ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES
·
2026
·Vol. 134
·期 5
·532-546
·
IF 10.9
Cheng Xu,Wang Yu,Zhang Jin,Guo Hong,Liu Lin,Liu Lu,Gao Junya,He Meian
BACKGROUND: China is an important producer
and consumer
of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), but there is limited
understanding of longitudinal trends of PFASs in Chinese people. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated decadal trends in PFAS
and potential sources of exposure in the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort of
Chinese people and explored the potential misclassification bias. METHODS: We repeatedly measured serum PFAS (containing 11
perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), 9 perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs),
6 PFAS precursors, and 4 PFAS alternatives) in 648 samples (collected
in 2008, 2013, and 2018) from 216 Chinese residents in Hubei Province.
We used a linear mixed effect model to examine trends in PFAS concentrations
over survey time We also assessed the potential exposure sources of
PFAS using a principal component analysis-multiple linear regression
(PCA-MLR) model. RESULTS: Eleven PFAS were detected in
at least 80% of the population, with PFOS, PFOA, and 6:2CL-PFESA being
the predominant PFAS. We found a slight decrease in linear-PFOS during
the 10-year period; at the same time, the levels of PFOA doubled,
and the detection rate of short-chain PFCAs (PFBA, PFHpA) rose. 6:2CL-PFESA
(China-specific PFAS alternative) remained high for a decade. Similar
correlation trends between PFAS were observed at three time points.
Comparison of our findings with those from other studies suggests
the study population was exposed to three potential sources of contamination,
which may represent ingestion of contaminated diets, long-range transport
of atmospheric PFAS, and exposures acquired from dust, drinking water,
and daily commodities. We found that serum PFAS measurement at one
time point was similar to levels over a 5-year period but not a 10-year
period. DISCUSSION: Our study provides information on
serum PFAS levels in Chinese retired workers in the Dongfeng-Tongji
cohort and highlights that the risk of exposure to novel PFCAs and
PFAS alternatives deserves continued attention. For longitudinal studies
with long-term follow-up (e.g., more than 5 years), relying only on
a single baseline serum PFAS level may generate misclassification
bias resulting in expected bias toward the null and affect the estimation
of health effects.
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MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
·
2026
·
IF 4.9
Nuo Chen,Jing-Chun Feng,Li Tang,Rui Hou,Si Zhang
A multi-matrix workflow for 30 PFAS in marine samples was optimized. • The method is reliable for seawater, sediment, and SPM under high-salinity conditions. • Trace PFAS are quantified with high precision (recoveries 60–120%, RSD < 20%). • The method supports large-scale marine pollution surveys. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a class of novel, persistent, bioaccumulative, and globally concerning pollutants, are ubiquitous in marine environments and significantly threaten ecosystem health. The high salinity and complex matrices of marine environments present significant analytical challenges, and existing methods are limited in terms of medium coverage, target diversity, and interference resistance. Therefore, developing a reliable method for simultaneously analyzing trace PFAS across multiple environmental media is critical. To investigate the occurrence, partitioning, and environmental behavior of PFAS in seawater, sediment, and suspended particulate matter (SPM), this study optimized established analytical workflows for different matrices to simultaneously quantify 30 legacy and emerging PFAS. This study optimized solid-phase extraction (SPE) conditions for high-salinity seawater, including sorbent type, pH, and washing and elution procedures, finalizing a protocol comprising a weak anion exchange cartridge at pH 6, washing with 50 mL Milli-Q water, and elution with 0.1% ( v /v) ammonia in methanol. Optimal sediment (5 g) processing utilized SPE with 20 mL of methanol–water (1:1, v/v). For SPM, methanol alone was identified as the optimal extraction solvent. The established ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method demonstrated high sensitivity and excellent selectivity for the 30 compounds. Rigorous quality control ensured reliable data, with most PFAS recoveries at 60%–120% and <20% relative standard deviation. The method was applied to quantify PFAS across marine samples, revealing distinct phase and spatiotemporal distributions (seawater: ∑ 30 PFAS = 1.34–19.9 ng/L; SPM: 3.57–52.3 ng/g dw; sediment: 0.109–1.95 ng/g dw). Download: Download high-res image (197KB) Download: Download full-size image
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ACS Sensors
·
2024
·
IF 8.2
Wen Niu,Kaijin Kang,Jiongyue Hao,Xuefeng Chen,Yingchun Dong,Hao Ren,Yi Guo,Yong Wang,Peng Zhang,Wei Hu,Yuhong Wu,Yong He,Yongcai Guo
