RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES
·
2017
·Vol. 43
·期 7
·3961-3974
·
IF 1.369
Jiao Yinchun,Zhu Man,Deng Renjie,Jian Jian,Yin Yi,You Kuiyi
With the increase in environmental awareness, developing a highly efficient and environmentally benign nitration process has very important academic and applied industrial values in the synthesis of nitro-compounds. Towards this goal, we have developed an efficient and environmentally friendly approach for solvent-free liquid phase nitration of toluene by employing NO 2 as a nitrating agent and sulfated SO 4
2− /WO 3 as a catalyst replacing traditional nitric acid–sulfuric acid under mild conditions. The results indicate that SO 4
2− /WO 3 as an effective and eco-friendly catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity and reusability for the nitration of toluene with NO 2 . In addition, the possible pathway for liquid phase nitration of toluene with NO 2 over sulfated SO 4
2− /WO 3 catalyst was suggested. The present method makes this nitration process safe and environmentally friendly, and has the potential to enable a sustainable production of nitro-compounds from the liquid phase nitration of aromatic hydrocarbon with NO 2 in industrial applications.
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Journal of Energy Storage
·
2022
·
IF 8.907
Tingting Liao,Fan Luo,Xianghui Liang,Shuangfeng Wang,Xuenong Gao,Zhengguo Zhang,Yutang Fang
As energy shortage intensifies, improving energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption have become essential topics. Herein, a form-stable composite phase change material (FCPCM) consisting of modified expanded graphite (MEG) and eutectic hydrate was designed as a reliable and efficient thermal energy storage medium. Firstly, novel binary eutectic hydrate involving oxalic acid dihydrate (H 2 C 2 O 4 .2H 2 O) and ammonium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate (NH 4 Al(SO 4 ) 2 .12H 2 O) served as an excellent thermal energy storage guest. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ) was used as a hydrophilic modifier because of its high heat resistance, high inertness, corrosion resistance , non-toxicity and countless hydrophilic groups . Therefore, the hydrophilic modified expanded graphite (MEG) as a supporting host was constructed by dip-coating of nano ZrO 2 sol on the surface of expanded graphite (EG), which improved its hydrophilicity and compatibility with a eutectic guest. Compared with the original EG (83.05°), the contact angle of MEG containing 10 % ZrO 2 on the water was decreased to 37.95°. In addition, the adsorption rate and capacity of MEG to binary eutectic were much faster and larger, reaching an approximate saturation (65.58 %) within 40 min, which was three times that of the untreated EG (23.10 %) in the same adsorption time. The resultant FCPCM containing 24 wt% MEG exhibited a good phase transition temperature (54.10 °C), high phase transition enthalpy (168.5 J/g), as well as excellent anti-leakage behavior. After 100 hot and cold cycles, the thermal performances of FCPCM kept relatively stable, which guaranteed its sustained thermal benefits. It provides a potential application in the field of solar phase change heat exchangers .
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Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
·
2023
·
IF 7.7
Shuang Liu,Hong Wu,Huaili Zheng,Weizhen Zhang,Wei Ding,Hong Li,Chao Liu
Sulfite (S(IV))-based advanced oxidation process has attracted widespread attention due to the generation of strongly oxidizing sulfate radicals (SO 4 •− ) and hydroxyl radicals (HO • ) for contaminants remediation. However, the contaminant degradation by singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) through a nonradical pathway was still unclear in the S(IV) activation system. Herein, a magnetic Fe 3 O 4 /g-C 3 N 4 (MCN) composite was synthesized for the utilization as a visible-light catalyst to activate S(IV) under visible-LED (Vis-LED) for the organic degradation . The incorporation of Fe 3 O 4 in g-C 3 N 4 up-regulated the photocatalytic performance in the S(IV) activation for X-3B degradation, and > 98% of X-3B (20 mg L −1 ) was degraded with the degradation rate constant ( k obs ) of 0.110 min −1 within 30 min. The SO 4 •− and 1 O 2 produced in the MCN/S(IV)/Vis-LED system were identified as the primary reactive species through the quenching experiments and electron spin resonance. Interestingly, the light-induced generation of superoxide radical (O 2 •− ) played a negligible role in the formation of 1 O 2 , and most of 1 O 2 was corroborated to be originated from SO 4 •− besides SO 5 •− , which was rarely reported in other S(IV) activation processes. The catalysts before and after utilization were characterized to further elucidate the mechanisms for the S(IV) activation. There were two possible pathways for the S(IV) activation: the electron transfer from S(IV) to the photo-generated holes and the ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) within the surface Fe(III)−S(IV) complexes. Furthermore, the MCN/S(IV)/Vis-LED system was of high resistance to complex water matrixes (pH, inorganic anions, etc.), demonstrating its application perspective in the purification of wastewater containing organic pollutants .
