STAR Protocols
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2026
·Vol. 7
·期 3
·
IF 1.4
Guochao Wu,Tianran Si,Han Jin
Early tumor detection is critical for improving cure rates. Here, we present a protocol for tumor detection in mice using a targeted breath-analysis strategy in which phenyl-β-D-glucuronide specifically targets β-glucuronidase, which is highly expressed in the tumor microenvironment. We describe steps for drug screening, enzymatic reaction, drug stability and toxicity evaluation, and construction of the mouse exhaled-breath extraction device. We then detail procedures for animal-model breath analysis, enabling highly sensitive early tumor detection. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Xue et al. 1 1. Xue, C. ∙ Yi, C. ∙ Zhang, L. ... Unlocking pan-cancer detection via phenyl-β-D-glucuronide-induced breath analysis Cell Biomater. 2026; 2 , 100421 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (4) PubMed Google Scholar
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APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
·
2026
·
IF 19.7
Wenqing Wang,Fan Wu,Hao Li,Jianming Pan
A photocatalytic self-propelled nanomotor adsorbent was developed for Pd(II) recovery. • Self-propulsion overcomes diffusion-limited adsorption kinetics. • EPR reveals the ROS-mediated mechanism of long-term propulsion. • Selective Pd(II) recovery is achieved in complex acidic wastewater. The recovery of palladium (Pd) from complex acidic industrial wastewater is severely restricted by sluggish interfacial mass transfer and inherent diffusion-limited adsorption kinetics. To address this long-standing bottleneck, asymmetric N/Se-codoped resorcinol-formaldehyde nanomotors (Se-RF@NMs) were rationally fabricated via an emulsion-confined anisotropic growth strategy for photocatalytic self-propulsion-boosted Pd(II) recovey. Under light irradiation, the photoresponsive resin framework enables continuous in-situ H 2 O 2 generation. Meanwhile, the adsorption-induced in-situ reduction of Pd(II) further accelerates catalytic H 2 O 2 decomposition to generate oxygen microbubbles, endowing nanomotors with sustainable autonomous motion and dynamically promoting interfacial ion transport. EPR characterization confirms that photogenerated holes and reactive oxygen species sustain the cyclic H 2 O 2 generation-decomposition system, effectively stabilizing the self-propulsion behavior of Se-RF@NMs. Benefiting from the synergistic coupling of photocatalytic self-propulsion and N/Se-based selective coordination adsorption, the optimized Se-RF@NMs achieve a superior Pd(II) adsorption capacity of 196.75 mg g −1 , as well as excellent selectivity in multi-metal competitive systems and practical industrial wastewater matrices. This work elucidates a photocatalysis-driven active mass transfer enhancement mechanism, establishing a feasible paradigm to break the intrinsic diffusion limitation of conventional adsorption. It provides new insights into the rational design of intelligent self-propelled catalytic adsorbents for high-efficiency precious metal recovery in complex and harsh water environments. Download: Download high-res image (152KB) Download: Download full-size image
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Sustainability
·
2026
·Vol. 18
·期 16
·8079
·
IF 4.1
Hao Liu,Deli Wu,Yufan Chen,Chengsi Hou,Guojie Ye,Zhengwei Zhou,Yue Wang
4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) is a persistent and highly toxic pollutant commonly found in groundwater. However, its efficient degradation remains challenging due to the rapid agglomeration of conventional zero-valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles, their narrow pH operating range, and the environmental risks associated with synthetic chelating agents. To address these limitations, this study presents a rationally designed catalytic system integrating cyclodextrin polymer (CDP)-supported bimetallic Cu-Fe nanoparticles (Cu-Fe-CDP) with citric acid (CA) as a green complexing agent. The porous CDP matrix effectively mitigates nanoparticle agglomeration and provides abundant active sites, while the Fe-Cu bimetallic coupling accelerates electron transfer and iron corrosion. Critically, CA acts as a biocompatible ligand that sustains Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox cycling, expands the effective pH range, and enhances hydroxyl radical (·OH) generation. The system achieves 92.13% degradation of 4-CP within 80 min at pH 9.0 and nearly complete removal at pH values between 3.0 and 7.0. Mechanistic studies, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and radical quenching tests, confirm the dominance of ·OH radicals (82.67% inhibition by TBA) and the essential role of surface Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycling. The catalyst exhibits excellent reusability, broad-spectrum activity toward multiple pollutants, and sustained performance in real water matrices and long-term column tests with minimal metal leaching. This work demonstrates a chemically robust strategy for chlorophenol remediation using green citric acid and biodegradable CDP without exogenous oxidant addition, showing promise for further development toward practical applications.
