing applications. In addition, thanks to the presence of a viologen inside the channels, complex 1 could achieve rapid and visual detection of N2H4·H2O. EPR results indicate that the color change is due to the generation of viologen radicals. These properties make the material a promising candidate for multianalyte detection, advancing the development of multistimulus responsive materials.
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高影响因子
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
·
2026
·
IF 7.3
Ruoqing Sun,Guanghui Zhou,Ying Liu,Haiguang Gao,Juan Xu,Jianyu Cao,Yonggang Wang
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a promising technology for large-scale energy storage due to their decoupled power and energy architecture, high scalability, and safety. Redox-active organic materials (ROMs) have emerged as promising candidates for RFB applications due to their molecular diversity, structural flexibility, cost effectiveness, and environmental compatibility. However, the sluggish kinetics of promising ROMs like methyl viologen (MV) on conventional carbon felt (CF) electrodes remain a critical bottleneck, necessitating the development of highly active electrocatalysts. Herein, we report the development of a novel nanostructured copper-on-carbon-felt composite (Cu@CF) electrode fabricated via a facile electrodeposition method incorporating organic additives. The Cu@CF electrode significantly enhances the intrinsic kinetic rate constant (k0) of the MV redox reaction by approximately 3-fold compared to that of pristine CF, demonstrating its superior intrinsic catalytic capability. An MV//N,N,N-2,2,6,6-heptamethylpiperidinyl-oxy-4-ammonium (TEMPTMA) aqueous organic redox flow battery (AORFB) full cell assembled using Cu@CF as the anode catalyst demonstrates substantially enhanced performance metrics, including remarkably low area-specific resistance (ASR), higher discharge capacity (85.1% utilization at 30 mA cm–2), a maximum power density of 235.4 mW cm–2 (46% higher than the CF cell), and excellent energy efficiency (EE) of 79.7% at 80 mA cm–2. Furthermore, this Cu@CF cell exhibits superior long-term stability over 500 cycles, maintaining an average EE of 78.52% and effectively suppressing undesirable side reactions like dimerization and disproportionation of MV+• (the reduced state of MV2+). This work establishes Cu@CF as a high-performance, durable, and low-cost electrocatalyst, offering a practical strategy to advance viologen-based AORFB technology.
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DYES AND PIGMENTS
·
2025
·
IF 4.2
Yuying Fu,Haibing Han,Lin Li,Jinjian Liu
Thiazolo[5,4- d ]thiazole extended viologen (2,5-bis(pyridinium-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4- d ]thiazole, Py 2 TTz) has recently been identified as a very efficient fluorophore, in contrast with the relatively weak fluorescence of the traditional viologens. Herein, we developed a novel thiazolothiazole extended viologen derivative (denoted as 3-L ) by incorporating carboxybenzyl into Py 2 TTz. On this basis, a Zn-based metal-organic framework (Zn-MOF) {[Zn(3-L) 0.5 (TPDC)(H 2 O)]·H 2 O} n (denoted as Zn-L ) has been synthesized derived from 3-L under solvothermal conditions. Both 3-L and Zn-L show excellent photochromism and ammonia vapochromism, probably due to the formation of viologen radicals induced by electron transfer under UV and NH 3 stimuli. Besides, both compounds exhibit reversible modulation of fluorescence during the coloration-decoloration process. Based on photochromism, inkless erasable printing can prepare the desired erasable pattern by UV irradiation.
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EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
·
2022
·
IF 5.546
Jiaxin Zhao,Mingjuan Zhou,Yan Zhou,Danming Chao
Multi-stimulus-responsive materials have been intensively explored due to their wide applications of sensors, controlled drug release, and intelligent devices. However, color/fluorescence dual-switching response to the multiple external triggers has rarely been reported. We present here the multi-stimuli-responsive color/fluorescence dual-switching behavior of a novel hyperbranched polyamidoamine bearing viologen and adamantane units through one-pot Michael addition polymerization coupled with terminal modification tactic. This fascinating color/fluorescence dual-switching behavior is originated from conformation change (protonation/deprotonation of tertiary amines), reversible aggregation/de-aggregation (hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance modulation by adamantanes), and molecular structure transition (redox of viologens) within a polymer scaffold upon multiple environmental stimuli of pH value, heat, and electric potential. This delicate molecular design provides an alternative avenue toward a new class of smart, adaptive, and responsive polymers.