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CHEMOSPHERE
·
2022
·
IF 8.943
Pengfei Gan,Yichun Sun,Yunyi Li,Wen Liu,Jiangyu Ye,Meiping Tong,Jialiang Liang
In this work, the different selectivity of SO 4 •- and • OH towards municipal solid waste incineration leachates (MSWILs) was studied by a comparative study of UV/persulfate (PS) and UV/H 2 O 2 . Results showed SO 4 •- preferentially mineralized carbon atoms of higher average oxidation state, while • OH showed a two-stage mechanism of partial oxidation and mineralization successively. Electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis showed SO 4 •- had superior selectivity towards MSWILs than • OH, and Fe(II) would significantly affect the selectivity via forming Fe-MSWILs complex. As the consequence, Fe(II) showed slightly negative effect on UV/PS, but greatly enhanced the performance of UV/H 2 O 2 /Fe(II). High concentration of Cl - affected the degradation of non-fluorescent substances by UV/PS, while SO 4 2 - and NO 3 - showed no effect. In contrast, anions showed no effect on UV/H 2 O 2 . In addition, • OH preferentially attacked large molecules, but SO 4 •- showed no selectivity. This study further revealed the selectivity of SO 4 •- and • OH in the treatment of hypersaline wastewater, and provided theoretical support for the development of targeted technology .
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JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
·
2020
·
IF 6.155
Shao-Fang Li,Zhen-Yi Gu,Jin-Zhi Guo,Xian-Kun Hou,Xu Yang,Bo Zhao,Xing-Long Wu
In recent years, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as one of the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Here, a new Na-super-ionic conductor (NASICON) cathode material NaFe 2 PO 4 (SO 4 ) 2 is successfully prepared through solid state method for SIBs. While the poor electronic conductivity of iron-based materials results in its poor rate and cycle performance. Then the electrochemical is effectively promoting via Ca 2+ doping. Na 0.84 Ca 0.08 Fe 2 PO 4 (SO 4 ) 2 have achieved considerable electrochemical properties. The first discharge specific capacity is 121.6 mA h g −1 at 25 mA g −1 with the voltage platform (∼3.1 V) corresponding to Fe 2+/3+ . After 100 cycles, the capacity retention is 55.1 %. The excellent electrochemical performance is caused by some Na + is substituted by Ca 2+ and leading to the fast sodium kinetics, which is well proved by the powder X-ray diffraction pattern and well corresponding to the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and cyclic voltammetry testing result (the diffusivity values are around at 10 −12 cm 2 s −1 ).
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SOLID STATE SCIENCES
·
2020
·
IF 2.434
Xiaofang Li,Yuandong Wu,Dajiang Mei,Hagen Poddig,Thomas Doert
Three hexasodium transition metal sulfates, Na 6 M (SO 4 ) 4 ·2H 2 O ( M = Fe, Co, Ni) were obtained by a dissolution and precipitation route and by hydrothermal reactions . The compounds were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffractions, UV/vis and IR spectroscopy , thermal analyses, and magnetization measurements. The title compounds all crystallize in the triclinic space group P 1 ‾ (No. 2) with Z = 1 and lattice parameters : a = 6.0679(8), b = 6.8658(8), c = 10.1508(12) Å, β = 92.557(4)° for Na 6 Fe(SO 4 ) 4 ·2H 2 O; a = 6.0595(5), b = 6.8446(6), c = 10.1149(8), β = 92.548(2)° for Na 6 Co(SO 4 ) 4 ·2H 2 O; a = 6.0490(4), b = 6.8265(5), c = 10.0793(7), β = 92.5470(10)° for Na 6 Ni(SO 4 ) 4 ·2H 2 O, respectively. [M(SO 4 ) 4 ] 6- anions are interconnected by hydrogen bonds to form two-dimensional layers in these structures. The solid-state UV/vis/NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy indicates that Na 6 M (SO 4 ) 4 ·2H 2 O ( M = Co, Ni) are insulators. Magnetization experiments show a nearly linear temperature dependence of the inverse susceptibility down to 2 K, which indicates a paramagnetic behavior for all three compounds.
