JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
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2026
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IF 9.7
Hongping Li,Zehong Jin,Meilin Zhang,Lihua Fu,Baofeng Lin,Chuanhui Xu,Bai Huang
Traditional flexible conductive hydrogels use water as the dispersion medium, making them prone to freezing and cracking in low-temperature environments, rendering them unusable. Therefore, developing flexible materials that combine freeze resistance with high electrical conductivity to meet the demands of signal monitoring and energy storage in severe cold conditions is crucial for expanding the application boundaries of flexible wearable devices. This paper reports an effective strategy for preparing a flexible, freeze-resistant, and highly conductive polyzwitterionic eutectogel based on renewable nanocellulose. This strategy utilizes a three-dimensional cellulose network constructed via ionic crosslinking as the functional filler framework. Sulfonated betaine zwitterionic DMAPS ([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide) is then in situ polymerized within this network to produce a dual-network composite eutectogel featuring both physical and chemical crosslinking interactions. The uniformly coexisting cellulose-Al 3+ network and polyzwitterionic network provide the structural foundation for energy dissipation and ion migration. Consequently, eutectogels exhibits excellent tensile properties and high electrical conductivity (0.25–0.71 S·m −1 ). The incorporation of deep eutectic solvents (DES) endows gels with exceptional antifreeze properties, maintaining excellent stability and outstanding ionic conductivity (0.24–0.65 S·m −1 ) even under extreme conditions at −20 °C—virtually unchanged from its performance at room temperature (25 °C). Notably, the strain sensor based on eutectogels exhibits outstanding sensitivity performance both in low-temperature and ambient environments (GF = 2.70 at −20 °C and GF = 2.54 at 25 °C). This is attributed to the gel's ability to maintain its mechanical and electrical properties at low temperatures, demonstrating its potential for application under harsh conditions. Additionally, eutectogels have been successfully applied in pressure sensors and supercapacitors to monitor pressure signals and store energy. Overall, this study has developed a promising strategy for preparing functional, freeze-resistant green composite sensors for engineering applications.
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JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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2025
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IF 14.3
Yapeng Zheng,Tianyang Cui,Jingwen Wang,Yuan Hu,Zhou Gui
Flexible temperature sensors that can detect and transmit subtle thermal fluctuations are essential for critical cold-chain monitoring and safety assurance. However, realizing intrinsically soft materials with high temperature sensitivity and durability remains challenging. Prevailing approaches embed rigid thermoresponsive fillers into compliant matrices, resulting in limited sensitivity, poor long-term stability, and inadequate scalability under demanding cold-chain conditions. Herein, we report a coordination-driven design strategy leveraging metal-ligand dynamics within tailored polymerizable and deep eutectic solvent systems to construct P(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-vinylphosphonic acid)/Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide/ZnCl 2 /glycerol eutectogels. The resulting flexible eutectogel-based temperature sensor exhibits an ultrahigh thermal sensitivity (temperature coefficient of resistance: −28.43%°C −1 ), an ultrafine temperature resolution (0.10°C), excellent linearity ( R 2 = 0.989), and robust stability (> 30000 s) across a broad operational range (−5 to 100°C). These characteristics enable precise detection and early warning of abnormal temperature excursions pertinent to cold-chain safety. Furthermore, an integrated intelligent monitoring module supports real-time multi-threshold warning capabilities throughout the cold supply chain. Collectively, this work establishes dynamic metal-ion coordination-engineered eutectogels as a generalizable and flexible platform dedicated to high-resolution, ultrasensitive temperature sensing, early warning, and safety management in cold-chain logistics.
研究领域:
材料科学
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传感器与检测技术
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智能物流
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温度传感
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柔性电子学
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高影响因子
ACS Applied Energy Materials
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2022
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IF 6.959
Yihan Wu,Yongqi Deng,Kefu Zhang,Jun Qiu,Juan Wu,Lifeng Yan
The aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor (ZHSC) is a prospective energy storage device for next-generation wearable electronics due to its high safety, low cost, and high energy density. However, the preparation of gel electrolytes reported in the literature is complex and time-consuming, which limits their application in practice. Herein, we developed a robust and stretchable eutectogel electrolyte through a one-step gelation process in situ without introducing additional initiators and cross-linkers. The eutectogel electrolyte consists of ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on Zn(ClO4)2, AM(acrylamide), and H2O, among which ClO4– triggers the free-radical polymerization of AM monomer and Zn2+ cross-links the polymer chains. The prepared Zn-PAM-1 gel exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 51.7 mS cm–1. Due to the inhibition of the free water activity in DES, the voltage window of the constructed flexible ZHSC was extended to 0–2.2 V. Moreover, the ZHSC in situ formed manifests a maximum energy density of 117.5 W h kg–1 at a power density of 833.8 W kg–1 and shows admirable cycling stability, retaining 87.6% of its capacitance after 4000 cycles. In addition, the supercapacitor possesses remarkable temperature stability within a range of −20 to 70 °C. Furthermore, the assembled flexible device illustrates favorable bendability from 0° to 180° without scarifying capacitance, displaying great promise as flexible wearable electronic devices. In summary, such a feasible approach provides further insight into the exploration of innovative eutectogel electrolyte systems for assembling quasi-solid-state pliable high energy storing devices.