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SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
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2026
·
IF 9.1
Chunhui Wang,Chenfei Zhang,Yixin Xing,Baoying Si,Xian Zhang,Can He,Huijiao Wang,Jianbing Wang
The Practical application of nanobubbles and catalysts in the ozonation of pollutants has been severely hindered by the difficulty of developing efficient reactors where efficiency is controlled by interactions among multiphase flow, mass transfer, and chemical reactions. Due to the complexity of these interactions, accurately describing them remains a significant challenge. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled machine learning (ML) model was developed to design and optimize an integrated reactor for nanobubble-enhanced ozone dissolution and catalytic oxidation. Simulation results indicate that the aeration device effectively increases the nanobubble fraction from ∼16% to 60%, thereby significantly accelerating and enhancing ozone mass transfer from the gas to the liquid phase. The integrated reactor of ozone nanobubbles with catalytic oxidation was utilized for the treatment of phenol solution. Both experimental and simulation results show that phenol and its ozone-reactive degradation intermediates (e.g., p-benzoquinone) can be rapidly abated at the first ozone nanobubbles oxidation section, while for the ozone-refractory species (e.g., formic acid and oxalic acid), they can be effectively oxidized at the second catalytic oxidation section. Finally, the optimal structural parameters and operating conditions for the integrated reactor were obtained by an ML model, which achieved >90% TOC removal and > 98% ozone utilization efficiency. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that CFD simulation coupled with ML provides a feasible and convenient way for design, optimization, and reaction mechanism elucidation of the nanobubble-enhanced catalytic ozonation reactors, laying a foundation for efficient application of catalytic ozonation processes.
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APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
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2026
·
IF 19.7
Yifei Liu,Defa Liu,Ying Yu,Zumin Wang,Ruziev Umidjon Abdimajitovich,Donaev Sardor Burkhanovich,Semencha Alexander Vyacheslavovich,Lei Wang,Lingbo Zong,Bin Li,Xufang Qian
Fe-Cu dual-atom sites were prepared through pre-coordination and ultrafast Joule heating. • FeCu-N-MCS displays a large E 1/2 , low H 2 O 2 yield and excellent stability. • FeCu-N-MCS suppresses H 2 O 2 accumulation through hydrogen peroxide reduction reaction (HPRR). • Cooperative interaction of dual-atom sites reduces the energy barrier of OH* desorption for 4e⁻ ORR. • Zn-air batteries achieve ultrahigh power density and remarkable charge/discharge stability. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) governs the power output and cycling lifetime of metal-air batteries. Fe-N-C single-atom catalysts are among the most promising precious-metal-free ORR electrocatalysts, but their durability is often compromised by H 2 O 2 generated through the competing two-electron ORR pathway, which can trigger Fenton reactions and radical-induced catalyst degradation. Herein, Fe-Cu dual-atom sites anchored on microporous carbon spheres (FeCu-N-MCS) are constructed through a pre-coordination strategy followed by rapid Joule heating. Combined experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the electronic coupling between Fe and Cu sites lowers the energy barrier of the rate-determining step for the four-electron ORR pathway. More importantly, the Fe-Cu dual-site configuration enables spontaneous hydrogen peroxide reduction reaction (HPRR) at Fe sites and significantly facilitates OH* desorption during HPRR, thereby suppressing H 2 O 2 accumulation and alleviating Fenton-type oxidative degradation. Consequently, FeCu-N-MCS delivers outstanding ORR performance with a half-wave potential of 0.91 V, a low H 2 O 2 yield below 2.91%, and 91.05% current retention after 100 h. Aqueous Zn-air batteries (A-ZABs) assembled with FeCu-N-MCS achieve a peak power density of 223.73 mW cm −2 and stable cycling for over 1200 h. FeCu-N-MCS-based Quasi-solid-state ZABs (QSS-ZABs) further exhibit an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.52 V and a power density of 246.85 mW cm −2 . This work establishes a dual-atom-site strategy for coupling high ORR activity with H 2 O 2 -resistant durability, offering mechanistic insight into the design of robust precious-metal-free electrocatalysts for advanced metal-air batteries. Download: Download high-res image (220KB) Download: Download full-size image Fe-Cu dual-atom sites were prepared through pre-coordination and Joule heating. The incorporation of Cu sites into Fe-N-MCS not only reduces the energy barrier of the rate-determining step (RDS) to accelerate the 4e⁻ ORR pathway, but also enables spontaneous hydrogen peroxide reduction reaction (HPRR) to suppress H 2 O 2 accumulation and Fenton corrosion. Consequently, the assembled Zn-air batteries achieve remarkable power density and ultra-long cycling stability.