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HYDROMETALLURGY
·
2024
·
IF 4.8
Lining Yu,Huazhen Cao,Huibin Zhang,Junfeng Kong,Weilun Qian,Anyang Tang,Wenyu Feng,Guoqu Zheng
Owing to the characteristics of mineral paragenesis (equilibrium sequence of mineral phases), the hydrochloric acid leach liquors of Sn ores and Sn-containing waste materials typically contain large amounts of Pb. In this study, barium sulfate coprecipitation was employed to efficiently remove Pb from a tin chloride solution. The lead removal efficiency, reaction mechanism, and limitations were investigated by varying the Cl − and SO 4 2− concentrations. The results showed that the structural formula of the precipitates was (Ba x Pb y )(SO 4 ) 2 (x + y = 2), and its solubility product was in the range of 1 × 10 −12 –1 × 10 −13 , indicating that Pb 2+ and Ba 2+ were more easily precipitated in the form of complex salts. In addition, thermodynamic analysis revealed that when the Cl − concentration was <1 mol/L in the Pb 2+ –Sn 2+ –Cl − –H 2 O system, [Pb 2+ ] and [PbCl + ] were the primary species. These positively charged species were readily adsorbed onto the surface of BaSO 4 via electrostatic forces, resulting in a significant increase in the Pb content of (Ba x Pb y )(SO 4 ) 2 . Therefore, the Pb removal efficiency significantly improved as Cl − concentration decreased. The lead removal mechanism involves a combination of adsorption and replacement processes. Based on the aforementioned fundamental study, a method involving dechlorination and coprecipitation was proposed to remove lead from an acid leaching solution of Kaldo slag. With the dechlorination via distillation, the Pb removal efficiency could reach 99.9% at 1 mol/L Cl − and 0.5 mol/L SO 4 2− .
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Journal of Energy Storage
·
2024
·
IF 8.9
Biao Hu,Jiachen Li,Xin Du,Zhenying Zhang,Hui Wang
A novel eutectic phase change material with light absorption and high thermal conductivity was successfully prepared. The based phase change material was ammonium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate‑sodium sulfate eutectic phase change materials. The black Ti 2 O 3 after ball milling was selected as light thermal conversion material which can absorb sunlight effectively and simultaneously convert the light to thermal and the expanded graphite was added to further improve the thermal conductivity of phase change materials. The phase change temperature of the eutectic phase change material was effectively regulated to 80 °C compared with 93 °C of pure aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate. The thermal conductivity of eutectic phase change materials with expanded graphite was enhanced to 1.16 W·m −1 ·K −1 compared with 0.53 W·m −1 ·K −1 of the pure eutectic phase change material. By adding Ti 2 O 3 , the combination material shows the best solar absorbance capacity of 87.96 % compared with the pure eutectic phase change materials of 73.43 %. The latent heat of the novel material was 190.97 kJ/kg. Considering their huge superiority of highly efficient use of solar energy in natural resources, the new novel ammonium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate‑sodium sulfate eutectic-based phase change material with excellent light absorbance, enhanced thermal conductivity, and high latent heat performance is a very promising material for solar-thermal conversion and energy storage.
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Journal of Water Process Engineering
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Xue Chen,Chunyan Hu,Feng Hong,Yanfen Fang,Xi Yuan,Hailin Tian,Yingping Huang
Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is a promising technology for the removal of organic pollutants because the collapse of cavitation bubbles can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the water molecular. However, the controlled reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the HC process remains a challenge. This study has regulated the dominant radical species in HC-activated persulfate (PDS) systems by adjusting experimental conditions, such as PDS dosage and pH. Atrazine (ATZ) degradation of 95 % was achieved after 180 min in HC-activated PDS of 0.37 mM at pH = 6.8. The mineralization rate of ATZ was 44.9 % due to the synergistic effect of sulfate radical ( SO 4 − ) and hydroxyl radical ( OH). The main degradation pathways of ATZ were dealkylation products and ring-opening products. Increasing the PDS dosage to 3.7 mM, the degradation of ATZ was 94.0 % after 60 min with the dominant radical of SO 4 − , while the mineralization rate of ATZ was only 8.8 %. Correspondingly, when OH was the dominant radical in HC-activated PDS at pH = 3.5, the removal rate and mineralization rate of ATZ reached 97.5 % and 77.4 %, respectively. It is demonstrated that the contribution of ROS was difference in HC-activated PDS systems for the ATZ degradation and mineralization. The controlled strategy of ROS in HC-activated PDS systems offers a promising approach for effectively eliminating various organic pollutants in the wastewater.
