COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
·
2022
·
IF 9.879
Yue Yao,Feng Zhao,Baolong Wang,Zhen Hu,Yudong Huang
In recent years, the extensive application of unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) and their composites has resulted in an increasing environmental problem and it is necessary to find a simple and efficient recycling method especially for the high-value reinforced fibers. Here a self-polymerizable dimethacrylate monomer containing a cleavable unit, β-carbonyl hindered urethano, was designed for a degradable UPR which has a good flexible strength of 79 MPa and T g of 119.7 °C. Moreover, through the hydrolysis of ester that was previously activated by selective cleavage of hindered C–O bond in urethano, the resin could be directly degraded in an aqueous solution (4/1 M ratio of hydrazine and NaOH and 0.04 mol/mL of total concentration) at 80 °C in 4 h, and the degraded products could be simply separated by solubility. Furthermore, its carbon fiber composite was degraded in only 2.5 h and the recycled carbon fiber fabrics well maintained their original woven structure, surface chemical composition, graphitized structure and mechanical strength. This work provides a new method for efficient degradation and recycling of fiber reinforced thermosetting resin composites .
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A
·
2026
·
IF 4
Quan Chen,Haolin Wang,Xiaopeng Chen,Jiezhen Liang,Haihua Lan,Linlin Wang
An automated SHS–GC–MS method was developed for VOC tracking during UPR curing. • Seven VOCs were simultaneously quantified with low detection limits and good accuracy. • Compound-specific VOC emission behaviors during artificial stone curing were revealed. • Styrene peaked at 953 μg g⁻¹ during the early stage of the curing process. • VOC emissions were observed to persist for 29 days. To enable rapid and reliable tracking of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from unsaturated polyester resin (UPR)based artificial stone, an automated static headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SHS–GC–MS) method was developed and systematically optimized. Key parameters, including incubation temperature (60°C), incubation time (30 min), and inlet temperature (250°C), were optimized to achieve efficient extraction and separation of seven target VOCs: dichloromethane, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ethylbenzene, styrene, benzaldehyde, and styrene oxide. The method demonstrated excellent linearity ( R ² = 0.991–0.998), low limits of detection (0.18–0.36 µg g -1 ) and quantification (0.54–1.11 µg g -1 ), along with satisfactory accuracy (recoveries of 88.3–104.6%) and precision ( RSD < 12.2%). Uncertainty analysis revealed that calibration and standard preparation were the dominant contributors to overall measurement uncertainty. Application of the method to UPR-based artificial stone during curing showed a pronounced time-dependent decline in VOC emissions. Styrene was the dominant component, peaking at 953 µg g -1 in the early curing stage and decreasing to baseline levels after approximately 29 days. Dichloromethane and ethyl acetate declined to near detection limits within 8 days, ethylbenzene persisted for about 13 days, while methyl acetate and benzaldehyde remained detectable for up to 24 days. These results indicate that the early curing stage poses the highest emission risk. Overall, the proposed method provides a robust analytical tool for VOC tracking, supporting emission control and environmental risk assessment of UPR-based artificial stone.
