INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
·
2026
·
IF 6.4
Yongqi Shi,Chenyang Li,Lili Yu,Binqing Sun,Hui Li
High-performance flame-retardant rPP/BF composites are successfully fabricated via a vacuum impregnation strategy for co-loading APP and nano-SiO₂aerogel. • The Z6 composite achieves an excellent balance between flame retardancy and mechanical properties, meeting the GB 8624–2012 B1 flame-retardant standard with an 89.4% increase in char residue at 600 ℃ compared to the unmodified control. • APP and nano-SiO₂aerogel exhibit a synergistic effect, enhancing thermal stability through dense char layer formation and nanoporous thermal insulation, respectively. • The optimized Z6 composite satisfies the mechanical property requirements of GB/T 29500–2013, demonstrating its potential for structural applications in construction and outdoor decoration. Recycled polypropylene/bamboo fiber (rPP/BF) composites were fabricated using bamboo fiber (BF) as the reinforcing filler and recycled polypropylene (rPP) as the matrix resin, which offered an effective strategy for the recycling and resource utilization of waste petroleum-based plastics. The rPP/BF composites were subjected to interfacial modification: bamboo fibers were treated with 2 wt% KH792, and 2 wt% PP-g-MAH was applied as a compatibilizer for the rPP matrix. To further improve the mechanical, physical properties and thermal stability of the composites, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and nano-SiO₂ aerogel were introduced as flame retardants. The effects of various flame retardants and modification routes on the performance of recycled rPP/BF composites were systematically investigated by oxygen index test, FTIR and TG analytical methods. Test results indicated that after different flame-retardant modifications, the elastic modulus and modulus of rupture of the rPP/BF composites decreased by 13.36%-47.63% and 16.76%-66.17%, respectively. The 72 h water absorption increased by 2.5%-42.5%. With the exception of group Z6, the thickness swelling rate after water absorption rose by 7.14%-114.29% for all other samples. The synergistic effect of APP and nano-SiO₂ aerogel significantly improved the flame retardancy of PP/BF composites, raising their flame-retardant grade to the flame-resistant level (≥ 32%), which was superior to that achieved by APP or nano-SiO₂ aerogel alone. FTIR confirmed that the flame retardants were successfully incorporated into the PP/BF composites. Furthermore, owing to the synergistic effect between APP and nano-SiO₂ aerogel, group Z6 displayed the lowest mass loss and the optimal thermal stability over the whole testing temperature range. Download: Download high-res image (238KB) Download: Download full-size image
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DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2024
·Vol. 141
·期 36
·e55918
·
IF 2.7
Juan Chai,Yaxin Hou,Yanhui Zhang,Yan Xia,Shiya Ran,Shengyan Wang,Nianfu Chen,Zhenghong Guo,Juan Li,Zhengping Fang
Inspired by the significant catalytic charring effect of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), Cu-MOF decorated ammonium polyphosphate (APP@Cu-MOF) was prepared by coupling agents to improve the fire safety of epoxy resin (EP). After adding 9 wt% APP@Cu-MOF, the fire performance of EP is significantly improved with limiting oxide index (LOI) value of 29.4 and UL-94 V-0 rating. The peak heat release rate (PHRR), total smoke production (TSP), CO production, and CO 2 production of EP composite samples decreased by 34.6%, 54.7%, 24.6% and 30.0%, respectively. It is proposed that the synergistic effect among Cu-MOF and APP promoted the char formation of EP. The dense carbon layers formed a barrier that prevented the transfer of heat and inhibited the release of toxic gases, thus acting as a flame retardant. This work provides a new strategy to develop a high-efficient MOF-decorated flame retardant with smoke inhibition, toxicity reduction, and catalytic carbonization effect.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
防火安全
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DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2021
·Vol. 32
·期 8
·2829-2842
·
IF 3.665
Xilei Chen,Xihong Chen,Shaoxiang Li,Chuanmei Jiao