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Catalysts
·
2020
·Vol. 10
·期 2
·207
·
IF 3.52
Hua Nie,Wei Li,Qirong Wu,Vladislav Rac,Vesna Rakić,Xuesen Du
Poisoning effects by alkali metal chlorides is one of the major reasons for the deactivation of SCR catalyst in biomass-fired plants. In this study, the influence of KCl on two vanadium-based catalysts with different promoters, V2O5-WO3/TiO2and V2O5-Ce(SO4)2/TiO2, was investigated. The catalytic activity of the fresh V2O5-WO3/TiO2was higher than that of V2O5-Ce(SO4)2/TiO2at low temperatures. V2O5-Ce(SO4)2/TiO2performed better than V2O5-WO3/TiO2when KCl was deposited on the catalyst surface. Both poisoned catalysts were efficiently regenerated by SO2treatment. The characterization results show that the reducibility and acidity of the catalysts were weakened by KCl deposition but regenerated by SO2.
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Nanoscale
·
2025
·Vol. 17
·期 35
·20465-20475
·
IF 5.1
Weiyi Li,Min Zhang,Shen Cai,Yan Xin,Huajun Tian
Alluaudite-type Na2+2xFe2−x(SO4)3 has been a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high operating voltage and stable structure. However, its actual electrochemical performance suffers from intrinsic sluggish kinetics and poor electronic conductivity. In this work, for the first time, we propose a Na2.48(Fe0.89Mg0.03Sn0.04)1.76(SO4)3 cathode material prepared via a Mg/Sn co-doping strategy. Inactive Mg2+ stabilizes the structure, while Sn4+ inhibits the decomposition of electrolytes under high voltage. The Mg/Sn co-doping strategy enhances the kinetics of sodium ion diffusion reactions, leading to improved electrochemical properties, especially at low temperatures. The optimal NFMS/C-Sn0.03 cathode exhibits a long-term capacity retention of 91.6% after 1500 cycles at 5C and outstanding reversible capacities of 74.3 and 58.3 mAh g−1 at 10C and even at 50C, respectively. Furthermore, the NFMS/C-Sn0.03 cathode demonstrates a high capacity retention of 95.5% at −5 °C and 88.4% at −15 °C, with a remarkable capacity retention of 93.9% after 1000 cycles at room temperature and 85.5% after 700 cycles at −15 °C, respectively. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques confirmed that the presence of unpaired electrons and enhanced electronic conductivity could be attributed to the Mg/Sn co-doping. This work provides a feasible approach for designing low-cost, durable, low-temperature, and high-performance cathode materials for SIBs.
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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
·
2022
·
IF 5.436
Mingyang Liu,Zhongwen Ouyang,Xiaochen Liu,Jiaojiao Cao,Tongtong Xiao,Zhengcai Xia,Zhenxing Wang
Isolated large-spin Heisenberg antiferromagnetic uniform chain is quite rare. Here, we have successfully synthesized an ideal one-dimensional (1D) S = 5/2 linear-chain antiferromagnet [C2NH8]3[Fe(SO4)3], which crystallizes in a trigonal lattice with the space group R3c. A broad maximum at Tmax = 18 K is observed in the magnetic susceptibility curve. Notably, no long-range magnetic ordering is observed down to 2 K even if the material has a large Curie–Weiss temperature of θCW = −25.5 K. High-field magnetization at 2 K shows a linear increase until saturation at 30 T, and a high-field electron spin resonance (ESR) reveals the absence of a zero-field spin gap. The intrachain interaction J and interchain interaction J′ are determined. Quite a small ratio of J′/J < 2.5 × 10–3 suggests that [C2NH8]3[Fe(SO4)3] behaves as an ideal 1D uniform linear-chain antiferromagnet, in which the magnetic ordering is prevented by the extremely small interchain interaction and quantum fluctuation even for a classical spin of S = 5/2.
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