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Coatings
·
2025
·Vol. 15
·期 4
·376
·
IF 2.8
Piye Wu,Jingjie Hu,Chanyu Liu,Ping He,Feng You,Hao Yang,Man Xu
Unsaturated polyester (UP) resin is widely utilized in the construction and automotive industries. The flammable nature of UP must be constrained when its products are manufactured. A novel organic flame retardant has been synthesized from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and triallyl isocyanate (TAIC). This DOPO-TAIC additive has been used to reduce the flammability of a matrix. Additionally, this flame retardant was then combined with dopamine-modified silicon carbide (M-SiC) to further diminish the flammability of UP. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value combustion of a UP/DOPO-TAIC/M-SiC blend was 30.8% when the filler contents of DOPO-TAIC and M-SiC was 15 wt.% and 30 wt.%, respectively. These materials exhibited a UL 94 V-0 rating for combustion. Compared to the values for combustion of the neat UP, the peak heat release rate (Pk-HRR) and total heat release rate (THR) for this blend were reduced by 51% and 35%, respectively. The mode of action for flame retardant of UP blends containing DOPO-TAIC and M-SiC has been composed. The presence of a flame retardant containing P-Si elements can significantly reduce flammability compared to that of unmodified resin.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2019
·Vol. 30
·期 7
·1684-1695
·
IF 2.162
Jingshang Zhou,Miaojun Xu,Xiaohan Zhang,Yang Leng,Yintong He,Bin Li
The unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) were usually applied in electronic equipment, but the intrinsic flammability severely retrained their application. A mono-component flame retardant poly (piperazine methylphosphonic acid neopentylglycol ester) (PPMPNG) made in our lab was selected and applied to improve their flame retardant performance. The UPR thermosets achieved UL-94 V-0 grade during vertical burning tests and the limiting oxygen index was as high as 32.1% when 15 wt% PPMPNG was incorporated. PPMPNG promoted the decomposition and carbonization of UPR materials in advance during heating process, and the residual mass was effectively enhanced at high temperature. The flame retardant mechanism of UPR/PPMPNG thermosets was investigated by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry tests, and the measurement of the morphologies and chemical components of the char residue. The phosphine oxygen radical was generated and then quenched the active free radicals in gas phase. Moreover, the av-EHC of FR-UPR was declined from 15.8 MJ kg −1 of pure UPR to 8 9 MJ kg −1 corresponding a reduction of 43.6%, which also verified the flame retardant effect in gas phase. The compact, integrated, and graphitized char layer was produced on materials surface and then exerted excellent barrier effect in condensed phase. Thus, the UPR/PPMPNG composites were conferred superior flame retardant properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
AIP Advances
·
2021
·Vol. 11
·期 12
·
IF 1.548
Zhang Jie,Zhang Han,Wang Xuanyao,Zhang Min
The application of flame retardants in automobiles is extensive, and the existing flame retardants will cause some pollution to the environment. Therefore, environmentally friendly flame retardants need wide exploration. Natural fibers have been used in various fields for their environmentally friendly features. Thus, in this paper, hemp fiber (HF) was modified with phytic acid and then combined with melamine cyanurate to improve the fire safety of unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs). The fire behavior and thermal stability of UPR composites were evaluated using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter test, and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). With 3 wt. % modified HF (HF-P) incorporation, the LOI value of UPR/HF-P-3 composites increased from 18.9% of pure UPR to 22.1%, and the average heat release rate (AHRR) and total heat release were reduced to 401.9 kW/m 2 and 150.6 MJ/m 2 , respectively. TGA revealed that UPR/HF-P-3 composites led to the increased amount of residual char and better thermal stability compared to UPR/HF composites. In addition, HF-P endowed a better enhancement on the flexural strength of UPR composites.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
·
2020
·Vol. 143
·期 5
·3479-3488
·
IF 2.731
Chen Zhongwei,Yu Yuan,Zhang Qingwu,Chen Zhiquan,Chen Tingting,Li Changxin,Jiang Juncheng
