EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
·
2022
·
IF 5.546
Quan Fang,Yuanyuan Zhan,Xu Chen,Rongkai Wu,Weijia Zhang,Yu Wang,Xujuan Wu,Yunlong He,Juanjuan Zhou,Bihe Yuan
A bio-based intumescent flame retardant (IFR) was designed and synthesized by employing a simple and environment-friendly strategy. Via electrostatic interaction, chitosan (CS) and amino trimethylphosphonic acid (ATMP) as organic shells are deposited on the inorganic core of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to form the core–shell flame retardant (APP@CS@ATMP). Then, agar (AG) is used as a charring agent candidate that combines with APP@CS@ATMP to fabricate a bio-based IFR. The application of APP@CS@ATMP and AG in polylactic acid (PLA) is effective in improving its flame retardancy and anti-dripping properties. The PLA composite including 20 wt% APP@CS@ATMP/AG (APP@CS@ATMP:AG = 3:1) can achieve the optimal flame-retardant effect and a UL-94 V-0 rating with a slight melt-dripping phenomenon. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate and total heat release significantly decrease in the cone calorimetric tests contrasted with those of pure PLA. The flame-retardant mechanism of APP@CS@ATMP/AG is revealed by analyzing the pyrolysis gaseous products during the thermal decomposition and the morphology and structure of char residues. This work provides a facile and sustainable route to construct bio-based polymer composites with excellent fire-safety properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
·
2017
·
IF 2.843
Hong Yan,Zhilei Zhao,Weijuan Ge,Naien Zhang,Qing Jin
A novel hyperbranched charring agent containing s-triazine, diphenylmethane and urea groups (HBPU) was synthesized from melamine and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, which is hydrophobic and thermally stable at high temperature (residual weight being 40% at 800 °C). HBPU and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) are synergistic for the improvement of flame retardancy and smoke suppression of polypropylene (PP). With the addition of 30% of APP and HBPU (2:1 or 3:1), PP composites could reach V-0 rating at UL-94 test, and their peak heat release rates (PHRR) were reduced by 78.6% and 81.3%, respectively. HBPU also improved the compatibility of APP with the PP matrix with a result of enhanced mechanical properties. In this intumescent flame retardant system, HBPU served as carbonization and blowing agents simultaneously. In addition, the interaction of HBPU and APP as well as their mechanism of flame retardation were deeply discussed.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2018
·
IF 2.955
Peikun Zhang,Haojun Fan,Kun Hu,Yiming Gu,Yi Chen,Jun Yan,Saiqi Tian,Yazhou He
To simultaneously improve the compatibility, flame retardancy and mechanical properties of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) based polyurethane, an efficient and facile strategy was developed, in which hydroxyl-functionalized APP (HAPP) was synthesized through ion-exchange reaction between APP and 3-aminopropanol, and then utilized as a multiple-function excipient for solvent-free two-component polyurethane (2K-PU) by chemical cross-linking. The curing behavior, mechanical and flame-retardant performances of HAPP cured 2K-PU, designating as 2K-PU/HAPP, were elaborately evaluated. Cone calorimeter results indicated that the conjugation of 15 wt% HAPP into 2K-PU significantly reduced the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) by 68.7%, 42.8% and 9.3%, respectively. Intriguingly, mechanical tests illustrated that the chemical incorporation of HAPP definitely improved the tensile strength of 2K-PU/HAPP while well-maintained the elongation at break, highlighting its attractive potential for industrial application. In addition, a flame-retardant mechanism for 2K-PU/HAPP was proposed. All aforementioned results distinctly demonstrate a feasible yet promising paradigm for fabricating APP-containing polyurethane.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2023
·
IF 5.9
Kai-Xian Hu,Ze-Yong Zhao,Peng Lu,Shuang He,Cong Deng,Yu-Zhong Wang
