Catalysts
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2026
·Vol. 16
·期 4
·319
·
IF 4.5
Jie Yang,Xinyu Jiao,Shihao Lv,Anjiang Gao,Shu Zhang,Yong Huang
Lignin, a complex and heterogeneous polymer, poses significant challenges for effective thermal valorization due to its broad molecular weight distribution and structural diversity. This study systematically compares the effect of lignin’s molecular weight on product distribution under pyrolysis and Ru/C-catalyzed depolymerization conditions. Fractionated lignin samples with distinct molecular weights were subjected to identical thermal and catalytic conversion pathways. Pyrolysis results indicate that, compared with low-molecular-weight (low-MW) lignin, high-molecular-weight (high-MW) lignin more readily generates phenolic compounds, with the relative content of guaiacol increasing by nearly twofold. In contrast, products derived from low-MW lignin contain a higher abundance of unsaturated structures, such as 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol, suggesting that side chain cleavage and rearrangement reactions are more pronounced. In contrast, Ru/C-catalyzed depolymerization exhibits a stronger molecular-weight-dependent selectivity, where low-MW lignin is more readily converted into carboxylic acids due to enhanced accessibility of terminal functional groups and reduced structural condensation. This comparative analysis demonstrates that lignin’s molecular weight plays a process-dependent role in governing product distribution, providing guidance for tailored lignin valorization strategies.
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CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
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2026
·
IF 8.9
Lubiao Liu,Chuangmin Li,Qinhao Deng,Youwei Gan
Despite the recognized potential of combining polyphosphoric acid (PPA) with tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) for asphalt modification, the mechanism governing the "competition vs. synergy" equilibrium under aging conditions remains opaque. This study addresses this challenge by establishing a multi-scale "molecular-rheological-macroscopic" framework to elucidate this complex balancing mechanism. Results reveal that PPA primarily governs the elastic reinforcement of the asphalt binder, while TPO effectively regulates the viscous response. Mechanistically, the incorporation of PPA significantly enhances the Cohesive Energy Density (CED) of the system, increasing it from 320.6 J/cm³ in the base asphalt to 343.0 J/cm³ in the modified version. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations further demonstrate that while the high diffusivity of TPO molecules rejuvenates the self-healing capacity, PPA-induced asphaltene aggregation initially impedes this process. However, this aggregation is pivotal for constructing a rigid PPA-asphaltene gel network, which endows the asphalt binder with superior long-term aging resistance. Ultimately, macroscopic mixture tests corroborate these mechanisms: the modified system achieved a 207% boost in dynamic stability and a 34% improvement in the aging index. These findings confirm the engineering viability of this composite strategy for developing sustainable, long-life pavements.
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JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS
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2026
·
IF 6.7
Zihang Zhang,Jusheng Hu,Honghui Li,Hongcai Su,Ying Zhang,Donghui Ci,Shurong Wang
Lignin pyrolysis serves as a crucial pathway for producing high-value phenolic compounds. This process is significantly influenced by the inherent alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) in biomass, which can selectively regulate pyrolysis pathways and product distributions. However, the microscopic catalytic mechanisms of AAEMs remain unclear, hindering precise control over the formation of specific phenolic products such as guaiacyl (G-type), syringyl (S-type) and p-hydroxyphenyl (H-type) phenolics. Therefore, this study systematically investigates the effects of K, Na, Ca, and Mg on lignin pyrolysis characteristics. Using 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (syringol) as a model compound, pyrolysis reaction pathways were constructed and the microscopic mechanisms of AAEMs were elucidated through electronic structure analysis. The results indicated that the introduction of AAEMs promoted the formation of H-type phenolics. Among them, Ca exhibited the most pronounced catalytic effect, increasing the relative selectivity of H-type phenolics by 12.3% compared to non-catalysis. TG-FTIR analysis revealed enhanced release of CH 4 , further confirming that AAEMs facilitated demethylation reactions. DFT calculations demonstrated that the initial pyrolysis pathway of syringol involved the homolytic cleavage of a methoxy group to form a methyl radical (•CH 3 ). Subsequent reactions primarily included methoxy group rearrangement and radical-induced demethoxylation. For the radical-induced demethoxylation pathway, which proceeded via two transition states (radical attack and methoxy dissociation), AAEMs were found to promote demethoxylation by reducing the energy barrier of the methoxy dissociation step in the case of H radical-induced reactions. In contrast, for methyl radical-induced reactions, alkali metals (K and Na) also functioned by lowering the methoxy dissociation barrier, whereas alkaline earth metals (Ca and Mg) promoted demethoxylation by merging the two transition states into a single step through induced electron redistribution. This study systematically elucidates the influence of AAEMs on product distribution and the microscopic catalytic mechanisms during lignin pyrolysis. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for the targeted pyrolysis of lignin to produce specific high-value phenolic compounds. #
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