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SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Le Huy Thai,Le Thi Thanh Nhi,Truong Chau Giang,Le Van Quyet,Nguyen Minh Hiep,Tran Quang Hung,Le Hoang Sinh
A highly bistable viologen-based electrochromic display was successfully developed by using a simple strategy with cheap commercial phenol-based epoxy. By adding epoxy, phenol species can contribute a dual effect, in which they can play as electron shuttles to facilitate fast coloration of ECDs and stabilize the long bistability of ECDs through the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) mechanism during coloration state. With the use of epoxy, CPHEV 2+ /E exhibits an improvement of maximum ΔT, which is 78.6 % at 596 nm compared to 53 % for that of ECD without epoxy. The ECD with added epoxy can hold the colored state up to 50 h after applying a voltage of −2.5 V for 15 s compared with ECD without epoxy which is 22 min. Notably, the color state undergoes decomposition to 10 % of its initial value after 3.5 h without any extra power supply. The 3D-printed rose flower ECD was successfully demonstrated using digital light processing (DLP) with good dimensional accuracy and resolution.
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ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
·
2024
·
IF 5.5
Dongyang Chen,Jingshu Wu,Dongchu Chen,Jiaqi Xu
Organic redox-active compounds are promising alternatives to traditional inorganic counterparts because of their sustainable resources and highly tunable properties. However, their solubility in organic electrolyte solvents and the sluggish electrode reactions hinder their further development. Herein, an intrinsically microporous decabromopropyl pillar[5]arene (P5Br) was used to support the methyl viologen (MV) functionality to yield two non-crosslinked and crosslinked organic electrode materials, namely MV-P5Br and CMV-P5Br, respectively. When evaluating against Li metal counter electrode, the MV-P5Br and CMV-P5Br electrodes delivered high discharge capacities of 87.9 and 92.7 mAh g −1 at 0.1 C, respectively, which are close to their theoretical values. After galvanostatic cycling at 0.1 C for 100 cycles, the CMV-P5Br electrode maintained a discharge capacity of 82.3 mAh g −1 , much higher than the 43.7 mAh g −1 of the MV-P5Br electrode. When the current rate was increased to 10 C, the CMV-P5Br electrode delivered a discharge capacity of 60.7 mAh g −1 , also higher than the 41.3 mAh g −1 of the MV-P5Br electrode. The increased cycling stability and rate performance of the CMV-P5Br electrode were attributed to the diminished solubility and the enhanced ion diffusion coefficient of the active material. When the counter electrode was changed to Na metal, similar results were obtained, suggesting that the CMV-P5Br electrode can also be used in Na-ion systems. This study demonstrates that the combination of crosslinked and microporous structure is highly effective to boost the electrochemical performance of organic redox-active compounds for rechargeable batteries.
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Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
·
2026
·
IF 5.5
Li-Jun Feng,Jia-Ling Tong,Qin-Xie Xie,Mao-Nan Wen,Xiao-Zhao Ma,Yue Zang,Jia-Ru Zhong,Jia Yao,Xiao-Ming Li,Bo Zhao,Pei Tang
Bacterial resistance and recurrent infection remain major challenges for infected wound healing. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) features excellent spatiotemporal control and low risk of inducing bacterial resistance, making it a promising antibacterial modality. However, many photosensitizers used in wound therapy are photounstable, bind weakly to bacteria, and generate insufficient reactive oxygen species (ROS). We developed a viologen-functionalized metal-covalent organic framework (Vio-MCOF) by covalently embedding viologen units into the MCOF framework, and integrated this material into a sprayable, ionically crosslinked sodium alginate hydrogel. In this system, viologen units serve as electron mediators and work cooperatively with the copper-cluster active sites to suppress charge recombination and may increase ROS production under simulated solar light. The positive charge of the viologen units promotes electrostatic binding of Vio-MCOF to negatively charged bacterial membranes, improving its photodynamic antibacterial performance. In vitro experiments showed that Vio-MCOF at 200 μg mL-1 achieved a bactericidal rate of over 99% against S. aureus after 30 min of simulated solar light irradiation. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the Vio-MCOF hydrogel reduced bacterial colonization in infected wounds, suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 expression, alleviated inflammation, and promoted angiogenesis and collagen deposition, leading to accelerated wound healing. Collectively, the sprayable Vio-MCOF hydrogel holds promise as an antibiotic-free dressing for infected skin wounds.
