FOOD SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
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2026
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IF 3.9
Wang Chunjing,Liu Xingyu,Chen Xiumei,Che Jinxin,Tao Nengguo,Pan Fei
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the antifungal activity of chain aldehydes with potent antifungal properties against Penicillium italicum ( P. italicum ) resistant to prochloraz. The results showed that trans,trans -2,4-nonadienal and trans,trans -2,4-octadienal possessed the strong antifungal activity with MIC values of 0.10 μL/mL for both compounds. Density functional theory (DFT) revealed that compounds with highly delocalized electron systems exhibited significantly stronger antifungal potency. Machine learning (ML) techniques were used to build regression models for identifying the influential structure features of aldehydes, and the random forest (RF) model had lower error levels. We can conclude that the DFT coupled with ML is a reliable, fast and inexpensive tool for solving problems related to the structure properties and antifungal activity. The strategy can be extended to find safe and effective novel inhibitors of P. italicum resistant to prochloraz for the development of green inhibitors of postharvest diseases in fruits and vegetables.
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COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
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2025
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IF 5.4
Jie Wang,Yimin Lan,Yaru Duan,Yun Fang,Yang Liu,Jun Wang,Zhenyue Zhang,Ruan Chi,Chunqiao Xiao
The fragility of the global rare earth supply chain and the urgent demand for sustainable exploitation have driven intensive research into green and high-efficiency extraction technologies. Bioleaching technology, distinguished by its environmental compatibility and resource adaptability, has emerged as a transformative alternative to conventional chemical leaching methods. This study focuses on the multiphase utilization of ion-adsorption rare earth ores by leveraging Penicillium sp. fermentation broth to promote MgSO 4 -mediated leaching through a biologically enhanced chemical process. The objectives were to elucidate the rare earth leaching mechanisms under bio-promoted chemical processes and to optimize strain cultivation and leaching parameters. Untargeted metabolomics was applied to delineate dynamic changes in differential metabolites before and after leaching, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were utilized to clarify metabolite-mineral interfacial interactions. The results demonstrated that the composite system achieved a rare earth recovery rate of 93.79 % under optimal conditions (liquid-to-solid ratio of 4:1, 6-hour leaching), significantly outperforming conventional chemical leaching. Metabolomic analysis revealed a multifunctional interaction network involving organic acid-mediated proton attack, lipid molecule-driven interfacial modification, and benzenoid compound-regulated redox balance. This study demonstrates that the fermentation broth of Penicillium sp. significantly enhances MgSO 4 -mediated leaching efficiency of ion-adsorption rare earth ores, thereby offering a sustainable pathway to address resource and environmental challenges in rare earth industries.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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2021
·Vol. 56
·期 12
·6591-6600
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IF 3.713
Jiali Yang,Tengfei Wang,Jianbing Di,Yaping Liu,Xiaoling Hao,Yu Wang
Summary Although several studies have shown the ability of l -glutamate (glutamate) to mitigate the stress imposed by pathogens, the underlying mechanism is still in its infancy. To gain further knowledge, this study focussed on the effect of glutamate on primary nitrogen and carbon metabolisms during apple- Penicillium expansum interaction. The obtained result showed that glutamate could effectively restrict blue mould rot development in apples, but had no direct impact on fungal growth in vitro . The application of glutamate increased the level of nitrogen in apples, resulting in a disrupted balance of carbon and nitrogen. Consistently, the key enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) involved in the GS/GOGAT cycle, and the deaminating activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), forming 2-oxoglutarate and ammonium from glutamate, were promptly stimulated by glutamate. Interestingly, glutamate led to considerable consumption of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, such as isocitric acid and citric acid, accompanied by the enhancement of malate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities. Collectively, exogenous application of glutamate might confer blue mould resistance in apples, at least in part, by redirecting host’s primary nitrogen and carbon metabolisms, such as the activation of the GS/GOGAT cycle, deaminating activity of GDH and the TCA cycle.