Detecting parts per billion (ppb)-level nitrogen dioxide in high-moisture environments at room temperature without reducing sensing performance is a well-recognized significant challenge for metal oxide-based gas sensors. In this study, metal–organic framework-derived nickel-doped indium oxide (Ni-doped In2O3) mesoporous nanorods were prepared by a solvothermal method combined with the calcination process. The sensors prepared using the obtained Ni-doped In2O3 nanorods showcase an ultrahigh response, low detection limit, and excellent selectivity. Moreover, the abundant active sites triggered by nickel doping and the capillary enhancement effect caused by mesopores endow the sensor with ppb-level (20 ppb) NO2 detection capability in high-moisture environments (95% RH) at room temperature. With the increase in humidity, the carrier concentration of the sensor increases, and the nitric acid generated by nitrogen dioxide dissolved in water can be completely ionized in water and has high conductivity. Therefore, the gas response of the sensors increases with the increase in humidity. This study establishes a promising approach for the development of trace nitrogen dioxide-sensing devices that are resilient in high-humidity environments.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学传感器
·
环境监测
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
·
2023
·
IF 11.4
Xian Sun,Yanqing Xie,Xiyang Zhang,Jiebing Song,Yuping Wu
The potential risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) accumulation in nearshore dolphins are not well understood. Here, transcriptional activities of 12 PFAS on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-α, -β/δ, and -γ) in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) were evaluated. All PFAS activated scPPAR-α in a dose-dependent manner. PFHpA exhibited the highest induction equivalency factors (IEFs). The order of IEFs for other PFAS was as follows: PFOA > PFNA > PFHxA > PFPeA > PFHxS > PFBA > PFOS > PFBuS ≈ PFDA ≫ PFUnDA and PFDoDA (not activated). The total induction equivalents (∑IEQs, 5537 ng/g wet weight) indicated that more attention should be paid to investigating contamination levels in dolphins, especially in PFOS (82.8% contribution to the ∑IEQs). The scPPAR-β/δ and -γ were not affected by any PFAS, except for PFOS, PFNA, and PFDA. Furthermore, PFNA and PFDA could induce higher PPAR-β/δ and PPAR-γ-mediated transcriptional activities than PFOA. Compared to human beings, PFAS might be more potent PPAR-α activators in humpback dolphins, suggesting that the dolphins may be more susceptible to the adverse effects of PFAS. Our results may be instructive for understanding the impacts of PFAS on marine mammal health due to the identical PPAR ligand-binding domain.
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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
·
2019
·
IF 5.714
Junjie Ao,Tao Yuan,Hui Xia,Yuning Ma,Zhemin Shen,Rong Shi,Ying Tian,Jun Zhang,Wenjin Ding,Li Gao,Xiaodong Zhao,Xiaodan Yu
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the environmental matrix, and their eco-toxicity on wide life and health risks on humans arising concerns. Due to the information gap, current risk assessments of PFAS ignore the indoor exposure pathway such as indoor dust and the different sources of drinking water . We collected and analyzed 168 indoor dust and 27 drinking water samples (including tap water , filtered water and bottled water). The mean concentrations of six typical PFAS measured in indoor dust and drinking water are in the range of 15.13–491.07 ng g −1 and 0.31–4.14 ng L −1 , respectively. For drinking water, PFOA and PFOS were the dominant compounds, while PFHxS was the most abundant in indoor dust. Short-chain PFAS concentrations were higher than long-chain PFAS in both drinking water and indoor dust. Higher concentration of PFAS was observed in tap water and filtered water than bottled water. The total daily intake (TDI) of six PFAS are 20.67–52.97 ng kg −1 d −1 for infants, children, teenagers, and adults. As to children, teenagers, and adults, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) is the major compound, accounting for 72.9–74.7% of the total daily intake. And PFOA (38.7%) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 42.2%) are the dominant PFAS for infants. The quantitative proportions of exposure sources are firstly revealed in this study, which in the order of foodstuff > indoor dust > drinking water > indoor air. Although the contribution to the PFAS intake of drinking water and indoor dust was not predominant (<9%), the health risks caused by long-term exposure need our attention. The hazard quotient (HQ) values of total PFAS were in the range of 0.154–0.498, which suggesting the relatively lower exposure risk in Chinese population. This study provides important reference to understand PFAS exposure status other than foodstuff.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
公共卫生
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BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
·
2024
·
IF 9.7
Zhen-Zhu Liu,Chang-Gui Pan,Feng-Jiao Peng,Jun-Jie Hu,Hong-Ming Tan,Rong-Gui Zhu,Chao-Yang Zhou,Hao Liang,Kefu Yu
The present study successfully synthesized a novel biochar adsorbent (M−L−BC) using litchi seed modified with zinc chloride for PFASs removal in water. M−L−BC greatly enhanced removal of all examined PFASs (>95 %) as compared to the pristine biochar (<40 %). The maximum adsorption capacity was observed for PFOS, reaching 29.6 mg/g. Adsorption kinetics of PFASs followed the pseudo-second-order model (PSO), suggesting the predominance of chemical adsorption. Moreover, characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations jointly revealed involvement of surface complexation, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions in PFAS adsorption. Robust PFAS removal was demonstrated for M−L−BC across a wide range of pH (3–9), and coexisting ions had limited impact on adsorption of PFASs except PFBA. Furthermore, M−L−BC showed excellent performance in real water samples and retained reusability after five cycles of regeneration. Overall, M−L−BC represents a promising and high-quality adsorbent for efficient and sustainable removal of PFASs from water.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