In this article, copper metal-organic framework (MOF-Cu) was synthesized and used as synergism with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to prepare flame-retardant thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites. The synergistic flame-retardant effects between MOF-Cu and APP in TPU composites were studied by cone calorimeter (CCT), limiting oxygen index tests (LOI), vertical burning tests (UL-94), smoke density test, etc. The results showed that MOF-Cu had some flame-retardant effects on TPU, and APP had good flame retardancy in TPU/APP composites. And, the flame retardancy of TPU/APP was further enhanced when MOF-Cu was used as synergism with APP. It has been found that the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) values of TPU/Cu 0.0625 sample were reduced by 26.0% and 1.3% compared with pure TPU, respectively. And the pHRR and THR values of TPU/APP sample were reduced by 70.3% and 15.8% compared with pure TPU. In the case of TPU/APP/Cu 0.0625 sample, the pHRR and THR values were furtherly reduced by 19.2% and 63.4% compared with TPU/APP, because of the minor amount of MOF-Cu. It has been found MOF-Cu cannot suppress the smoke release and reduce the total smoke release (TSR) value. However, 0.125 wt% MOF-Cu can make the TSR value of TPU/APP/Cu 0.125 sample reduce to 227.8 m 2 /m 2 , which was 23.4% lower than that of TPU/APP. The good synergistic flame-retardant effect between MOF-Cu and APP was obtained by the catalyzing carbonization process to form the char residue layer with high graphitization and expansion degree.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
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DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
·
2015
·Vol. 122
·期 2
·717-723
·
IF 2.042
Luo Fubin,Wu Kun,Guo Huilong,Zhao Qiang,Liang Liyan,Lu Mangeng
Cellulose whisker (CW) is employed as a novel carbonization agent to build green and efficient intumescent flame retardant (CWAPP) with ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Due to the presence of CW, CWAPP exhibits more excellent flame retardancy compared with APP in rigid polyurethane foam (PU). PU-added CWAPP (PU/CWAPP) obtains higher LOI value than that with the same loading of APP. Results also indicate that CWAPP have better water resistance compared with APP in PU. Flame-retardant property of PU/APP is decreased remarkably after soaked in hot water. By comparison, that of PU/CWAPP is rarely changed after the same treatment. CWAPP also shows a positive effect on the mechanical property in PU, and compression strength of PU/CWAPP is higher than that of PU/APP with the same content of flame retardant.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2020
·Vol. 138
·期 3
·49696
·
IF 2.52
Shanwen Zhu,Wenjun Wang,Zahidul MD Islam,Yaqin Fu,Yubing Dong
Shape memory epoxy (SMEP) is a high performance shape memory polymer; however, is extremely flammable which severely restricts its applications. In this work, a novel polydopamine modified ammonium polyphosphate (PDA@APP) flame retardant was prepared to improve the flame retardant and enrich the response method of SMEP. Through flame retardancy test confirmed that the flame retarding properties of the PDA@APP/WEP composites significantly improved than the APP/WEP composites, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of the APP/SMEP and the PDA@APP/SMEP samples increased by 29.8% and 32.2%, respectively. Moreover, the PDA@APP/WEP composites had excellent light response shape-memory performance. Interestingly, the PDA@APP/WEP treated polyester fabric exhibited excellent light crease recovery performance and excellent flame retardant property. This work develops a new method for fabric crease recovery and will help broaden the application of WEP and its composites.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2023
·Vol. 15
·期 13
·2839
·
IF 5
Wenlong Shao,Tongbing Li,Fei Xiao,Fubin Luo,Yong Qiu,Yanyan Liu,Bihe Yuan,Kaiyuan Li