Wood plastic composites (WPCs) are facing fire hazard and aging when they are used as building materials. In current work, ammonium polyphosphate-based flame retardant decorated with caffeic acid (MAPP-CA) was prepared by the two-step reaction of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), ethylenediamine, and caffeic acid. The chemical structure of MAPP-CA was characterized by different measurements. When the loading amount of MAPP-CA was 25 wt% in WPC, WPC/MAPP-CA 25 sample passed the UL-94 V-0 rating and limited oxygen index (LOI) value reached 26.5%. Compared with WPC, WPC/MAPP-CA 25 showed significantly lower heat release and smoke release. Besides, MAPP-CA improved the anti-aging property of WPC. According to oxidation induction time (OIT) result of WPC, WPC/APP 25 and WPC/MAPP-CA 25 . The OIT of WPC/MAPP-CA 25 is much longer than that of WPC (17.8 min) and WPC/APP 25 (36.8 min), about 7.4 and 3.6 times of the latter two, respectively. Further, the retention ratios of mechanical properties showed that the retention in flexural strength and notched impact strength for WPC/MAPP-CA 25 is superior to that of WPC/APP 25 and WPC after aging at 120 ℃. Flame-retardant and anti-aging mechanisms of MAPP-CA were investigated in detail. This work opens a new route for upgrading traditional flame retardant.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH
·
2023
·Vol. 30
·期 2
·1-12
·
IF 2.8
Chi Junrui,Zhang Yu,Tu Fanbin,Sun Junchen,Zhi Huizhen,Yang Jinfei
Vegetable oils, as raw materials for polyurethane foam, have attracted much attention for being non-toxic, biodegradable, renewable, and so on. However, polyurethane foam burns extremely easily and the vegetable oil grafted phosphorus/silicon flame retardant polyols alone do have insufficient fire-retardant efficiency. Herein, a new bio-based flame retardant (Polyol-P) was successfully synthesized through a ring-opening reaction by using epoxy soybean oil and phenylphosphonic acid as raw materials. Then, Polyol-P was first combined with melamine-formaldehyde resin-microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) to modify polyurethane foam. The synergistic flame-retardant effects of Polyol-P with MAPP in polyurethane foam have been studied by thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index test, vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter. TG test results showed the addition of Polyol-P and MAPP promoted the degradation of polyurethane foam composites and the char residue rate at 800 °C of PU-P/15MAPP was significantly enhanced. Flame retardant test results confirmed PU-P/15MAPP exhibited LOI of 25.8% and passed the V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. Cone calorimeter test results indicated the peak heat release rate of PU-P and PU-P/15MAPP reduced from 395.10 kW/m 2 to 291.92 kW/m 2 and 222.72 kW/m 2 compared with PU-0. Furthermore, the ratio of CO and CO 2 remarkably reduced and the residual carbon yield of PU-P/15MAPP was the highest, and its value was 20.0 wt%. SEM confirmed that the char residue of PU-P/15MAPP was wrinkled and uneven, which was caused by the release of many volatile gases. FT-IR verified the formed structure of the phosphorous-containing carbonaceous structure. These results suggest that Polyol-P and MAPP have a good synergistic flame retardancy on polyurethane composites and can reduce fire risk.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2022
·Vol. 140
·期 1
·e53267
·
IF 3.057
Zhi-Gang Yuan,Zhao-Hui Shu,Liang Qi,Wan-An Cai,Wen-Bin Liu,Jun Wang,Mehdi Derradji,Yan-hui Wang
In this study, 4,4′-Diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) was exploited as hardener for diglycidyl ether of daidzein (DGED) and epoxy resin mixture (E-D). The composites were produced by blending with different contents of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and expandable graphite (EG) into E-D resin, named E-D/A-E composites. Firstly, E-D/A-E blends were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and DSC to evaluate their curing behavior. The TGA was performed on the E-D/A-E composites to analyze their thermal stability, and the thermal properties of the composites were enhanced by adding APP-EG (A-E) flame retardants. The mechanical properties and the fractured surfaces of the E-D/A-E composites were studied by tensile, impact tests and scanning electron microscopy. Finally, through torch burning test, limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94) and micro-calorimetry tests, the influence of A-E flame retardants contents on flammability of composites were evaluated. The results showed that the UL-94 V-0 rating was obtained for the E-D/A-E composites and the composites exhibited a self-extinguishing phenomenon. When A-E flame retardants content reached 9.1 wt%, the LOI value reached 34.5%, and total heat release (Total HR) was reduced by 20.2% compared with E-D/A-E 1.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2023
·Vol. 34
·期 10
·3276-3288
·
IF 3.4
Yao Xu,Bingtao Wang,Zhenghong Guo,Zhengping Fang,Juan Li,Peng Chen
