CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN
·
2023
·
IF 3.8
Zikangping Wang,Kunyu Xiong,Zhi-Hua Xue,Qi-Long Yan
This study focuses on the crystal growth of hybrid HMX crystals guided by functionalized carbon nanotubes (F-CNTs) acting as nucleation centers, leading to improved thermal stability and sensitivity. It has been shown that HMX would grow in a form of distinctive needle-like hybrid crystals due to strong interaction with one-dimensional F-CNTs. Notably, under the effect of 0.5 wt % of carbonyl functionalized CNTs, HMX crystals are formed with a length-diameter ratio of 23. Meantime, its decomposition Ea is 248.1 kJ·mol–1, 43% higher than that of HMX. Due to high conductivity and strength of CNTs, the resulting hybrid HMX crystals have 131% higher impact initiation energy compared to the pure ones. Hybrid crystal doped with 0.5 wt % fluorinated carbon nanotube demonstrates the highest heat release values at 1267 J·g–1, with an approximate 32% increase compared to pure HMX, and follows a random chain scission model (L2).
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CARBON
·
2026
·
IF 12.7
Yu Li,Jiale Wei,Yuxin Mu,Zihang Zhao,Yuqiang Ma,Fengqi Zhao,Haixia Ma
Carbon-based catalysts are essential for modulating the thermal decomposition behavior of energetic materials (EMs). In this study, a series of nitrogen-doped porous carbon (CN) materials with different nitrogen contents were successfully prepared by employing the salt-template method. The CN materials exhibit a hierarchical porous structure; partial graphitization further enhances the stability of carbon materials. Then, it was further used for catalyzing the thermal decomposition of cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX). In particular, CN with nitrogen doping content of 12.34 atom% can advance the exothermic decomposition peak temperature of HMX by approximately 36.14 °C, suppressing the crystal transformation of HMX, and reduce the activation energy by 393.6 kJ·mol −1 . In-situ solid-infrared spectroscopy and TG/IR/MS triple analysis revealed the decomposition mechanism of HMX. Thermal analysis revealed that the effect of high specific surface area and nitrogen doping significantly accelerated the thermal decomposition kinetics of HMX. The combustion performance tests demonstrated that the incorporation of CN material significantly enhanced the combustion completeness of HMX. Mechanical sensitivity tests demonstrated that the addition of CN effectively reduces the impact and friction sensitivity of HMX. The results show that CN materials improve the safety margins for handling of explosive formulations.
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2024
·
IF 13.3
Junru Wang,Dan Liu,Jianhu Zhang,Feiyan Gong,Xu Zhao,Zhijian Yang
Safety performance under external stimuli plays a crucial role for energetic materials. Therefore, desensitization of high explosive arouses widespread research interests in the field of energetic materials. Nevertheless, synergistically reducing impact and electrostatic spark sensitivities of 1,3,5,7-tetranittro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) remains challenging. Herein, a novel strategy concerning conductive polymer coating was proposed to solve this issue. Theoretically, the polypyrrole (PPy) can form a complete shell and strong interaction with HMX crystals. The HMX@PPy composite has been successfully achieved by in-situ polymerization, exhibiting superior sensitivities (impact: from 7 J to 27.5 J and electrostatic spark: from 0.4 J to 1.68 J) among reported HMX-based energetic materials. In addition, the thermal phase stability of HMX can also be visibly improved with sluggish phase-transition kinetics by introducing PPy coating. The current study provides a design concept for high energy explosives with low sensitivity and improved comprehensive performances.
