JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
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2022
·
IF 9.794
Wenjin Ding,Qing Gong,Shengzhi Liang,Ralf Hoffmann,Hao Zhou,Haomiao Li,Kangli Wang,Tianru Zhang,Alfons Weisenburger,Georg Müller,Alexander Bonk
Multi-cationic molten chloride salt mixtures such as LiCl–KCl–NaCl are promising molten salt electrolytes for sodium liquid metal batteries (Na-LMBs). In this work, the melting temperature of LiCl–KCl–NaCl was determined with Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), assisted by FactSage™ simulation and confirmed by a melting point apparatus OptiMelt™. It is founded that the eutectic LiCl–KCl–NaCl can be considered as a pseudo-binary system with LiCl–KCl eutectic (59.2–40.8 mol.%) as the solvent and NaCl as the solute. When NaCl is not more than 9 mol.%, the eutectic LiCl–KCl–NaCl salt mixture has a melting temperature of ∼350 °C as that of LiCl–KCl eutectic. In addition, the exchange reactions between anode Na metal with LiCl–KCl–NaCl molten salt electrolyte were studied at the temperature of 400–500 °C quantitatively. The equilibrium constants of the exchange reactions were determined by chemical analysis on the salt and metal phases with Ion Chromatography (IC). A one ampere-hour (Ah) Na-LMB test cell shows promising energy storage performance. Moreover, the phenomena in the cell test can be explained convincingly, combining the results of exchange reactions and the pseudo-binary-system theory. The findings on the multi-cationic molten salt electrolytes for Na-LMBs in this work could support further development of other liquid metal batteries.
研究领域:
材料科学
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电化学
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储能技术
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
·
2016
·
IF 4.803
Wei Li,Zeng Chen,Chaochao Wei,Wenping Kong,Binghua Xu,Xiyang Jia,Chunli Diao,Shengjun Li
An electrochemical method was developed for the formation of Al-Cu alloys. The electrodeposition of aluminum on Mo and Cu substrates was studied using cyclic voltammetry in molten LiCl-KCl-AlCl 3 (2 wt.%). During the cathodic scan of the cyclic voltammograms, three different Al-Cu alloys were observed before pure Al formed on the Cu substrate. The electrochemical formation processes were studied using square wave voltammetry and open circuit chronopotentiometry. The products of the different reduction processes were identified using XRD. The XRD results indicated that three different Al-Cu intermetallic compounds, Al 4 Cu 9 , AlCu, and Al 2 Cu, were obtained using electrochemical deposition in the molten salt system.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Physical Chemistry C
·
2025
·
IF 3.2
Youtong Liu,Linlin Guan,Fang Zhao,Yuhan Jiang,Lingmu Zeng,Luwei Yang,Xiaobin Luo,Yang Ren,Xiaowei Zhou,Zhu Liu
All-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite films (band gap: 2.33 eV) were fabricated via a two-step electrochemical deposition (ECD) approach with controlled alkali halide codoping (KBr/KCl). Structural and morphological analyses (X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM)) show that 0.5 mg/mL KBr doping suppresses CsPb2Br5 formation, refines the grain size, and smooths film surfaces, reducing the charge-transfer resistance and extending the carrier lifetime from 3 to 8.3 ns. Compared to the undoped control, these changes deliver more than a 2-fold improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE), driven by enhanced short-circuit current (JSC) and open-circuit voltage (VOC). KCl doping at 0.3 mg/mL concentration reduces the defect density by about 23% and yields 50% efficiency improvement. These findings show that targeted doping during electrochemical deposition can tune defect-phase interactions in CsPbBr3 perovskite and offers a scalable way to optimize its device performance.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
光伏技术
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半导体器件
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纳米技术
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Metals
·
2024
·Vol. 14
·期 11
·1288
·
IF 2.6
Tianzhu Mu,Fuxing Zhu,Yan Zhao,Haoyu Fang,Haohang Ji,Lei Gao