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Biotechnology Journal
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2019
·Vol. 14
·期 7
·1800643
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IF 3.543
Liwei Gao,Shiying Li,Yanning Xu,Chengqiang Xia,Jiadi Xu,Jun Liu,Yuqi Qin,Xin Song,Guodong Liu,Yinbo Qu
α- l -Arabinofuranosidases are important in the degradation of plant polysaccharides and are used in several industrial processes. Although the use of filamentous fungi for the production of α- l -arabinofuranosidases is widely reported, there are few reports on strain engineering for enhanced production of these enzymes by fungi. In this study, the function of transcription factor AraR in l -arabinose release and catabolism by the fungus Penicillium oxalicum ( P. oxalicum ) is investigated. Also, a mutant of AraR, AraR A731V , is constructed to improve the production of α- l -arabinofuranosidases on the basis of the sequence homology between AraR and the xylanolytic gene activator XlnR. The AraR A731V -overexpressing strain can synthesize α- l -arabinofuranosidase in the absence of an inducer and shows a 54.1-fold increase in α- l -arabinofuranosidase production and a 7.4-fold increase in α-galactosidase production in the medium containing wheat bran. Determination of the transcript abundances of lignocellulolytic enzyme genes reveals significant upregulation of multiple α- l -arabinofuranosidase genes and downregulation of some cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzyme genes in the engineered strain relative to its parent. Taken together, the results suggest the conserved regulatory function of AraR in the family Trichocomaceae and provide a strategy for engineering fungal strains for enhanced α- l -arabinofuranosidase production. Graphical α- l -Arabinofuranosidases are important in plant cell-wall degradation and are used in many industries. In this study, it is shown that a point mutation of transcription factor AraR could increase α- l -arabinofuranosidase production by 54.1-fold in the fungus Penicillium oxalicum .
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JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
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2025
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IF 3.5
Gang Wang,Ping Ma,Shiru Mo,Wendong Liu,Ting Chen,Zhibing Huang,Jianhua Xie
BACKGROUND Microbial exopolysaccharides represent a significant source of polysaccharides, with their production unconstrained by temporal or spatial limitations. Penicillium , a filamentous fungus widely recognized for its medicinal food applications, is known to produce exopolysaccharides that exhibit cancer-inhibitory properties. RESULTS In the present study, exopolysaccharides from Penicillium EF-2 (EPS) were extracted and structurally characterized using ion chromatograph, infrared spectroscopy and NMR. The in vitro antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities were also investigated. EPS has a molecular weight of 111.47 kDa, is primarily composed of mannose, glucose and galactose, possesses a crystalline region, and exhibits excellent thermal properties. In free radical scavenging assays, EPS demonstrated robust in vitro antioxidant activity. Furthermore, EPS activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, enhancing the immunomodulatory capacity of macrophages. CONCLUSION EPS has excellent antioxidant and biological activities. The present study provides a theoretical basis for the utilization of EPS and offers new ideas for active sources of Penicillium fermented foods. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
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CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH
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2025
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IF 2.5
Wei Wang,Jiarong Zhu,Yizhou Wang,Liangkun Long,Qunying Lin,Jing Wang,Shaojun Ding
Two new ɑ -galactosidases PpAgl27B and PpAgl27C from Penicillium parvum 4–14 were functionally investigated in this study. Based on the analysis of catalytic domain and phylogenetic tree, PpAgl27B (435 aa) and PpAgl27C (543 aa) belong to glycoside hydrolase (GH) 27 family. After expression in Pichia pastoris , the recombinant PpAgl27B and PpAgl27C showed the highest activities at pH 3.5 and 65 °C, or 4.0 and 45 °C, respectively. Using p -nitrophenyl- α - d -galactopyranoside ( p NPGal) as substrate, the Michaelis constant were 0.90 mM for PpAgl27B and 2.54 mM for PpAgl27C. PpAgl27C had a low catalytic activity toward p NPGal and negligible activities on various natural substrates. Differently, PpAgl27B efficiently released galactose from the artificial substrate, raffinose family oligosaccharides, or galactomannans. Hydrolysis of corn bran arabinoxylan (CBAX) 1 or 2 were conducted by PpAgl27B alone or in combination with the enzyme blend E_CBAX1. PpAgl27B released a small amount of galactose (1.7–3.0 mg/g) from the both substrates. Compared with the individual enzymes, the liberations of galactose, xylose and arabinose from the substrates were significantly enhanced by combing PpAgl27B and E_CBAX1. The degrees of synergy of the enzyme combination for the saccharification of CBAX1 or CBAX2 were 1.20 and 1.13, respectively. PpAgl27B showed promising potential for the valorization of galactose-rich feedstocks as well as CBAX.