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WATER RESEARCH
·
2026
·
IF 12.8
Jun Huang,Fan Chen,Zimeng Zhang,Yunxia Zu,Di Cao,Tianyi Huang,Zhiling Li,Aijie Wang
Chlorinated and non-chlorinated aromatic contaminants frequently co-occur in groundwater, but their synergistic bioremediation is often hindered by conflicting redox requirements, microbial niche competition, and the need for external organic carbon sources. Here, we present an electro-stimulated bio-circulation well (ES-BCW) that couples electrode-mediated redox regulation with internal hydraulic recirculation, enabling the simultaneous continuous reductive dechlorination and oxidative aromatic degradation without exogenous organic carbon supplementation. Under continuous operation (120 d), the ES-BCW system achieved average removal rates of 53.2 µmol L −1 d −1 for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) and 169.5 µmol L −1 d −1 for toluene, respectively, demonstrating competitive performance for anaerobic co-treatment of mixed aromatic contaminants. Optimal weak electrical stimulation (1.2 V) with a controlled reflux (50%) promoted spatial niche differentiation between cathodic reductive and anodic oxidative zones. Microbial analysis revealed selective enrichment of dechlorinating ( Dechloromonas and Sphingobium ), toluene-degrading ( Azoarcus and Thauera ), and electroactive ( Geobacter and Sulfurospirillum ) genera. Integrated metagenomic and metabolomic analyses revealed coordinated enrichment of dechlorination ( pcpB, pcpC ) and toluene oxidation ( bssABC, bbsG ) genes, coupled with increased abundances of energy carriers and key electron transfer components (i.e. cytochromes). These shifts collectively supported enhanced electron flux redistribution, metabolic synergy, and sustained acetate cycling, establishing a self-amplifying loop of endogenous carbon reuse that enabled redox partitioning between cathodic reductive and anodic oxidative niches. The ES-BCW system offers an endogenous carbon-driven strategy for synergistic bioremediation of mixed aromatic contaminated oligotrophic groundwater.
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Foods
·
2026
·Vol. 15
·期 15
·2704
·
IF 6
Weiqian Wang,Jia Liu,Muhammad Aaqil,Siyu Zhou,Xinyu Wei,Linyu Li,Zengzeng Chen,Jun Sheng,Yang Tian,Cunchao Zhao
Gastrodia elata Bl. (GE), a representative medicine–food homology material, requires appropriate processing prior to food application to meet established medicinal quality standards. However, the effects of different traditional processing methods on its quality attributes remain insufficiently elucidated. In this study, three representative processing methods, steaming, moistening, and bran-frying, were systematically compared to evaluate their impact on the structural, compositional, and flavor characteristics of GE. The results demonstrated that processing markedly altered both the physical structure and chemical composition of GE. Moistening caused minimal disruption to the native tissue architecture and largely preserved the free-water distribution pattern. Notably, gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol contents reached 0.38% and 4.16%, respectively, the highest among all treatments, while the overall flavor profile remained closest to that of fresh GE. In contrast, bran-frying induced pronounced dehydration and structural densification, with volatile compounds and differential metabolites accounting for 72.83% and 41.01%, respectively. This treatment also exhibited elevated levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, and protein. Steaming, by comparison, promoted starch gelatinization and water redistribution, shifting the flavor profile from a delicate herbal note toward enhanced umami, floral, and mildly roasted characteristics. Overall, these findings reveal that processing-induced structural remodeling and changes in water state play critical roles in regulating the quality attributes of GE. By integrating structural characterization, water-state analysis, and multi-omics data, this study provides a systematic understanding of the formation of GE quality attributes under different processing methods, offering a theoretical basis for quality control and process optimization.