Titanium metal is primarily produced via the Kroll process, which is characterized by a semi-continuous production flow and a lengthy process cycle, resulting in high production costs. Researchers have explored alternative methods for titanium production, including molten salt electrolysis, such as the Fray–Farthing–Chen (FFC), Ono Suzuki (OS), and University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB) processes, aiming to achieve more economical production. Among these, the USTB process, a representative of soluble anode electrolysis, has shown significant promise. However, controlling oxygen concentration in titanium produced by soluble anode electrolysis remains a challenge. This study proposes a novel approach to enhance deoxidation efficiency in soluble anode electrolysis for titanium production by introducing yttrium chloride (YCl3) into the molten salt electrolyte. Thermodynamic analysis and experimental validation demonstrate that the theoretical deoxidation limit for titanium can reach below 100 ppm under Y/YOCl/YCl3equilibrium. We report the successful synthesis of titanium powder with an oxygen concentration of 6000 ppm from titanium-carbon-oxygen solid solution. Under optimized conditions, the purity of the titanium powder reached 99.42%, demonstrating a new approach for producing high-purity titanium. This method, based on soluble anode electrolysis, offers a potential alternative to the conventional Kroll process. The research elucidates the fabrication process and analytical methods for titanium-carbon-oxygen solid solution, and employs a combination of analytical techniques, including XRD, SEM-EDS, and ONH Analyzer, for characterization of the electrolytic product, encompassing phase analysis, microstructure, and oxygen concentration testing.
研究领域:
冶金学
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材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY
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2026
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IF 3.2
Shi-Chun Zhang,Xue-Shan Yu,Yong-Ming Zhang,You-Feng Wang,Wei-Bin Ma,Ai-Jun Jiao,Zhi-Wei Li,Tong Su,Zhen-Hai Fu
The "cold decomposition-direct flotation" method is presently the predominant technique for KCl production from carnallite ore. However, this process has been hindered by the interactions between NaCl and KCl, resulting in suboptimal product purity and the potassium recovery rate. This study investigated the influence of the decomposition solution's composition on the concentrate grade of KCl. Initially, flotation tests with NaCl and KCl mixtures revealed that fine and newly formed NaCl adversely affected concentrate grade of KCl. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl 2 solutions as decomposition solution on the grade of KCl flotation concentrates. The results showed that higher MgCl 2 concentrations significantly increased particle size and concentrate grade of KCl. Additionally, experiments with diluted decomposition mother liquor (the triple-saturation point E) demonstrated that lower dilution ratios enhanced concentrate grade of KCl, suggesting that the decomposition mother liquor can be adjusted to an appropriate concentration for the decomposition of carnallite ores in industrial applications. This study provides valuable insights for addressing the challenges of low concentrate grade and the inefficient utilization of carnallite ore.
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Frontiers in Energy
·
2024
·
IF 3.1
Zhang Chen,Zhang Duoyong,Zhang Xinqi,Tian Yongqiang,Wang Liwei
Mesoporous biochar (MC) derived from biomass is synthesized using a dual-salt template method involving ZnCl 2 and KCl, followed by impregnation with polyethyleneimine (PEI) of varying average molecular weights under vacuum conditions to construct a core-membrane structure for enhancing carbon capture performance. The resulting MC exhibits a highly intricate network of micropores and abundant mesopores, along with defects in graphitic structures, effectively facilitating robust PEI loading. Among the PEI-modified samples, PEI-600@MC demonstrates the highest CO 2 sorption capacity, achieving approximately 3.35 mmol/g at 0.1 MPa and 70 °C, with an amine efficiency of 0.32 mmol CO 2 /mmol N. The introduction of amine functional groups in PEI significantly enhances the sorption capacity compared to bare MC. Additionally, PEI with lower average molecular weights exhibits a superior sorption performance at low pressures but shows a reduced thermal stability compared to higher molecular weight counterparts. The area of sorption hysteresis loops gradually decreases with increasing temperature and average molecular weight of PEI. The equilibrium sorption isotherms are accurately modeled by the Langmuir equation, revealing a maximum sorption capacity of approximately 3.53 mmol/g at 70 °C and saturation pressure. This work highlights the potential of dual-salts templated biomass-derived MC, modified with PEI, as an effective, widely available, and cost-efficient material for CO 2 capture.