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2026
·
IF 12.5
Yi Wei,Jiawei Shen,HengZhe Ma,Fengsheng Zhan,Lingxia Zheng,Jianbing Ji
Highly efficient methane pyrolysis is achieved at 580 °C in a molten salt nickel metal fog system. • The catalytic performance at 580 °C maintained stable over 60 h. • Apparent activation energy is minimized to 97.6 kJ·mol −1 in the process. Methane pyrolysis has become a research hotspot in recent years due to its ability to produce hydrogen and valuable carbon byproducts with minimal direct CO 2 emissions. This study constructs a molten salt nickel metal fog catalytic system in a bubble-cap reactor for methane pyrolysis. The ionic liquid environment formed by molten carbonates dissolves nickel powder to form nanoscale active clusters, improving the dispersibility of the catalyst greatly. Meanwhile, the bubble-cap reactor disperses methane bubbles, further enhancing the contact efficiency between methane bubbles and nickel metal fog. Experimental results show that this system achieves 88.3% methane conversion at 580 °C and maintains catalytic activity for over 60 h under continuous operation. The formation of Ni metal fog improves both catalytic efficiency and economic viability, presenting a promising strategy for methane pyrolysis technology. Download: Download high-res image (158KB) Download: Download full-size image
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INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
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2026
·
IF 6.4
Chenguang Zhang,Chuancheng Dongye,Chenglong Yuan,Mengran He,Zhihe Li,Weiming Yi,Andong Zhang,Shaoqing Wang
The deoxygenation and alkylation reactions during the co-pyrolysis of lignin and SBC were investigated. • Mo-doped biochar increased alkylphenols selectivity from 6.5% to 33.0%. • In-situ DRIFTS and DFT calculations were used to investigate the pyrolysis mechanism. • The electron-donating effect of methoxy groups facilitated the adsorption of methoxyphenols onto the catalyst. • The formation mechanism of alkylphenols was proposed. Lignin pyrolysis is a sustainable pathway for synthesizing high-value alkylphenol chemicals and fuels. In this study, the co-pyrolysis process of lignin and spent bleaching clay was investigated for producing alkylphenols. The effects of different metal-loaded biochars, pyrolysis temperatures, and lignin-derived phenolic compounds on the distribution of pyrolysis products were examined. The results showed that the total acid content in Mo/C was 3.39 times higher than that in the pristine carbon. Additionally, Mo/C exhibited the highest number of weak acid sites (56.0%), abundant surface oxygen-containing functional groups, and a microporous structure. These characteristics facilitated both the cleavage of methoxy groups (C Ar –OCH 3 ) and the occurrence of aromatic C–C coupling reactions, thus increasing the selectivity of alkylphenols from 6.5% to 33.0%. Alkylphenol yield peaked at 500°C, whereas higher temperatures favored demethoxylation over coupling. Methoxyphenol exhibited an approximately 20–25% higher alkylation rate than phenol. Electrostatic potential calculations attributed this enhancement to the electron-donating effect of the methoxy group, which facilitated its attack by electrophilic alkyl fragments. In-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) revealed the anchoring of phenolic intermediates on the Mo/C surface through Mo–O bonds. Charge difference calculations revealed electron transfer between the oxygen-containing functional groups of phenolic compounds and the Mo/C catalyst, thereby activating the C–O bond. Alkylphenols were generated through two distinct pathways: the deoxygenation of methoxyphenols and the coupling reaction between phenol and alkyl fragments. The deoxygenation pathway was more energetically favorable. This study provides insight into the low-cost and efficient production of green alkylphenol compounds. Download: Download high-res image (202KB) Download: Download full-size image
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JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS
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2026
·
IF 6.7
Yuan Liu,Jialong Chen,Zhenjie Sun,Chen Yang,Yuhao Bao,Shiliang Wu,Feiqiang Guo
Selective production of ketone-rich bio-oil from biomass pyrolysis vapors remains challenging because catalyst acidity/basicity, redox properties, and defect chemistry must be precisely balanced. In this work, a series of CaO–CeO 2 composite oxides with a Ca/(Ca+Ce) molar ratio of 0.3 were synthesized by co-precipitation and calcined at different temperatures for the ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis of corn stover holocellulose. Catalytic performance was evaluated by Py-GC/MS and a two-stage fixed-bed reactor, while the catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, XPS, TEM, and EDS. The results showed that calcination temperature significantly affected crystallite size, surface area, and defect density, thereby governing ketone selectivity. Among the catalysts, Ca 0.3 Ce 0.7 O 2-δ -600 exhibited the highest ketone content of 47.50% in Py-GC/MS, which was associated with its small crystallite size (15.7 nm), relatively high specific surface area (40.59 m 2 /g), and abundant surface oxygen vacancies. In fixed-bed experiments, lowering the catalytic-bed temperature from 600 to 450 °C reduced the gas yield from 62.00% to 51.63% and increased the liquid yield from 19.56% to 29.76%. Meanwhile, the relative ketone content in bio-oil reached a maximum of 33.19%, while the acid fraction decreased to 4.6%. After three consecutive cycles, the catalyst still maintained high ketone contents, and regeneration restored more than 95% of the initial performance. These results demonstrate that defect-engineered Ca–Ce composite oxides are effective and stable catalysts for producing ketone-rich bio-oil under relatively mild catalytic conditions.