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COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
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2026
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IF 5.4
Jie Ding,Jing Zhang,Boxia Liu,Yuyu Wang,Dongxu Han,Yeqiong Huang,Chuhan Xing,Zhi Song
MnFe-O activates PMS to remove 99.34% phenol within 30 min. • Oxygen vacancies regulate Mn-Fe dual-site electronic coupling. • MnFe-O shows higher Fe 2+ and Mn 3+ contents for rapid redox cycling. • O 2 •− / 1 O 2 -coupled pathways dominate phenol oxidation in MnFe-O/PMS. • MnFe-O/PMS maintains high activity in diverse real water matrices. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation technology has significant application potential in the removal of phenolic pollutants, but its catalytic performance is still limited by problems such as insufficient regulation of the electronic structure of active sites and unclear interfacial reaction pathways. This study used MnFe Prussian blue analogue (MnFe-PBA) as a precursor to construct a series of MnFe-X (X = O, S, Se) catalysts through thermal conversion and oxygen vacancy-related defect engineering, and systematically compared the effects of different vacancy types on the PMS-activated degradation performance of phenol. The results showed that the MnFe-O sample, which was jointly regulated by oxygen vacancy-related defects and structural reconstruction, exhibited the best catalytic activity, achieving 99.34% phenol removal within 30 min, with an apparent rate constant as high as 0.20 min −1 , which was significantly better than the MnFe-PBA and S/Se vacancy-regulated samples. XPS analysis showed that the increased proportions of Fe 2+ (77.25%) and Mn 3+ (70.00%) in MnFe-O created a more favorable local electronic environment for electron coupling and redox cycles. EPR and quenching results indicate that •OH, SO 4 •− , O 2 •− and 1 O 2 are generated simultaneously in the system, and an oxidation pathway dominated by O 2 •− / 1 O 2 coupling is ultimately formed. This work reveals the key role of oxygen vacancy-related defects and structural reconstruction in jointly regulating the activation of PMS by Mn-Fe dual sites, providing a new mechanistic basis for defect engineering-driven bimetallic catalyst design and efficient purification of phenolic wastewater. Download: Download high-res image (230KB) Download: Download full-size image
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Journal of Environmental Sciences
·
2026
·
IF 6.5
Hongxin Liu,Kuiling Li,Lin Fang,Yang Yao,Zhigang Dan,Jun Wang
A heterogeneous electro-Fenton membrane distillation system is developed;. • Interfacial ·OH generation suppresses vapor-phase transfer of VOCs;. • High-salinity wastewater can be concentrated with controlled organic risk. High-salinity coal-chemical wastewater is challenging to manage because thermal concentration reduces wastewater volume but may simultaneously promote the carryover of volatile organics into the distillate and the enrichment of organics in the concentrating brine, thereby amplifying downstream risks. Here we develop a heterogeneous electro-Fenton membrane distillation (HEF-MD) process by integrating a Fe 3 O 4 -loaded membrane-based gas diffusion electrode (Fe 3 O 4 /Mem-GDE). This design couples oxygen delivery, in situ H 2 O 2 electro-generation, and surface-confined Fenton activation at the membrane-solution interface to establish an interfacial “reactive barrier”. Consequently, HEF-MD effectively suppresses vapor-phase transfer of representative volatile phenolics, achieving high rejection under conditions where conventional sweeping-gas MD exhibits low rejection or even enrichment of these compounds in the permeate. When applied to two real coal-chemical wastewaters, HEF-MD maintains stable vapor transport and high salt rejection while substantially improving distillate organic quality and mitigating organic build-up in the concentration brine, supporting a zero-liquid discharge operation. The system operates without chemical dosing or pH adjustment; when waste heat is available to drive MD, the incremental operating cost is dominated by electricity. Overall, these findings position HEF-MD as a practical, risk-controlled concentration strategy that couples desalination with in situ interfacial oxidation to suppress organic transfer, mitigate organic enrichment, and enable sustainable management of high-salinity industrial wastewaters. Download: Download high-res image (274KB) Download: Download full-size image
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Surfaces and Interfaces
·
2026
·
IF 6
Huan Song,Le Song,Fangzhou Wu,Yonglei Xing,Xiaoyong Jin,Fang Wan,Gang Ni