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COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2026
·
IF 5.4
Zilong Yin,Xiaohui Lu,Xiuli Yan,Yan Li,Chunfeng Wang,Shenjun Qin,Shuangshuo Li,Tao Chang
The effective removal of highly toxic Cr(VI) from industrial wastewater necessitates the development of an exceptionally efficient and stable adsorbent. Herein, we designed an innovative strategy for constructing a multifunctional polymer adsorbent, wherein cationic viologen served as both the cross-linker and the immobilization carrier for polyethyleneimine (PEI) through the Zincke reaction. Moreover, the incorporation of Pluronic F127 as a soft template induced the formation of well-defined mesoporous microspheres, which significantly improved the accessibility of active sites and the surface hydrophilicity of the adsorbent. Consequently, the synthesized adsorbent, VLF-PEI 10,000 -Cl, exhibited an ultra-high adsorption capacity of 1304 mg/g for Cr(VI) under optimal conditions (pH 2, 318 K), surpassing that of most reported materials. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm, indicating a monolayer chemical adsorption process. Meanwhile, a synergistic triple-action mechanism, encompassing "capture-detoxification-complexation" processes, was identified as contributing to the superior adsorption capacity. Notably, substituting the counterions with nitrate ions (NO 3 − ) resulted in a 5% enhancement in removal efficiency within nitrate-rich water. This result demonstrates the great potential of tailoring the adsorbent's counterion composition to enhance its adsorption performance in various aquatic environments.
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DYES AND PIGMENTS
·
2023
·
IF 4.5
Yu Zhou,Zitao Wang,Yajie Ke,Jianming Zheng,Chunye Xu
To minimize the colored state transmittance of the device in the ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) region (300–800 nm), we applied the idea of spectral complementary absorption to design electrochromic devices with transparent to black transition. Benzothiadiazole viologen (BV) and trisaminocyclopropenium ions (TAC) organic materials with dark blue and red coloration states were selected to prepare electrochromic devices with extremely low transmittance, here TAC is used as electrochromic material for the first time. The electrochromic devices do not require any supporting electrolytes . By controlling the concentration ratio of two materials, we achieved the ultra-low transmittance (0.33%), extremely low relative luminance (%Y L = 0.12%), and fairly high coloring efficiency (341.9 cm 2 /C) of the TB-1 (0.05 mol/L TAC, 0.05 mol/L BV) device. Meanwhile, the TB-2 (0.0375 mol/L TAC, 0.05 mol/L BV) device possesses high transmittance contrast (81.79%) and very good long-cycle stability (4000 cycles, 96.1%).
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高影响因子
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
·
2022
·
IF 7.336
Wenting Wei,Jiaxuan Li,Huiqin Yao,Hongyun Liu
Herein, by a one-step synthetization method, a viologen derivative diallyl viologen (DAV) was first polymerized with methacryloylglycine (MAG) into P(MAG-DAV) polymer films on the surface of ITO electrodes. DAV component in the P(MAG-DAV) films was used not only as a cross-linker and immobilized in the film phase for repetitive usages, but also demonstrated reversibly electrochromic and luminescent properties. When the electrode voltage was switched between −0.7 and −0.5 V (vs SCE), DAV could transfer from its purple reduction state (DAV •+ ) to colorless oxidation state (DAV 2+ ) through the electrode reactions , accompanied with the fluorescence signal switching between non-fluorescence (DAV •+ ) and green fluorescence (DAV 2+ ) states. The addition of KMnO 4 in the solution could oxidize DAV •+ to its DAV 2+ form in the films to generate electrocatalytic signals and change the optical signals at the same time. Based on various reversible stimulus-responsive behaviors of P(MAG-DAV) film electrodes, a logic system of 3-input/3-output was established using potential, KMnO 4 and ultraviolet excitation light as inputs, and cyclic voltammetry (CV), fluorescence (FL) and UV−vis signals as outputs. Including an encoder and a decoder, a unique resettable and reprogrammable keypad lock was built with 3 different outputs. The system used a single immobilized molecule as the core of computing, and applied only 3 stimuli as inputs to construct an integrated logic computing system with 3 different output signals, which greatly improved the complexity and diversity of the molecular computing system. This might provide a new idea for the subsequent development of multifunctional integrated logic devices.
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