研究领域:
材料科学
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环境科学
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DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF RARE EARTHS
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2016
·Vol. 34
·期 4
·428-434
·
IF 2.188
Hao TANG,Hui DENG,Qingbo REN,Dingzhou CAI,Yiming REN,Lang SHAO,Yongde YAN,Milin ZHANG
The electrochemical behavior of Pr(III) and formation process of Pr-Al intermetallics were investigated by different electrochemical methods. The reduction of Pr(III) ion to metallic Pr is an one-step three-electrons reaction. The reversibility of Pr(III)/Pr(0) system was evaluated by cyclic voltammograms with different scan rates. The co-reduction of Pr(III) and Al(III) ions formed three different Pr-Al intermetallics at electrode potentials around −1.40, −1.80, and −1.95 V vs. Ag/AgCl at 723 K, respectively. Open-circuit chronopotentiometry and electromotive force (emf) measurements were carried out to estimate the relative molar Gibbs energies of Pr for the formation of different Pr-Al intermetallics in the temperature range of 723–843 K. The activities of Pr in the Pr-Al intermetallic compounds were calculated.
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DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
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2016
·
IF 3.014
Chongchong Tang,Xiaojuan Yu,Jianshe Chen,Qing Han,Kuiren Liu
SrCl 2 -based molten salt system, i.e. SrCl 2 –KCl, was selected to enhance the electrochemical reduction of TiO 2 powder via OS process, utilizing both high solubility of SrO and Sr in SrCl 2 melt and extremely high oxygen affinity of active metal (Sr). In this study, titanium dioxide particles were reduced in a three-electrode cell consisting of a sinking Mo cathode in molten SrCl 2 –KCl, and the reduction mechanism and reaction pathway of the oxide powder were explored by using cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic electrolysis methods. Electrochemical tests showed that with small addition of SrO in the melt TiO 2 firstly transformed to SrTiO 3 , then reduced to Ti–O solid solution and finally converted to metallic titanium; electro-deoxidization of TiO 2 powder initiated only at the early stage of electrolysis and electro-metallothermic reduction mechanism dominated the deoxidization reaction pathway. Metallic titanium powder containing 0.58 wt% oxygen with average particle size around 1 μm was produced in the 80 wt% SrCl 2 -20 wt% KCl bath at 800 °C with 1 wt% SrO added to the melt.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Nano
·
2018
·
IF 13.709
Yaxin Chen,Liluo Shi,Qiong Yuan,Ang Li,Shaozhuan Huang,Hui Ying Yang,Xiaohong Chen,Jisheng Zhou,Huaihe Song
Although nucleation and crystallization in solution-processed materials synthesis is a natural phenomenon, the morphology design of graphene nanosheets by controlling the dual crystallization has not been established. In this work, we systematically demonstrate how the dual crystallization of ice and potassium chloride induces the morphological variation of the freeze-dried scaffold from fractal structure toward stepped sheet-like structure. A denim-like graphene nanosheet (DGNS) has been fabricated by annealing the F127-coated stepped sheet-like scaffold in nitrogen. DGNS shows parallel and straight stripes with an average stripe spacing of 10 nm. When used as a lithium-ion battery anode, DGNS possesses a superhigh reversible capacity of 1020 mAh g–1 at the current density of 1 A g–1 after 600 cycles. This work reports the control of dual crystallization of ice and salt crystals and provides an efficient way to design the morphology of two-dimensional materials by adjusting the crystallization.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
DESALINATION
·
2021
·
IF 9.501
Guozhao Ji,Weijian Wang,Huihuang Chen,Siyuan Yang,Jing Sun,Weng Fu,Bo Yang,Zhiqiang Huang