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APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
·
2020
·
IF 4.725
Qi Sun,Lin Jiang,Huiqi Cao,Jinhua Sun,Ganbin Liu
Statistics have indicated that industrial accidents of ammonium nitrate were primarily caused by uncontrolled external fires where heating was dominantly controlled by radiation, and yet existing studies at milligram scale cannot fully simulate the real fire scenarios. To explore the pyrolysis behavior in typical fires, this study conducted thermal radiation experiments using pure ammonium nitrate, and its mixtures with copper oxide and sulfuric acid. Different from the pyrolysis process identified in milligram scale tests, the bench-scale pyrolysis of ammonium nitrate under radiation consisted of four stages. Pyrolysis structure model of each stage was built to reveal the differences in dominated thermal behavior. Results indicated that two additives had different thermo-chemical effects on pyrolysis of ammonium nitrate. Sulfuric acid accelerated the reaction rate of each stage by generating catalytic nitric acid; copper oxide reduced the number of reaction stages into three via surface absorptions. The time and mass loss rate of different stages were determined. Recommendations on effective emergency response were made to prevent the transition of slow decomposition into fast decomposition, and thus to intervene the fire-induced domino effect of ammonium nitrate. This study helps to understand the pyrolysis behavior of ammonium nitrate under fire exposure, and provides insights for pyrolysis modeling and firefighting in industry of interest.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
安全科学
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JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
·
2021
·Vol. 168
·期 4
·044516
·
IF 4.316
Lei Yanhua,Ning Tan,Da Huo,Mengchao Ding,Yuliang Zhang,Tong Liu,Ruixuan Yu,Sha Cheng,Runhua Fan
The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a crucial cathodic process and a technology providing renewable energy. It is essential to create ORR catalysts not containing noble metals yet still affordable and possessing high-efficiency and long-term durability. Therefore, this work developed a highly porous N-doped carbon catalyst embedded with CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs). This composite catalyst was synthesized by pyrolysis of PANI-encapsulated CeO2 NPs (CeO2/PANI) combined with in situ polymerization. The resulting catalyst exhibited an outstanding ORR performance with 0.94 and 0.81 mV onset and positive half-wave potentials, respectively, and 5.52 mA cm−2 diffusion-limited current density. The catalyst also demonstrated excellent stability. These exceptional characteristics indicate that a synergy of the N-doped carbon and CeO2 NPs provide a novel strategy of fabrication of novel ORR catalysts without using noble-metals for applications related to fuel cells and metal-air batteries.
研究领域:
材料科学
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能源技术
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FUEL
·
2026
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IF 7.8
Rizwan Akbar,Ningbo Gao,Cui Quan
Global energy demand is primarily met by fossil fuels, which significantly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. To address these challenges, plastic waste can be converted into value-added products; however, pyrolysis of plastic alone typically yields low-quality oil. This study focuses on valorizing marine polystyrene (PS) and traditional Chinese medicine residue (TCMR) to provide an integrated solution for renewable energy production and waste management. Here, the pyrolysis of mixtures of polystyrene and lignocellulosic Chinese medicine waste was investigated at 500–800 °C and 0.1–2 MPa in a fixed-bed reactor using cobalt–molybdenum-loaded zeolite catalysts. The results show high oil quality and energy content at 600-700 °C under 1.0–1.5 MPa, with the 1:3 biomass-to-plastic ratio achieving the highest value of 43.84 MJ kg −1 and a corresponding BTEX yield of 45.3%. The synergistic effect of cobalt and molybdenum on the zeolite enhanced aromatization and hydrogen transfer reactions while simultaneously suppressing char formation. This work presents an integrated assessment of pressurized catalytic co-pyrolysis of marine PS and TCMR over Co-Mo/ZSM-5, demonstrating an efficient route for converting heterogeneous waste into value-added products.