Ammonium polyphosphate surface-modified by silane coupling agent (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (KH-550), named STAPP, incorporated with pentaerythritol and melamine to prepare intumescent flame retardant unsaturated polyester resin (UPR/IFRs). Surface groups, surface elements, thermal stability and surface morphology of STAPP were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The flame retardancy of the UPR composites was studied by limit oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94) and cone calorimeter test, and its thermal stability was evaluated by TG. The results showed that IFRs greatly improves flame retardancy, thermal stability and carbon formation ability of UPR. Compared with pure UPR, when the loading of IFRs was 25 mass%, the LOI was increased from 19.8 to 41.5%, the UL-94 test reached the V-0 rating from NR, peak heat release rate and total smoke production was decreased by 54.1 and 38.7%. Furthermore, the addition of IFRs delayed the product of smoke and release heat. TG results showed that 27.6 mass% chars remained in UPR/IFRs at 1073 K, showing a good char forming ability. Besides, honeycomb-type carbon layer with few cracks and holes was observed by SEM. Finally, the flame retardancy mechanism of IFRs was elaborated in detail, which was attributed to the siloxy groups and expanded carbon layer.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
CELLULOSE
·
2025
·
IF 4.8
Zhao Feiyang,Liu Huijuan,Jin Yilin,Ru Hongfu,Wang Longfei,Xiang Shuangfei,Li Hao,Zhao Shujun,Fu Feiya,Camilleri Ing. Duncan,Liu Xiangdong
The application range of rice straw (RS) is limited by its poor flame and water resistance. It’s still a great challenge to endow RS fibers with excellent flame and water resistance properties without compromising the intrinsic mechanical properties. Here, a simple surface treatment strategy of RS fibers via co-treatment with phytic acid (PA) and calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) was developed. First, PA was grafted onto RS fibers by esterification reaction. Then RS fibers were ionically crosslinked by CaCl 2 treatment. Modified RS fibers (PCRS) were then mixed with unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) to produce PCRS/UPR composites (PCRU). Benefiting from Ca 2+ complexes via the ionic crosslinking between Ca 2+ and –P (=O)–OH of the PA, –OH of the RS fibers, PCRU demonstrates enhanced tensile strength (12.04 MPa), good waterproofing capability, and flame-retardant performance. PCRU exhibites low water absorption rate (5.90%) and dimensional stability (thickness deformation less than 1.76%) after 168 h of water immersion. In addition, the limiting oxygen index and the total heat release of the prepared PCRU composites are 29.7 and 11.3 kJ/g, which reach the standard for flame retardant materials. Therefore, this study provides a simple and green pretreatment strategy of rice straw fiber for the applications in flame retardant, low water absorption, and dimensionally stable composites. Graphical
研究领域:
材料科学
·
聚合物复合材料
·
表面处理
·
阻燃性能
·
防水性能
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
HOLZFORSCHUNG
·
2014
·Vol. 69
·期 4
·449-455
·
IF 2.339
Wendi Liu,Tingting Chen,Tianshun Xie,Fuwen Lai,Renhui Qiu
A novel method for the preparation of bamboo fibers (BF) has been investigated that includes crushing, rolling, and other combing techniques with 1,4-butanediol as a dispersant. The fibers were treated by oxygen plasma to improve their interfacial adhesion to unsaturated polyester (UPE) resins. Composites were prepared from the plasma treated fibers (BF tr ) and UPE by hand lay-up compression molding. BF tr significantly increased the tensile strength, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of the resulting BF-UPE composites. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that the plasma treatment essentially increased the storage modulus and glass transition temperature of the composites. The damping parameter of the composites showed a decreasing trend in the glassy region, while the opposite was true for the rubbery region. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the treatment did not change the crystal structures within the fibers but increased slightly their crystallinity indices. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that the surface of BF tr had a higher oxygen concentration and oxygen/carbon ratio than that of BF. The scanning electron microscopy graphs of the tensile-fractured surface of the composites demonstrated an improved interfacial adhesion between BF tr and UPE resins.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
表面改性技术
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Yan-Dong Hu,Yan-Bei Hou,Kang-Si Zhou,Wei-Zhao Hu,Fu-Kai Chu,Lei Song,Yuan Hu
To mitigate the migration of flame retardants in unsaturated polyester resins (UPR), flame-retardant structures can be integrated into the molecular chain to create intrinsically flame-retardant UPR. Variations in the oxidation states of phosphorus-containing flame retardants can influence the distribution of phosphorus-containing compounds between the gas and condensed phases during combustion, thereby affecting the flame-retardant performance and mechanisms. Building on previous studies of the impact of phosphorus-containing flame retardants with high oxidation numbers on UPR's combustion behavior and flame-retardant mechanism, this research further investigated the effects of phosphorus-containing structures with -1 and +1 oxidation states on the pyrolysis, heat release, smoke emission, and char formation of intrinsically flame-retardant UPR. Two kinds of itaconic acid-based phosphorus-containing dicarboxylic acids were synthesized and incorporated into the polyester backbones of UPR. Pyrolysis and combustion tests were performed to elucidate the combustion behavior