Epoxy vitrimers appear as a promising alternative to common epoxy thermoset composites. Nevertheless, the possibilities of applying these materials are limited due to their high flammability which may cause high fire risks. To date, the flame-retardant epoxy vitrimer systems reported in the literature almost all rely on intrinsic flame retardancy to achieve high fire safety; however, the complex and expensive synthesis process hinders their large-scale application. In this work, disulfide-based epoxy vitrimer (EPV) was fabricated with 4, 4′-dithiodianiline as the curing agent, and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP) was employed as a potential additive flame retardant to improve their fire retardancy. As a comparative study, common epoxy (EP) composites were also prepared using 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane as the curing agent. The results showed that the introduction of dynamic disulfide bonds led to a reduction in the initial thermal decomposition temperature of EPV by around 70 °C compared to EP. Moreover, the addition of 7.5 wt.% of MFAPP endowed EP with excellent fire performance: the LOI value was as high as 29.9% and the V-0 rating was achieved in the UL-94 test (3.2 mm). However, under the same loading, although EPV/MFAPP7.5% showed obvious anti-dripping performance, it did not reach any rating in the UL-94 test. The flame-retardant mechanisms in the condensed phase were evaluated using SEM-EDS, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the residue of EPV/MFAPP7.5% presented numerous holes during burning, which failed to form a continuous and dense char layer as a physical barrier resulting in relatively poor flame retardancy compared to EP/MFAPP7.5%.Keywords:fire retardant;epoxy vitrimers;thermal stability;microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2022
·Vol. 14
·期 23
·5255
·
IF 4.967
Xiaohong Yi,Jingshu Huang,Yizhang Tong,Hui Zhao,Xianwu Cao,Wei Wu
Biodegradable polylactide (PLA) has been widely utilized in people’s daily lives. In order to improve the fire safety of PLA, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was self-assembled onto the surface of serpentine Ni3Si2O5(OH)4through the electrostatic method, followed by mixing with PLA by melt compounding. The APP-modified serpentine (serpentine@APP) dispersed uniformly in the PLA matrix. Compared with pure PLA, the PLA composite with 2 wt% serpentine@APP reduced the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 43.9% and 16.3%, respectively. The combination of APP and serpentine exhibited suitable synergistic flame-retardant effects on the fire safety enhancement of PLA. In addition, the dynamical rheological tests revealed that the presence of APP and serpentine could reduce the viscosity of PLA composites. The plasticizing effects of APP and serpentine benefited the processing of PLA. The mechanical properties of PLA/serpentine@APP maintained suitable performance as pure PLA. This study provided a feasible way to enhance the fire safety of PLA without sacrificing its mechanical properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
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消防安全
·
高分子化学
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DOI
高影响因子
Microstructures
·
2026
·Vol. 6
·期 3
·N
·
IF 8.5
Xiaodong Qian,Mei Wan,Yanan Hou,Congling Shi,Lei Chen,Honglei Che,Jingyun Jing,Jian Li,Ye-Tang Pan
Microstructure manipulation represents a fundamental strategy for enhancing material properties. Herein, a new-type flame-resistant material with core-shell architecture (APP@PEI@SiO2@MXene) is prepared by iterative deposition of self-assembled monolayers, enabling microstructural control of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) via sequential coating with polyethyleneimine (PEI), SiO2, and MXene. Then the flame retardants were incorporated into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) at a loading of 15 wt.%, this meticulously designed microstructure enables the composite to exhibit significantly improved fire safety. The composite exhibits a markedly increased high-temperature char residue under both air and nitrogen atmospheres, indicating improved thermal resilience and char formation capacity. Thermal stability analysis of the material reveals that the coated APP enables TPU composites to engender a carbonaceous stratum of heightened tenacity. Cone calorimetry tests indicate that, compared with pure TPU, TPU/APP-1BL composites exhibit sharp declines of 87.90% in total heat release (THR) and 76.79% in the peak heat release rate (pHRR), with concurrent effective control of smoke/toxic gas emissions. Moreover, the flame-retardant effects of multi-layer coated APP are notably better than those of single-layer coated APP. Mechanistic studies reveal that the flame-retardant performance chiefly originates from the synergistic interplay of solid and vapor-stage pathways. This work highlights the critical role of microstructure design in the creation of high-performance fire-resistant polymers.