材料科学
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JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 11.3
Caihong Liu,Xinyi Cheng,Jingjun Bo,Rui Gao,Ye Shen,Yue Zhi,Dan Song,Qiang He
The influence of coexisting calcium ions (Ca 2 + ) and fluctuating pH on the removal of diverse per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by nanofiltration (NF) in complex natural waters remains unclear. This study systematically investigated the rejection of 14 representative PFAS as a function of Ca 2+ concentration (0, 0.1, 1.0 mM) and pH (4.5, 6.5, 8.0) in the presence of humic acid (HA). Results show that increasing Ca 2+ to 1.0 mM significantly enhanced the rejection of most PFAS by strengthening size exclusion, albeit at the cost of aggravated flux decline. More compellingly, raising the pH from 4.5 to 8.0 boosted the rejection of short-chain PFAS (e.g., PFBA and PFBS) by 15–20 % due to enhanced electrostatic repulsion. Mechanistic analysis revealed that Ca 2+ promoted the formation of a denser cake layer via “ion bridging” with HA and PFAS, whereas high pH intensified electrostatic repulsion between membrane and anionic PFAS by increasing the negative charge of the membrane surface. This work elucidates the intrinsic trade-off between rejection efficiency and membrane fouling governed by water chemistry, providing critical insights for optimizing NF processes to treat complex waters contaminated with emerging PFAS.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
水处理技术
·
膜科学
·
新兴污染物
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WATER RESEARCH
·
2025
·
IF 12.4
Chengyu Gu,Sijia Ma,Yuan Lin,Yi Xue,Hongqiang Ren,Ke Xu
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), as highly recalcitrant pollutants, tend to accumulate in sludge, posing challenges for subsequent treatment and resource recovery. Sludge alkaline fermentation (SAF) produces sludge alkaline fermentation liquid (SAFL) with potential for circular-economy reuse, while simultaneously transferring PFASs from the solid phase into SAFL, thereby creating a trade-off between resource recovery and contamination. Coagulation is a critical step in SAFL separation, yet the fate of PFASs during this process remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the performance of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and polyferric sulfate (PFS) in removing nine representative legacy and emerging PFASs from SAFL. High removal efficiencies were achieved across PFASs with varying chain lengths and headgroups, with long-chain PFASs (C ≥ 8) reaching up to 74% and emerging short-chain PFASs (C < 8) up to 55%. Spectroscopic analysis indicated that the hydrophobic interaction between PFASs and the Al/Fe based hydrolysates were the primary driving force for the direct removal of PFASs by coagulants. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in SAFL played a facilitating role in PFASs removal, with proteins identified as the key contributors. DOM analysis revealed that additional coagulants facilitated the removal of protein-like substance and hydrophobic macromolecules that have strong affinities for PFASs. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that Al/Fe-based hydrolysates increased electrostatic attraction and binding free energy, thereby increasing protein compactness and promoting co-precipitation removal of PFASs. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing coagulation strategies in practical applications to effectively mitigate ecological risks in DOM-rich water contaminated with PFASs.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
环境工程
·
水处理化学
·
污染物控制
·
分子环境科学
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JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
·
2026
·
IF 8.8
Ruiying Li,Wenyu Liu,Lingyue Zhang,Chuyang Tang
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water pose major concerns for public health and water resource protection. Nanofiltration (NF) is a promising technology for PFAS removal; however, many NF membranes achieve high PFAS rejection at the expense of rejecting beneficial mineral ions. In this study, we utilized carboxylated cellulose nanofiber (C–CNF) interlayers to fabricate highly selective NF membranes, enabling efficient PFAS removal at uncompromised mineral ion passage. The optimized NF-60 membrane featured a higher negative surface charge, looser structure, enhanced hydrophilicity, and larger pore size, resulting in more than a 2.5-fold increase in pure water permeance (50.8 LMH/bar), lower rejection of mineral ions (<20.2%), and high PFAS rejection (>87.7%). The selectivity for Ca 2+ over perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) selectivity was improved by more than fourfold owing to stronger electrostatic repulsion and reduced hydrophobic interactions, outperforming many reported NF membranes. Density function theory calculations further revealed a reduced adsorption tendency of PFOS on the NF-60 membrane. These results provide valuable guidance for the development of NF membranes with high selectivity between mineral ions and PFASs in advanced drinking water purification.