研究领域:
材料科学
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能源存储
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化学工程
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高影响因子
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
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2021
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IF 9.229
Yan Wang,Jiake Wang,Zhongzheng Ma,Lifeng Yan
It is desirable to fabricate an antifatigue gel for skin-mimicking sensors on the demand of long-term durability in practical usage. Here, we developed a physically cross-linked eutectogel based on a poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylic acid) (PVA/PAA) binary polymer skeleton and a deep eutectic solvent (DES). In this eutectogel, uniformly distributed PVA crystalline domains acted as stable physical cross-linkers, and high-density hydrogen bonds possessed great reversibility. Such a polymer network structure was expected to endow this eutectogel with excellent mechanical strength, stretchability, and a self-recovery ability. Specifically, this eutectogel exhibited a superior tensile strength of 2.6 MPa, a fracture strain of 680%, and a fracture toughness of 8.39 MJ m–3. In cyclic stretching/releasing tests with a fixed strain of 100%, this eutectogel could recover its mechanical properties within a 600 s resting time. Based on this self-recoverable eutectogel, a reliable flexible sensor was fabricated, which possessed good sensitivity and stability over a wide strain range (1–300%). More importantly, the flexile sensor was able to maintain a highly repeatable response signal during 1000 consecutive stretching/releasing cycles, showing outstanding long-term durability. Given the excellent sensing performance, this eutectogel has promising potential in wearable electronics, human–machine systems, and soft robotics.
研究领域:
材料科学
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生物医学工程
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传感技术
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
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2025
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IF 8.5
Bin Li,Xiaojuan Li,Shuying Li,Chen Chen,Ting Xiao,Yuehong Xu
Psoriasis is a chronic and incurable inflammatory skin disease usually requiring long-term disease management. Natural phytochemical resveratrol (RES) has been known for high efficiency and low toxicity, exhibiting good anti-psoriasis potential. However, its biological activity is limited by poor solubility, chemical instability, and insufficient skin retention. Herein, we developed an adhesive eutectogel loaded with RES constructed through electrostatic and hydrogen bonding cross-linking between cyclodextrin-levulinic acid supramolecular deep eutectic solvent (DES) and chitosan (CS). A series of characterizations combined with molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that such DES not only significantly increased the solubility and stability of RES, but also acted as the cross-linker and plasticizer in eutectogel preparation. When applied to the skin surface, the eutectogel formed a soft film in situ that established tight contact with the skin, thereby enhancing RES sustained penetration into the skin. In an imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mice model, the eutectogel effectively alleviated psoriasis symptoms, inhibited the excessive proliferation of keratinocytes, and regulated the expression of IL-23/IL-17 axis-related factors, whose therapeutic effect was better than that of commercially available calcipotriol ointment. Overall, The DES-strengthened eutectogel offers a promising topical drug delivery platform for psoriasis treatment and expands the applications of green polysaccharide medical materials.
研究领域:
药剂学
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皮肤科
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生物材料科学
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
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2026
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IF 8.7
Qiqi Yang,Yifei Pei,Fangya Zhang,Junjie Liu,Jie Hu,Qiyang Wang,Manqing Yan
The hydrogels with high sensitivity on mechanical deformation, temperature and humidity have emerged as charming candidate materials for flexible sensor due to increasing development in flexible electronics and human-computer interaction fields. In this study, deep eutectic solvent gels (DESX) were firstly fabricated by dual-network compounding xanthan gum (XG) and polyacrylic acid (PAA), choline chloride (ChCl), and ethylene glycol (EG). Then sphere-shaped polyaniline encapsulated carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-PANI) were incorporated as conductive and reinforcing supplement and the DESX/CMC-PANI eutectogel (DXCP) were successfully achieved via one-pot strategy with multi-stimuli responsiveness. The synergistic interaction of physical and chemical crosslinking of CMC-PANI, XG and PAA chains in DXCP eutectogels happens, and they display strong-stretchable mechanical properties, extreme environment stability, high frost resistance and water retention. Importantly, the superior DXCP-2 eutectogel especially exhibits 0.89 MPa of mechanical strength, 620% of stretchability, and 0.5 S/m of conductivity. Notably, the DXCP-2 was assembled into flexible sensors and these sensors exhibited good linear response and broad detection range toward strain, temperature and humidity. This approach offers effective gelation strategy for exploring multifunctional deep eutectogels with good cryogenic tolerance, high stretchability-strength, and non-irritating characteristics in flexible sensors detecting human motion, temperature and humidity.