regulation mechanisms of intrinsically flame-retardant UPR with low oxidation numbers. Findings indicate that both of the phosphorus-containing dicarboxylic acids exhibit strong flame inhibition, implying a dominant gas-phase mechanism. Moreover, they effectively shorten the duration of the release of the pyrolysis gases. However, the difference in oxidation states didn't result in a huge difference in their flame inhibition, and it's the condensed phase mechanism that makes the difference in their performance. FRUP2 with stable char layers demonstrates better flame retardancy. This study offers practical and efficient guidance for designing intrinsically flame-retardant UPR with high performance by elucidating the structure-performance relationship of phosphorus-containing compounds with low oxidation numbers.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
燃烧学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2019
·Vol. 30
·期 9
·2458-2467
·
IF 2.162
Zhongwei Chen,Tingting Chen,Yuan Yu,Qingwu Zhang,Zhiquan Chen,Juncheng Jiang
Metal-organic framework MIL-53 (Fe)@C/graphite carbon nitride hybrid (MFeCN), a novel flame retardant, was synthesized by hydrothermal reaction and subsequently added into unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). The structure, morphology, and thermal stability of MFeCN were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The thermal stability and flammability of the UPR composites were characterized by TG and cone calorimeter tests (CCT). The results of CCT demonstrated that the peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), peak smoke production rate (pSPR), and total smoke production (TSP) of UPR/MFeCN-4 were reduced by 39.8%, 10.2%, 33.3%, and 14.5%, respectively, comparing with UPR. The results of TG and CCT indicated that MFeCN could improve the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression properties of the UPR composites. The residues after CCT were then characterized by laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), XPS, and SEM. Finally, based on the above experimental results and analysis, the flame retardancy mechanism of MFeCN was proposed.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION
·
2017
·
IF 0
Zhiquan Chen,Mengwei Jiang,Qingwu Zhang,Yuan Yu,Guangping Sun,Juncheng Jiang
A series of flame-retardant unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) were prepared by the addition of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) with various amounts of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) or ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as the flame retardants. The combustion resistance effects of ATH/DMMP and APP/DMMP systems were evaluated by limiting oxygen index test and vertical burning test (UL-94). The thermal properties of UPR were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The structure of char was observed by scanning electron microscopy. DMMP incorporated with ATH or APP improved the flame retardancy and thermal properties of UPR. However, the fire-retardant mechanism of these two systems were different: The ATH/DMMP system provided synergistic effect in charring property of the UPR, produced great amount of residual char, and thus revealed the excellent flame retardancy. The APP/DMMP system further improved the flame retardancy of the UPR due to the change in the residual char structure rather than the increase in the production of char.
研究领域:
高分子科学
·
材料工程
·
消防安全工程
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2025
·
IF 8.5
Zheng Zhang,Pengju Miao,Daning Lang,Jiyang Li,Ronglan Wu,Wei Wang,Chao Yang,Lu Wang,Jihong Fu
With the acceleration of global industrialization, a large amount of polluted wastewater is discharged indiscriminately, which both pollutes the environment and threatens human health. In this study, by constructing a binary system of unsaturated polyester resin/carboxychitosan, and improving the inherent defects of carboxychitosan aerogel, we successfully prepared aerogels with high porosity, low density, and laminar porous structure for water remediation by using a combination of the sol-gel method and directional freezing technology. Thanks to the synergistic effect of surface wettability and special pore structure, the aerogel not only adsorbs and separates MB and Pb(II) efficiently with a separation efficiency of more than 99 %, but also has a separation efficiency of 99.7 % for the o/w emulsions, which can be reused. The adsorption process is consistent with Pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm, and is mainly influenced by electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Compared with other water body remediation materials, the chemical durability and structural stability of this aerogel are more excellent, and it maintains the efficient purification ability for multiple pollutants under special treatments such as prolonged UV aging and mechanical agitation, and is expected to be an ideal material for the synergistic treatment of multiple pollutants in complex environments.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
高分子科学
·
水处理
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）