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DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2018
·
IF 3.193
Zhilei Zhao,Qing Jin,Naien Zhang,Xiaorong Guo,Hong Yan
A novel polysiloxane (APID) containing phosphorus, nitrogen and benzene rings was synthesized as a flame retardant, which is hydrophobic and thermally stable in air (residual weight being 46.1 wt.% at 800 °C). APID is synergistic with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) in the formation of strong cross-linked intumescent char layer, resulting in improved flame retardancy, smoke suppression and dripping resistance of polypropylene (PP). With 23 wt.% of APP and APID (3:2), the flame retarded PP achieved V-0 rating at UL-94 test and its peak heat release rate was reduced by 75.7% in the cone calorimeter test. Moreover, APID improved the compatibility of APP with PP matrix to minimize the negative effect of APP on the mechanical properties of PP. The detailed flame retardant mechanism was discussed in the text.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
·
消防工程
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DOI
高影响因子
Sustainable Materials and Technologies
·
2025
·
IF 9.2
Zheng Li,Sichao Yu,Zewei Gong,Xuan Yao,Jing Zhang,Guosheng Wang,Ye-Tang Pan,Huiying Gao,Na Wang
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is an efficient halogen-free flame retardant that has been widely applied in various polymer systems. However, its practical application is often limited by poor dispersion and insufficient interfacial compatibility. This study is inspired by the natural mechanism of mollusks secreting adhesive proteins to achieve strong adhesion to wet rock surfaces. A sustainable flame retarding-reinforcing compound was synthesized through molecular design by grafting aminated graphene oxide (NGO) onto chitosan (CS)-coated APP (APP@CS-NGO), which exhibited excellent dispersion ability, and its chemical bonding with epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) to form a “Multiphase Integrated” material (MI). The effects of interphase compatibility and dispersion of fillers on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of the materials were investigated. The results showed that the APP@CS-NGO has been successfully prepared through the NGO and APP under the effect of CS bridging. The compatibility and flame retardancy of “Multiphase Integrated” materials were further investigated. The results showed that the tensile properties of the MI 5 improved by 74.6 % compared to pure APP composites (MI 2), with a loss factor reduced to 0.83, indicating superior compatibility and dispersion in ENR. Meanwhile, the intrinsic mechanism of compatibility enhancement is explored in depth through simulation. The LOI of MI 5 increased from 19.5 % to 29.1 %, with UL-94 reaching V-0. At 800 °C, the residual carbon content rose from 26.2 % to 39.5 %, and the peak heat release rate (pHRR) was 67.8 % lower than MI 1. These results confirm that enhanced compatibility improves flame retardancy. Furthermore, this provides new ways to achieve fire-safe and sustainable polymers.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
·
聚合物科学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2018
·
IF 2.955
Peikun Zhang,Haojun Fan,Kun Hu,Yiming Gu,Yi Chen,Jun Yan,Saiqi Tian,Yazhou He
To simultaneously improve the compatibility, flame retardancy and mechanical properties of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) based polyurethane, an efficient and facile strategy was developed, in which hydroxyl-functionalized APP (HAPP) was synthesized through ion-exchange reaction between APP and 3-aminopropanol, and then utilized as a multiple-function excipient for solvent-free two-component polyurethane (2K-PU) by chemical cross-linking. The curing behavior, mechanical and flame-retardant performances of HAPP cured 2K-PU, designating as 2K-PU/HAPP, were elaborately evaluated. Cone calorimeter results indicated that the conjugation of 15 wt% HAPP into 2K-PU significantly reduced the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) by 68.7%, 42.8% and 9.3%, respectively. Intriguingly, mechanical tests illustrated that the chemical incorporation of HAPP definitely improved the tensile strength of 2K-PU/HAPP while well-maintained the elongation at break, highlighting its attractive potential for industrial application. In addition, a flame-retardant mechanism for 2K-PU/HAPP was proposed. All aforementioned results distinctly demonstrate a feasible yet promising paradigm for fabricating APP-containing polyurethane.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
International Journal of Polymer Science
·
2021
·
IF 2.642
MinYi Luo,Jiayou Xu,Shu Lv,XueFeng Yuan,Xiaolan Liang
Polyvinyl alcohol- (PVA-) based aerogels have attracted widespread attention owing to their low cost, eco-friendliness, and low density. However, the applications of PVA-based aerogels are limited by their flammability. In this study, a flame retardant, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and a biopolymer, chitosan (CS), were added to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and the polymer was further crosslinked using boric acid (H3BO3). In the PVA aerogels, the negatively charged APP and positively charged CS formed a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) through ionic interaction. Cone calorimetry and vertical burning tests (UL-94) indicated that the PVA composite aerogels have excellent flame retardancy; they could decrease the heat release rate, total heat release rate, and carbon dioxide (CO2) generation. Both PVA/H3BO3 and APP-CS in the composite aerogel could be burned to carbon, and the foamed char layer could act together to impart the PVA composite aerogels with good flame retardancy. Further, the decrease in the temperature at the backside of the aerogels with increasing APP-CS content, as determined by the flame-spraying experiment, indicated that the PVA-based aerogels with APP-CS can also serve as thermal insulation materials. This work provides an effective and promising method for the preparation of PVA-based aerogels with good flame retardancy and thermal insulation property for construction materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
消防安全工程
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DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）