A dopamine-triazine compound (TTD) was synthesized by using dopamine and cyanuric chloride. The TTD and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were combined to improve the flame retardancy of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The flame retardancy, thermal stability and mechanical properties of TPU blends were investigated. TPU containing 8 wt% APP displays a UL-94 V0 rating and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.0 vol%. When APP and TTD are combined at a ratio of 7/1 (wt%/wt%), only 5 wt% flame retardant is needed to endow TPU with a UL-94 V0 rating, suggesting that a good synergistic effect exists between APP and TTD on enhancing flame retardancy of TPU. In addition, TTD reduces the heat release rate of TPU, suppresses the smoke and toxic gas release and promotes the formation of an intumescent char layer with few defects during combustion. In addition, TTD improves the tensile properties of TPU/APP blends.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2023
·Vol. 13
·期 42
·29657-29667
·
IF 3.9
Shibin Nie,Wenli Zhai,Yuxuan Xu,Wei He,Jinian Yang
Whisker-shaped nickel phyllosilicate (NiPS) was synthesized using rod-like nickel-based metal–organic frameworks as the hard templates, and highly efficient flame retardant and wear resistant EP composites were prepared by synergizing with microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP). The research results indicated that at a total addition amount of 8 wt% and a mass ratio of 2 : 5 for NiPS to MFAPP, the limiting oxygen index of the EP composite was 28.2%, which achieved the V-0 rating in the UL-94 standard. Meanwhile, the peak of heat release rate and total heat release was reduced by 33.9% and 22%, respectively, compared with pure EP. The synergistic system of NiPS and MFAPP promoted the formation of high-quality char layer, preventing the diffusion of heat, oxygen, and combustible gases effectively during combustion of the EP composite. Dry friction test showed that the wear rate of the EP composite was 0.847 × 10−5 mm3 N−1 m−1, which was 87.9% lower than pure EP, indicating a significant improvement in wear resistance. This study provided a promising method for the preparation of high performance epoxy composites with excellent flame retardancy and wear resistance.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2023
·
IF 5.9
Yadong Wang,Li Ma,Hua Wang,Chunzu Cheng,Xianze Yin,Zongmin Zhu
Polylactic acid (PLA) has garnered global attention as a potential biomaterial thanks to its biodegradability and renewability. However, the drawbacks of its high flammability impede its broader application. In this work, two different types of all bio-based charring agents (named as CFU, CVA) were prepared in a green and environmentally friendly ethanol solvent by using chitosan derived from corn starch and sugarcane, as well as bio-based vanillin and furfural, as raw materials. The CFU (or CVA) in conjunction with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were incorporated into PLA to prepare flame-retardant and high-performance composite materials. The addition of 3.75 wt% CFU (or CFA) and 11.25 wt% APP to PLA resulted in the attainment of the UL-94 V-0 rating, a nearly 28% of limiting oxygen index, as well as a decrease of ∼35 and ∼90% in total heat and smoke releases, respectively. Besides, the addition of mixed flame retardants significantly reduced the viscosity of PLA by an order of magnitude, which was greatly beneficial for processing and production. The mechanical performance testing results demonstrated an increase in the elongation at break and impact strength of PLA composites containing CFU (or CVA) and APP. Moreover, the heat resistance and crystallinity of the PLA composites were also improved.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
生物医学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2022
·
IF 5.204
Yi-Ran Li,Ying-Ming Li,Wen-Juan Hu,De-Yi Wang
Fire safety and environmental friendliness are the two key factors for the industrial application of polymer-based composites; hence, highly efficient and halogen-free flame-retarding polymer composites have been developed to achieve the above attributes. In the present work, halogen-free flame retardant Co-PDA-APP was prepared by modifying the surface of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with dopamine (DA) and cobalt ions (Co) to enhance the fire safety of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU). When only 3 wt% of Co-PDA-APP was added, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) reached to 25% and passed the V-0 rating in UL-94 test. The peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and peak of smoke production rate (PSPR) decreased by 66.0% and 76.4% comparing to the relative values of neat TPU. Moreover, thermogravimetry Fourier-transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy were carried out to investigate the flame-retardant mechanism of Co-PDA-APP in the TPU composite. The intumescent flame-retardant mechanism was found to be dominant, and APP , PDA, and Co promoted the formation of a physical barrier and enhanced the fire safety of the TPU composite. Furthermore, the tensile strength was 24.4 MPa, which was preserved at a high level comparing to that of TPU/APP 3 composites.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH