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Journal of Environmental Sciences
·
2025
·
IF 6.3
Zixin Pan,Zhenguo Qi,Panyue Zhang,Yao Zhang,Wenxian Wang,Xin Huang,Baoyou Shi
Although activated carbon filters are thought to be the best way to remove per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), it is yet unknown how biofilms affect PFAS removal. This study first examined how the removal of PFAS in full-scale drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) was impacted by biofilm from biological activated carbon (BAC) of varying depths and carbon ages. PFAS desorption from BAC was visible, but at this point, BAC could still remove dissolved organic matter (DOM) efficiently. Studies have demonstrated that the use of activated carbon filters can dramatically lower the content of PFAS in water, with the amount of PFAS reducing as the filter's depth grows and its use duration increases. Additionally, pore-clogging becomes more noticeable as the biofilm ages, which reduces BAC's capacity to eliminate PFAS and hinders PFAS desorption. Furthermore, the adsorption process of PFAS may be impeded by the secretion of biofilms, which are composed of proteins and polysaccharides. Based on the analysis above, it can be the adsorption of PFAS by BAC is significantly inhibited by biofilms, according to another research. This provides theoretical direction for improving the removal effectiveness of PFAS in DWTPs.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
水处理工程
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TOXICOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 4.6
Zhisen Zhuang,Lijuan You,Jianbo Kong,Yaru Tian,Yongning Li,Yuan Zhi,Bo Zhang,Yi Wan,Xudong Jia,Hui Yang
Phthalate esters (PAEs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous pollutants tied to metabolic and immune disorders. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway has been indicated to mediate their toxic effects, but the specific functions of PPAR subtypes and their mediating roles remain unclear. In this study, we generated PPARα-, δ-, and γ-specific knockout THP-1 cell lines by using CRISPR/Cas9 system and then differentiated them into interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13)-polarized macrophages (alternative activation). During the induction process, the cells were exposed to 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 μM of five PAE metabolites: Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), Monocyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP), Monoisonyl phthalate (MINP), Monoisobutyl phthalate (MIBP), and Monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP); and five PFAS: Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS-K), and Potassium 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonate (F53B) for 48 h. The results showed that PPARδ deletion abolished CD209 expression, confirming its essential role, whereas PPARα deletion reduced and PPARγ deletion enhanced CD209, indicating PPARα promotes and PPARγ restrains alternative activation. Compounds displayed subtype-selective actions: MEHP activated PPARα/γ; MBzP/MCHP inhibited PPARδ yet activated PPARγ; MINP activated PPARγ only. Among PFAS, PFOS-K activated PPARδ/γ; F53B inhibited PPARα; PFOA activated PPARγ; PFDA inhibited PPARα/δ. Transcriptomics revealed compound-specific enrichments—cholesterol (MEHP), fatty-acid (MCHP), glycolysis (PFOS-K), TCA cycle (PFOA)—despite common PPAR pathway engagement. In conclusion, PAEs and PFAS disrupt macrophage plasticity through distinct PPAR-subtype signatures, providing molecular landmarks for future hazard assessment of environmental pollutants.
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Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
·
2024
·
IF 7.4
Yang Zhang,Yucui Xu,Baoyou Shi,Xin Huang
Activated carbon adsorption has been identified as an effective technique for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) removal. However, the role of nitrogen-containing functional groups and pore size on PFAS elimination is uncertain. Therefore, this study prepared a series of AC with different nitrogen groups and pore structures by thermal treatment with urea under different temperatures (denoted as AC400, AC600 and AC800). Their PFAS adsorption performance in ultrapure and real water were investigated to identify the contribution of different nitrogen groups and pore structures. The adsorption experiment indicated that the modified AC800 with high proportion of pyridine nitrogen and medium pore volume achieved the best performance in ultrapure water due to the electrostatic interaction. However, in the real water contained dissolved organic matter (DOM), rather than AC800, AC600 with large mesopore volume exhibited the maximum adsorption capacity and kinetic due to its better inhabitation of pore blockage by DOM. It could be inferred that the electrostatic attraction force was more important in PFAS adsorption in ultrapure water, but in real water the mesopore volume was more critical due to the pore blockage by DOM. This study can provide guidance and implications for selection and development of future PFAS adsorption carbon-based material.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
材料科学
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