Potassium chloride (KCl) is a vital fertilizer to boost the global crop yield. However, current technologies for KCl production suffer from high energy consumption and complicated operations. Herein, we demonstrate a novel membrane-promoted crystallization (MPC) process for the sustainable production of KCl from concentrated KCl brine, together with water recovery . The MPC process reduces the capital expenditure and simplifies the complex operations by taking advantage of low-grade heat and a tubular hierarchical membrane (macroporous α -Al 2 O 3 substrate, γ -Al 2 O 3 interlayer and mesoporous hydrophilic ZrO 2 top layer). The presence of template-directing molecules P123 is vital in obtaining the mesoporous structure of ZrO 2 top layer by acting as a scaffold during the sol-gel process and preventing the meso-structural shrinkage in the annealing stage. The hierarchical membrane provides capillary forces to drive KCl brine transport from the inner shell of the membrane towards the outer surface. The continuous supply of KCl brine and water evaporation result in heterogenous nucleation and subsequent KCl crystal growth via a tip-growth mechanism, leading to abundant needle-shaped KCl whiskers on the outer surface based on the in-situ optical observation. The obtained KCl whiskers have a very small contact area with the membrane, thereby endowing facile KCl removal from the membrane surface to allow for the consecutive cycles. The MPC process exhibits a high KCl production of 134.3 g/m 2 and excellent water recovery of 738.7 g/m 2 for KCl brine (15 wt%) at 60 °C. Moreover, high performance and structural integrity of the membrane are retained after five cycles. The MPC process provides a new and promising approach for the sustainable production of KCl from KCl brine.
研究领域:
化学工程
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环境科学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOM
·
2022
·Vol. 74
·期 5
·1889-1899
·
IF 2.597
Zhu Qiang,Yang Jianguang,Tang Chaobo,Nan Tianxiang,Ding Ruize,Liu Jiang
This work proposes a novel nitrogen bottom-blowing method to enhance mass transfer in the molten salt electrolysis process, improve current efficiency, and reduce electrolysis energy consumption. The effect of nitrogen agitation on the dissolution of Sb 2 S 3 and Sb was studied. The effects of nitrogen flow rate, electrolytic temperature, cell voltage, and pole spacing on the distribution behavior of Sb during constant piezoelectric reduction were investigated. The results show that nitrogen agitation can obviously accelerate the dissolution of Sb 2 S 3 . The current efficiency of the cathode reaches 92.76%, the energy consumption is 1.78 kWh kg −1 , and the grade of crude antimony is 98.5%. Compared to no nitrogen stirring, electrolytic current efficiency is improved by 19.87% and the energy consumption is saved by 20.89%. Furthermore, the appropriate flow rate of nitrogen accelerates the removal of sulfur from the reactor and avoids the formation of high-priced antimony compounds.
研究领域:
冶金学
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
·
2023
·
IF 8.6
Hong Zhang,Qian Du,Xin Du,Zhanglian Xu,Shaoqiang Guo,Wentao Zhou
The electrorefining of spent nuclear fuels in a molten LiCl-KCl salt electrolyte recovers the valuable actinides but also releases radioactive fission products in the salt. To minimize the nuclear waste volume, dissolved fission products such as rare earths (REs) must be removed from the electrorefining salt and immobilized into proper wasteforms. Here we propose a two-step approach for treating the electrorefining waste salt by (i) the electrolytic recovery of REs from the salt using a liquid metal cathode; and subsequent (ii) oxidative extraction of REs from the liquid metal into durable wasteforms. Experimental demonstration using rare earth element samarium (Sm) and liquid metal (Bi) was successful. The Sm ions dissolved in the salt can be selectively recovered as dendrite Sm-Bi intermetallic products on the top of liquid bismuth cathode through electrolysis at appropriate applied currents or potentials. Then the Sm in the Sm-Bi alloy was efficiently extracted into both zinc-in-titania (ZIT) glass ceramic and lanthanide aluminoborosilicate (LABS) glass wasteforms through selective oxidation at Sm 2 O 3 loadings of 18–25 wt% and 50 wt%, respectively. Recycling of the electrorefining salt with minimum nuclear waste generation is foreseeable with the use of this simple, efficient, and highly compatible process.
研究领域:
核化学与技术
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）