·
2026
·Vol. 33
·期 7
·305
·
IF 3.5
Zhou Wenqian,Ou Hongxiang,Li Xiaoyan,Tu Zhe,Xue Honglai,Zhu Fang
To address the inherent flammability and severe smoke release of polypropylene (PP) that restrict its safety-critical applications, a novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system was developed in this study. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was efficiently coated with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) using 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH560) as a molecular bridge to obtain a composite flame retardant (HNTs@APP) with enhanced thermal stability and charring performance. This component was synergistically combined with tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate (THEIC) and zinc borate (ZB) to construct an efficient IFR system. Remarkably, the experimental results show that the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of composite PP2, which is composed of only 25 wt% HNTs@APP/THEIC, reaches 32.5%; with the introduction of ZB, the flame retardant performance of the composite is further improved. The silicon-boron synergistic effect can efficiently catalyze the dehydration and crosslinking of the polymer matrix, significantly enhance the thermal stability and compactness of the residual carbon layer, thereby synergistically improving the flame retardant, smoke suppression and mechanical properties of the composite. Among them, the LOI of PP4 is increased to 34.5%, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) are reduced to 162 kW/m 2 and 0.6 m 2 , decreasing by 88% and 95% compared with pure PP, respectively, and the lowest I D /I G (0.58) is achieved. Meanwhile, its tensile strength and elongation at break are increased to 24.81 MPa and 44.87%, respectively, effectively alleviating the deterioration of the mechanical properties of the PP matrix caused by the addition of flame retardants. This study realizes the synergistic improvement of flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of PP materials at a low flame retardant addition amount, providing a new technical path with good application prospects for the application of PP in safety-critical fields such as electronic and electrical enclosures and building fireproof materials.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS
·
2026
·
IF 4
Bin Xue,Danxiang Wei,Jun Li,Yudong Wang,Haifeng Pan,Wei Wang
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is characterized by inherent flammability and limited mechanical performance, which restrict its engineering applications. In this study, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was utilized as the primary flame retardant, while tannic acid (TA) and tea polyphenols (TP) acted as natural synergists. By combining these components with steam-exploded sugarcane fibers (SCF), we developed a fully bio-based intumescent flame-retardant PLA composite. The effects of polyphenol-assisted APP on thermal stability, flame retardancy, mechanical properties, and flame-retardant mechanisms were systematically investigated. The results indicate that polyphenols significantly enhance the charring ability of APP and improve the high-temperature thermal stability of the composites. Cone calorimetry demonstrates notable reductions in peak heat release rate and total heat release, along with an increased fire performance index. At a total flame-retardant loading of 13 wt%, the composites achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating with effective suppression of melt dripping. However, a moderate reduction in tensile strength and elongation at break was observed due to the incorporation of inorganic flame-retardant components. The addition of SCF partially mitigates the mechanical deterioration caused by the incorporation of flame-retardants. Char analysis indicates a condensed-phase-dominated mechanism, wherein polyphenols serve as efficient carbon sources and synergize with APP to form a dense, phosphorus-rich char layer. Notably, tea polyphenols exhibit slightly higher charring efficiency than tannic acid.
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）