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Small
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2025
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IF 12.1
Qi Cao,Weizhong Yuan
As an outstanding flexible conductive material, eutectogels have received increasing attention due to their potential applications in fields such as flexible wearable electronics and wireless communications. However, the development of multifunctional eutectogels with stability in underwater environments is still very challenging due to the high sensitivity of most deep eutectic solvents (DES) to water. Herein, a hydrophobic eutectogel is fabricated by simple photopolymerization, the introduction of macromolecular cross-linking agents, fluorine-rich monomers and dynamic light-responsive functional ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate (Mo 7 ), as well as multiple dynamic interactions within the eutectogel, endowed it with excellent mechanical properties (160 kPa), long-term underwater repetitive adhesion (102.99 kPa), underwater environmental tolerance (<5 wt.%), rapid self-healing ability (>93%), sensitive and stable sensing capability (GF > 2.46) and reversible photochromic properties. Flexible wearable devices and underwater wireless communication systems based on hydrophobic eutectogels realized the applications of non-contact information encryption, underwater wireless communication, and underwater real-time motion monitoring. This work provides ideas for the development of multifunctional integrated photochromic hydrophobic eutectogels for information storage and encryption, underwater wireless communication, and intelligent monitoring.
研究领域:
柔性可穿戴电子设备
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无线通信
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材料科学
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信息安全
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智能传感器
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Chemistry-An Asian Journal
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2024
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IF 3.5
Hanlin Zhai,Chen Yue,Zhangpeng Li,Limin Ma,Tingting Wang,Hong Zhang,Jinqing Wang,Shengrong Yang
A superelastic self–healing eutectogel was designed and prepared using poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as the bulk skeleton material, while silk fibroin (SF) and two–dimensional (2D) MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T X ) as reinforcing fillers. In brief, the eutectogel possesses a high tensile strength of 7.63 MPa, and its elongation at break reached 1115.2%, higher than most reported polymers (<1000%). In addition, the eutectogel–assembled sensor has a high ionic conductivity of 0.61 S/m and a high strain sensitivity of 5.17 kPa −1 . Moreover, eutectogel shows excellent self–healing ability and can achieve self–healing quickly within 10 min, while its tensile strength and elongation at break can be restored to 84.7% and 97.4% of the initial levels. Besides, a stable electrical signal can be transmitted after 200 cycles at 30% strain. Finally, the eutectogel can withstand various environmental conditions, such as atmospheric or even vacuum evaporation and low–temperature freezing, while maintaining good mechanical and sensing performances. The assembled flexible sensors based on the eutectogel demonstrate their significant application prospects in wearable devices, especially human physiological monitoring.
研究领域:
材料科学
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纳米技术
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高分子科学
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传感器
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可穿戴设备
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
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2025
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IF 13.2
Huowen Chen,Fusheng Zhang,Zhuqin Zhang,Lijuan Zhang
Balancing softness with mechanical robustness remains a critical challenge in synthetic electronic sensors, restricting their practical utility. Herein, we propose a strain-stiffening eutectogel fabrication strategy featuring a biomimetic hierarchical bonding design inspired by mammalian skin. This system (DES-PAA@Al, deep eutectic solvent-polyacrylic gel) integrates weak intermolecular interactions for compliance ( E 1 = 2.9 × 10 −4 MPa/%) and robust Al 3+ -carboxyl coordination bonds within the PAA network to ensure structural integrity under extreme deformation. The optimized eutectogel achieves ultrafast gelation (<20 s) and a sevenfold modulus enhancement ( E 3 / E 1 = 7), synergistically combining ultra-stretchability ( λ = 1060 %), fatigue resistance (850 cycles), high sensitivity (gauge factor ( GF ) = 1.17), strain-stiffening behavior, and broad environmental adaptability (−60 °C to 80 °C). Mechanical testing, internal structural evaluation, and computational simulations elucidate the hierarchical bonding mechanism, revealing energy-dependent bonding interactions. These capabilities enable the eutectogel to gently conform to rough surfaces while maintaining durability, making it ideal for electronic skin (e-skin) applications. This work establishes a universal and facile in-situ approach for fabricating skin-like strain-stiffening eutectogels, advancing their potential in bioelectronic interfaces such as strain-resistive sensors and physiological signal monitoring (e.g., Electrocardiogram (ECG)).