研究领域:
爆炸物科学
·
材料科学
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
·
2025
·
IF 8.3
Penglin Kang,Jinbo Guo,Xiaojuan Fu,Yuan Lai,Xiangru Li,Leixin Hou,Wenjie Liu,Xiaodong Li
To achieve high-energy composites with both high energy density and enhanced safety, TiH 2 /HMX/F energetic microspheres were fabricated using a coaxial flow-focusing microdroplet technique. The effects of varying TiH 2 contents on the chemical structure, thermal decomposition, mechanical sensitivity, combustion characteristics, and combustion products were systematically examined. The results show that the microspheres exhibit a dense structure, narrow particle-size distribution, and uniform component dispersion, while retaining the crystalline form and chemical structure of the raw HMX and TiH 2 . With increasing TiH 2 content (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%), the apparent activation energy rises by 21.58, 66.35, 98.33, and 146.09 kJ mol −1 , respectively, compared with the H/F sample, indicating reduced reactivity but significantly improved thermal stability. At 10 wt% TiH 2 , the critical impact energy and friction force increase by 4.0 J and 164.0 N, respectively, demonstrating enhanced mechanical safety. Combustion tests reveal that TiH 2 not only strengthens combustion intensity but also prolongs the reaction duration. When the TiH 2 content exceeds 5 wt%, oxidation becomes more complete, with TiO 2 and TiN identified as the main products. In addition, the combustion mechanism was clarified, highlighting the role of TiH 2 in promoting high-temperature oxidation and improving combustion completeness. These findings provide both theoretical insights and process guidance for optimizing the performance and safety of high-energy composite materials.
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Journal of Energetic Materials
·
2026
·
IF 1.8
Xiwei Xing,Shaohua Jin,Kun Chen,Junfeng Wang,Feng Qing Shang,Na Wang
This study investigates the influence of aluminum powder content on the metal-driving capability and underwater explosion energy of HMX/RDX-based aluminized explosives. Through the preparation of polymer-bonded explosives (PBX) with aluminum content ranging from 0 to 15%, we conducted explosive-driven metal plate test and established JWL-Miller equation of state model incorporating aluminum secondary reactions for underwater explosion simulations using LS-DYNA. Experimental results demonstrated that increasing aluminum content in aluminized explosives resulted in a gradual decline in metal-driving capability, with an 8% reduction observed at 15% aluminum content. Underwater explosion simulations revealed that where the aluminum–oxygen ratio reached 0.15, the shock wave energy achieved 1.846 MJ/kg. Bubble energy showed positive correlation with aluminum content, when the 15% aluminum formulation exhibited prolonged bubble pulsation period (249.6 ms) and expanded bubble radius (107.4 cm). The research validates the effectiveness of the JWL-Miller equation in modeling non-ideal detonation characteristics of aluminized explosives, the impact of aluminum powder on explosive performance is not only reflected in its heat value but also in the timing of energy release. These findings provide critical theoretical guidance for the design of high-energy explosive systems requiring optimized performance.
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Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
·
2025
·
IF 7.2
Xingyu Shao,Wei Feng,Wenqian Wu,Zichao Guo,Wanghua Chen
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a key solvent for Octogen (HMX) recrystallization, faces challenges in safe recovery and cyclic use due to thermal instability. This study has developed a Wiped Film Evaporator/Distillation coupled (WFE) technology to achieve efficient DMSO recovery from HMX-contaminated solutions. Compared to the conventional vacuum distillation, this technique could significantly increase the effective recycle time of DMSO. Optimal parameters (115°C jacket temperature, 0.005 MPa operational pressure, 6 mL/min feeding speed) were determined via Response Surface Methodology (RSM), yielding > 95.5 wt% DMSO purity with < 0.03 wt% decomposition. The method enabled at least 21 reuse cycles without compromising HMX recrystallization quality ( β -crystal structure confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), defect-free morphology via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)). The safety of the recovery process can be achieved through lower jacket temperatures. Thermal analysis (Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC)/ Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)) validated that no significant decomposition of DMSO and HMX was present at the jacket temperature of 115°C. This improvement is attributed to the lower pressure drop and higher heat transfer efficiency of the wiped film evaporator relative to conventional reboiler. This work provides a sustainable strategy for solvent recycling in energetic material industries, balancing efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness.