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COMBUSTION AND FLAME
·
2026
·
IF 6.2
Shubao Song,Lin Zhang,Jinghua Wu,Meishuai Zou,Jiankun Shao
A detailed experimental and modeling study was conducted to investigate the high-temperature decomposition and ignition behavior of nitromethane (CH 3 NO 2 ) and its relevance to the development of a comprehensive C–N–O kinetic model. Shock tube experiments coupled with high temporal resolution and low detection limit laser absorption diagnostics were employed to measure time-resolved species profiles of NO, CO, and CH 4 during CH 3 NO 2 pyrolysis under argon-diluted conditions (1.0 % and 1.3 % CH 3 NO 2 in Ar). In addition, ignition delay times (IDTs) of CH 3 NO 2 /O 2 /Ar mixtures were measured over a wide range of equivalence ratios ( φ = 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0) at near-atmospheric pressure. To further constrain the kinetics, the rate constant for the unimolecular decomposition reaction R1 (CH 3 NO 2 (+M)=> CH 3 + NO 2 (+M)) was experimentally determined at high temperatures, the resulting rate constant data can be represented by the Arrhenius equation k R1 (1043–1350 K, 1.5 atm) = 4.98 × 10 12 exp(-44,990 cal/mol/ RT ) s -1 . A refined kinetic model for CH 3 NO 2 combustion was developed by integrating the newly obtained rate constant data of R1 and updating the CH 3 NO 2 sub-mechanism within a previously established NH 3 –syngas model. Rate of production and sensitivity analyses were performed to identify the dominant reaction pathways governing species formation, with particular emphasis on the role of R1 and its competition with secondary reactions. This work advances the understanding of nitroalkane combustion, offering a robust and transferable kinetic framework for future simulations of energetic materials in propulsion and energy systems.
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JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS
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2026
·
IF 6.2
Ruihan Dong,Yang Yang,Haiping Yang,Ziyue Tang,Xianhua Wang,Yingquan Chen,Hanping Chen
Catalytic pyrolysis of microalgae to produce monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) represents a promising route for sustainable aromatic chemical production. In this study, a gallium and self-nitrogen co-doped algae-derived activated carbon (Ga/N-SAC) catalyst was synthesized and applied to Spirulina pyrolysis. Catalytic pyrolysis experiments showed that the catalyst containing 5 wt.% Ga and used at a catalyst-to-biomass mass ratio of two exhibited the optimal performance. Ga/N-SAC increased the relative content of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) to 51.33%, with selectivities of 10.51% for benzene, 50.27% for toluene, and 12.15% for xylene. The pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N functionalities facilitated the deoxygenation and deamination of heteroatom-rich intermediates, while Ga-derived Lewis acid sites promoted dehydrogenation, cyclization, and aromatization pathways. The hierarchical pore structure of Ga/N-SAC further enhanced mass transfer and strengthened vapor–catalyst interactions, enabling efficient upgrading of pyrolysis vapors. This strong synergy between nitrogen functionalities and Ga species significantly enhanced MAHs formation while suppressing oxygenated and nitrogen-containing by-products. Ga/N-SAC serves as an efficient and cost-effective catalyst for microalgae-derived BTX and provides a useful framework for developing metal–nitrogen co-doped carbon catalysts.
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RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY
·
2019
·Vol. 55
·期 10
·998-1008
·
IF 1.043
Chuanzhang Ge,Fan Zhenghua,Shen Long,Qiao Yongmin,Ling Licheng,Wang Jianming
A scalable synthesis of unique pyrolysis carbons from phosphorus-doped epoxyphenolics (EPN) through a facile curing and pyrolysis process is reported. The obtained carbons with a high pyrolysis yield of ca. 48% are investigated by SEM, TEM, XRD, Raman and nitrogen adsorption, and evaluated as anode for LIBs. The results show that the nanocrystal structure, proportion of defect sites and porosity (nanovoids) of the obtained carbons are highly dependent on pyrolysis temperature, thus affecting their electrochemical properties. The EPN carbon pyrolyzed at 900°C (EPN900) delivers the largest reversible capacity of nearly 420 mA h g –1 at 0.1 C, which is higher than the theoretical capacity of graphite, mainly resulting from lithium-ions insertion into the turbostratic nanosheets and absorption on defect sites. While the EPN carbon pyrolyzed at 2800°C (EPN2800) exhibits a balanced lithium storage performance with relatively large reversible capacity of 343 mA h g –1 , high initial coulombic efficiency (~86%), and superior cycling performance (299 mA h g –1 after 100 cycles at 0.3 C). This work provides a feasible solution for the large-scale preparation of high performance anode material and deepens the high-value utilization of the staple epoxy product.
研究领域:
材料科学
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电化学
·
能源存储
·
纳米材料
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功能高分子
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危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）