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SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE
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2024
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IF 3.9
Fan Yang,Xiuying Zhong,Yuqing Wang,Juan Zhao,Yongqing Lu,Chao-an Long
Parabens are one of the “generally regarded as safe” salts since its lower toxicity for the environment and human health. The curative activities of methylparaben (MP) had been detected previously by applying them into coating films in some fruits. In this study, we investigated the antifungal activities and putative mechanisms of MP against Penicillium digitatum , which causes the destructive citrus green mold disease during postharvest period. The results indicated that MP inhibited the P. digitatum hyphal growth in vitro at a minimum inhibitory/fungicidal concentration of 0.40 and 0.60 g L −1 , respectively. The conidial germination rates were also distinctly restrained. Under scanning and transmission electron microscopies, the treated hyphae were slender and shrunken, had defects in developing conidiophores, and exhibited apoptotic mitochondria and vacuolated cytoplasmic matrix. Meanwhile, MP damaged the plasma membrane to accelerate the intracellular substances leaking out, and induced the activity of chitinase to degrade cell wall. The MP-treated hyphae showed activated the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase, and stimulated the content of antioxidant glutathione. MP alleviated the disease prevalence of inoculated citrus in the fruit decay test, but did not display good preservative effect in storage experiment. Collectively, our findings basically elucidate the underlying physiological antifungal mechanism of MP against P. digitatum .
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Marine Drugs
·
2026
·Vol. 24
·期 11
·378
·
IF 5.7
A-Long Zhang,Yan-Qing Guo,Zheng-Biao Zou,Xian-Wen Yang,Chun-Lan Xie
Chemical investigation of the deep-sea-derived fungusPenicillium maliMCCC 3A00140 afforded two new compounds, penimeroandranoid E (1) and malistatin (2), together with 16 known ones (3–18). Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS. The relative configuration of1was supported by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and its absolute configuration was assigned by comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compound1was the meroterpenoid reported to possess a 6/6/6/5 spirocyclic framework—a spiro-fused variant of the 6/6/6/5 carbocyclic system that was characteristic of andrastin-type DMOA-derived meroterpenoids—and its structure and relative configuration were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The stereochemical assignment of2was based on NOESY correlations and biosynthetic analogy with related statins. Screening of all isolates at 20 μM in a receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis model using primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages identified1as the bioactive secondary metabolite. Compound1reduced the formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated osteoclasts at 12.5–50 μM without decreasing cell viability after 48 h at concentrations up to 50 μM. These findings expand the chemical diversity of fungal meroterpenoids and identify1as a structurally distinctive anti-osteoclastogenic metabolite warranting further mechanistic investigation.
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POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY
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2020
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IF 4.303
Jinxin Che,Yue Chen,Yalan Wu,Lu Li,Nengguo Tao
Tremendous economic losses in the citrus industry are caused by infestations of Penicillium digitatum . Previous research has shown that the terpene myrcene in citrus essential oils could stimulate the spore germination and mycelial growth of P. digitatum . However, the underlying mechanism is poorly known. Here, how myrcene induces the spore germination of P. digitatum was elucidated. The addition of myrcene significantly promoted the spore germination of P. digitatum and green mold in citrus fruit. As the incubation time increased, the intracellular and extracellular myrcene contents both significantly decreased in myrcene-treated samples, and no downstream products were detected through a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the contents of metabolites involved in central carbon metabolism, such as glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and citrate cycle, were significantly affected after the addition of myrcene. The adenosine triphosphate content and the intracellular energy charge were also drastically increased. Overall, our results suggest that the ability of myrcene to stimulate the spore germination of P. digitatum might be mediated by the upregulation of central carbon and energy metabolism.