Non-metal doping provides a route to tune metal sites in carbon catalysts for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. Here, a phosphorus-modified N-doped carbon catalyst with an ultralow cobalt loading (Co2-P1-NC; 0.14 wt% Co) was prepared. Under optimized conditions, the Co2-P1-NC/PMS system removed phenol (Ph) within 2.5 min, with an apparent pseudo-first-order rate constant of 2.068 min −1 . Co-free NC and P-NC showed only limited activity, indicating that Co-containing sites account for most of the catalytic enhancement. Quenching tests, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), PMSO probing, in situ Raman spectroscopy, electrochemical measurements, and premixing experiments collectively support the coexistence of radical and nonradical routes, with high-valent Co species and interfacial electron transfer making major contributions under the tested conditions. Density functional theory calculations using representative CoN 4 and CoN 3 P models showed that P substitution made PMS adsorption more favorable (from −2.56 to −3.38 eV), whereas the calculated O–O bond length and Bader charge changed only slightly; the adsorption enhancement is therefore attributed mainly to altered geometry and interfacial electronic interactions. P modification also reduced the measured Co leaching concentration from 0.016 to 0.005 mg L −1 . The catalyst rapidly removed several phenolic pollutants, although activity declined during reuse and was inhibited by carbonate and humic acid. These results demonstrate a promising low-Co catalyst design while identifying stability and water-matrix effects as priorities for further development. Download: Download high-res image (308KB) Download: Download full-size image
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Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
·
2026
·Vol. 14
·期 5
·123882
·
IF 7.5
Weilong Wu,Chao Li,Yi Wang,Xun Hu
Pyrolysis and activation are common methods for preparing biochar adsorbents, but these treatments often increase porosity while destroying oxygen-containing functional groups that are important for pollutant binding. In this work, a non-carbonized strategy was developed to regulate biomass surface chemistry using camphor wood. Instead of thermal treatment, lignin was removed and the material was modified with tannic acid (TA) and Fe 3 + to construct adsorption sites. The degreasing–oxidation process removed lignin and hemicellulose, exposing cellulose surfaces rich in -OH. TA and Fe 3+ further introduced polar and coordination-active sites. Structural characterization showed that lignin removal triggered hydrogen‑bond rearrangement accompanied by pore contraction, which critically governed the subsequent adsorption behavior. These interfacial changes strongly affected adsorption behavior. Raw camphor showed almost no adsorption toward methylene blue because of the inaccessible functional groups. Fe-modified samples displayed limited adsorption due to site occupation by coordination. Oxidized camphor exhibited improved adsorption because more −OH and −COOH groups were exposed. TA modification alone produced only slight enhancement because of pore restriction and hydrogen-bond competition. In contrast, TA/Fe-modified oxidized camphor achieved the highest adsorption capacity of 312.07 mg/g, higher than oxidized camphor (164.09 mg/g). The improvement mainly resulted from the synergistic effect of exposed -OH, -COOH, and partially coordinated Fe 3+ sites. The material also maintained more than 80% of its initial adsorption capacity after five cycles. Overall, this work shows that adsorption enhancement mainly comes from interfacial reconstruction rather than pore development, providing a simple route for preparing biomass-based functional adsorbents.
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Small
·
2026
·
IF 11.8
Xue Long,Wendong Yang,Hua Jiang,Linfeng Wang,Yilin Zeng,Pei Liu,Xuan Cai,Yifan Zhang,Zuoxuan Gan,Huaiyu Ke,Jiabao Sun,Jiangjiang Duan
The ferricyanide/ferrocyanide ([Fe(CN) 6 ] 3− /[Fe(CN) 6 ] 4− ) redox couple is widely used in energy storage and catalysis because of its rapid electron-transfer kinetics and excellent reversibility. Yet its chemistry in highly alkaline media (pH ≥ 14) remains incompletely understood. In particular, [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3− displays unexpectedly strong oxidizing activity under alkaline conditions despite its moderate redox potential (∼0.45 V vs. SHE). Here, we show that this apparent contradiction arises from the redox-mediated generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Spectroscopic analyses, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations, and density functional theory (DFT) reveal that OH − penetrates and reorganizes the primary solvation shell of [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3− through hydrogen bonding (HB), enabling interfacial electron transfer from hydrogen-bonded water-hydroxide clusters (H 2 O···OH − ) to [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3− . Guided by this mechanism, we develop a [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3− -mediated Fenton-like anodic reaction (FerroOR) as a low-energy alternative to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). When coupled with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), a catalyst-free carbon felt (CF) anode delivers 100 mA cm −2 at 1.45 V. These findings resolve a long-standing mechanistic puzzle and establish alkaline [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3− as a low-cost redox mediator for energy-efficient electrochemical oxidation.
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危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）