研究领域:
材料科学
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生物医学工程
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高影响因子
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
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2025
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IF 19
Yan Zhang,Xiaowei Chen,Wei Li,Baoyi Wang,Qian Zhang,Zhuo Zhao,Yafei Wang,Ying Guan,Yongjun Zhang
The freezing of the dispersion medium causes a huge deterioration in mechanical performance, conductivity, and optical properties of gel materials, limiting their functionality in low-temperature environments such as outer space, deep sea, and polar areas. Here, a deep eutectic solvent is developed using 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol as a hydrogen bond donor and choline chloride as a hydrogen bond acceptor, achieving remarkably low freezing temperature of −107.7 °C, while also exhibiting transparency, stability, and ionic conductive capabilities across a broad temperature range. Utilizing this solvent as a dispersion medium, microphase-separated eutectogels are prepared via the copolymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid. Retaining its stretchability, high toughness, and energy dissipation capability at −100 °C, the gel thereby serves as an exceptional materials for impact resistance, vibration damping, and temperature sensing. Finally, the development of 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol based solvent and gel materials is expected to offer a new solution for cryo-science and antifreeze applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
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软物质物理
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低温化学
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机械工程
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高影响因子
MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS
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2023
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IF 4.6
Kaixuan Yu,Yifeng Gao,Rui Wang,Linlin Wu,Xiaofeng Ma,Ying Fang,Xianli Fang,Qiang Dou
Eutectogels are gaining attention in flexible device applications for their superior ionic conductivity, stability, biocompatibility, and cost-effectiveness. However, most existing eutectogels suffer from low strength and toughness. Herein, ultra-tough and highly stretchable polyacrylamide (PAM) eutectogels featuring a dual-crosslinked network comprising chemical cross-linking and physical cross-linking facilitated by metal coordination bonds and hydrogen bonds are developed. This is achieved through a controlled strategy involving polymerization of acrylamide in a coordinated metal salt-type deep eutectic solvent (DES) combined with a non-coordinated choline chloride (ChCl)-type DES mixture. By varying the molar ratio of these two types of DES, exceptional and adjustable mechanical properties of the resulting eutectogel are achieved, including a high tensile strength ranging from 2.9 to 8.2 MPa and elongation at break ranging from 1725 to 747%, at a 70 wt% DES content. Furthermore, the reversible non-covalent crosslinking in these eutectogels enables self-recovery and self-healing capabilities of eutectogels. The prepared eutectogels also exhibit outstanding ionic conductivity (3.56 mS cm −1 ), making them well-suited for use as strain sensors in human motion detection. The toughening strategy is universally effective for creating tough eutectogels using coordinated metal salt-type DES with various metal ions, as well as a diverse range of coordinatable polymers.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
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软物质物理
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生物医学工程
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高影响因子
Materials Today Nano
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2023
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IF 10.3
Sirui Li,Yingxue Wu,Xianhong Zhang,Dong Chen,Yuhong Ma,Wantai Yang
Eutectogels are compelling materials for flexible sensor owing to their intrinsic excellent ionic conductivity , biocompatibility, low fabricating expense and non-volatility. However, the design and preparation of robust eutectogel-based sensors with tunable mechanical and adhesive properties remains a challenge. Herein, we reported a facile one-pot method to fabricate high-performance eutectogels by copolymerization of two monomers with distinct electrolyte properties, acrylic acid (AA) and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). The copolymerization of AA and DMAEMA in deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride and glycerol could induce macroscopic phase separation, endowing the as-prepared PAA- co -PDMAEMA eutectogels with enhanced mechanical properties . By simply varying the mass ratio of AA to DMAEMA, biocompatible PAA- co -PDMAEMA eutectogels with high transparency (90 %), widely tunable mechanical properties (0.059–2.00 MPa), favorable conductivity (∼10 −2 S m −1 ), remarkable anti-freezing property (−93 °C) and low-temperature adhesion (1.13 MPa in −30 °C) could be successfully prepared. The strong PAA 2 - co -PDMAEMA eutectogel displayed potential as shape-memory materials, while the flexible PAA 4 - co -PDMAEMA eutectogel exhibited great prospect as multifunctional wearable sensor . More importantly, the eutectogel-based flexible sensor possessed excellent strain durability (∼1000 cycles) and high temperature sensitivity (up to −15 % °C −1 ), suggesting intensive potentials in wearable electronic devices. In view of the diversity of monomers and DESs, the one-pot copolymerization strategy can be applied to other electrolyte monomers and eutectogel systems, offering a feasible and generic design method to regulate eutectogel microstructures and properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
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生物医学工程
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高影响因子
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