研究领域:
化学工程
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绿色化学
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溶剂回收技术
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含能材料工业
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可持续工艺
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JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
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2026
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IF 6.7
Jie Zhang,Xi Chen,Yanzhe Li,Bin Zhang,Kangzhen Xu,Suhang Chen
Microwaves serve as a non-contact external energy source capable of enabling simultaneous multi-point ignition and enhanced combustion of energetic materials (EMs) by indirectly coupling electromagnetic energy into both their condensed phase and flame zone via microwave-to-heat conversion materials, which offers the potential to break through the intrinsic chemical energy limitation of EMs. However, the low dielectric property of EMs leads to poor microwave coupling efficiency. Herein, taking 1,3,5,7-Tetraaza-1,3,5,7-tetranitrocyclooctane (HMX) as a typical inert explosive, a C-CoFe alloy/CNTs dielectric-magnetic heterojunction network (NCCF) derived from CoFe-MOF was coated on HMX via recrystallization, where NCCF serves as a microwave-to-heat bridge at the interface and acts as a high-energy fuel that intensifies combustion. XPS revealed that recrystallization promotes the intermolecular coupling and interfacial polarization between NCCF and HMX. HMX@NCCF-8 (800 °C-derived alloy, 15 wt%) achievers a shortest ignition delay of 17.63 ms, breaking through the limitation that pure HMX cannot be ignited under identical microwave irradiation. Thermal analysis indicated that the recrystallization strategy and alloy serving as a high-energy fuel promote stable self-sustained combustion of HMX with enhanced flame brightness. Electromagnetic characteristics indicate that HMX@NCCF-8 and HMX@NCCF-9 enhanced the intrinsic microwave absorption of HMX (-1.04 dB), improving minimum reflection loss (RL min ) by ~2000% and ~3300% with effective absorption bandwidths (EABs) of 4.2 and 2.9 GHz, respectively. This electromagnetic coupling paradigm offers a universal route for tunable microwave responses in propellants and explosives.
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JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
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2026
·
IF 4.1
Xing Xiwei,Jin Shaohua,Chen Kun,Wang Junfeng
The thermal decomposition and metal-driving performance of four HMX/RDX-based PBXs with varying Al/TiH 2 ratios (0–8 mass% TiH 2 ) were investigated. While TiH 2 addition increased particle roughness, it altered the decomposition kinetics from a first-order model to a complex function described as (− ln(1 − α)) 2 . Although the onset decomposition temperature dropped notably, the critical Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature ( \({T}_\text{SADT}\) ) showed only a marginal reduction, suggesting that macroscopic thermal safety remains manageable. Cylinder tests revealed that within the investigated range, the 4 mass% TiH 2 formulation (RHTL-1) enhanced the wall velocity and Gurney coefficient by 5% and 3.6% during the early expansion phase (15–30 μs), whereas higher loadings (8 mass%) shifted energy release to later stages. Consequently, comparing the metallized formulations, 4 mass% TiH 2 offers the most favorable trade-off between early metal-drive capability and energy release characteristics.
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NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
·
2016
·Vol. 41
·期 3
·1129-1136
·
IF 3.277
Jian Wang,Zihui Meng,Min Xue,Lili Qiu,Xiao Dong,Zhibin Xu,Xuan He,Xueyong Liu,Jinshan Li
Molecularly imprinted polymer hollow spheres (MIHSs) were produced by using hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW or CL-20) as a template, silica nanospheres as a sacrificial matrix, acrylamide as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linker and acetonitrile as a porogen at 4 °C under UV irradiation. This sorbent was applied to the selective solid-phase extraction (SPE) of several explosives simultaneously by using a newly-developed SPE procedure. For the first time, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX) and CL-20 were selectively extracted and determined simultaneously from simulated post-blast samples prepared from motor oil and vacuum pump oil. The matrix effects were successfully eliminated and accurate quantization was achieved. When the loading amounts of HMX, RDX, TNT and CL-20 were, respectively, below 10, 2, 5 and 20 nmol for 100 mg of MIHS, these explosives were almost retrieved completely (above 98%). For the MIHSs and non-imprinted polymer hollow spheres (NIHSs), in acetonitrile and methanol, the imprinting factors (IFs) of CL-20 and tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane (TADB, a structural analogue of CL-20) changed dramatically, from 7.75 to 1.57 and 0.88 to 2.39, respectively. It highlighted the significant effect of solvents on imprinted sites.
研究领域:
分析化学
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材料科学
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环境科学
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