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CHEMISTRY & BIODIVERSITY
·
2025
·
IF 2.5
Ya-Shuai Kang,Hao-Wen Zhu,Xue Zhao,Hao Ma,Yu Yang,Rui Xu,Fu-Yao Luo,Er-Wei Li,Qian Luo,You-Zhi Zhang,Chang-Wei Li
A total of 46 endophytic fungi were isolated from Huperzia serrata and then cultured in a standard liquid medium and PDB medium. Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity assays revealed that seven crude extracts exhibited significant inhibitory effects on MCF-7 and SH-SY5Y cell lines; four crude extracts effectively inhibited the growth of Candida albicans , and 12 crude extracts demonstrated potent inhibition effects on Staphylococcus aureus . Strains displaying antimicrobial activity or potential for producing novel metabolites were selected for identification. In total, 14 strains representing 7 genera were identified, 5 of which had not been previously documented regarding their secondary metabolites. A fungus, Penicillium panissanguineum SZSS 4-2-2 was preliminarily selected for further chemical investigation. From the fermentation extract of P. panissanguineum SZSS 4-2-2, one new compound ( 1 ), one new natural product ( 2 ), and two known compounds ( 3 and 4 ) were isolated. The structures of these compounds were elucidated through spectral analysis and calculated nuclear magnetic resonance and electronic circular dichroism data. Compound 1 demonstrated a significantly stronger inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, with an IC 50 value of 64.91 µM. By contrast, compounds 2 , 3 , and 4 exhibited only moderate inhibitory effects on NO production. Graphical In this study, a total of 46 endophytic fungi were isolated from H. serrata. Strains displaying antimicrobial activity or potential for producing novel metabolites were selected for identification. And, from the fermentation extract of one endophytic fungus, P. panissanguineum SZSS 4-2-2, one new compound (1), one new natural product (2), and two known compounds (3 and 4) were isolated.
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JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
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2026
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IF 10.6
Yan Li,Ruiying Wu,Zhenglin Xia,Zhinan Jiang,Haitao Wu,Chen Lin,Jiaqing Chen,Fei Li
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) are typical brominated flame retardants (BFRs) with environmental persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and high toxicity, posing serious threats to ecosystems and human health. In this study, a novel fungal strain, Penicillium crocicola LF-2022 ( P. crocicola LF-2022), was identified, exhibiting excellent biodegradation capabilities toward both BFRs. Within six days, the strain achieved maximum degradation rates of 81.1% for TBBPA and 97.7% for BDE-209. The strain degraded both pollutants via intracellular and extracellular pathways, with cytochrome P450 enzymes playing a key role. Degradation pathway analysis revealed that TBBPA was degraded through reductive debromination and isopropylidene bridge cleavage, whereas BDE-209 underwent sequential debromination, ether bond cleavage, and ring-opening reactions, ultimately leading toward mineralization. In soil remediation experiments, P. crocicola LF-2022 effectively degraded TBBPA and BDE-209 even under non-sterile conditions, achieving approximately 55.3% and 82.9% degradation, respectively, demonstrating strong contaminant detoxification capability. Seed toxicity evaluation confirmed the detoxification efficacy of the fungal treatment. After remediation, wheat seedling root and shoot lengths increased markedly compared with untreated controls. Moreover, malondialdehyde content in plant tissues decreased significantly, while superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities recovered to near-control levels, indicating substantial BFR detoxification. Transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct degradation strategies: TBBPA stress upregulated genes related to membrane integrity, ABC transporters, CYP450 monooxygenases, and antioxidant enzymes, whereas BDE-209 stress induced upregulation of secreted hydrolases, lipoxygenases, and cAMP/Ras signaling components. Collectively, this study provides a robust, stress-tolerant fungal strain for efficient BFR degradation and establishes a foundation for the bioremediation of BFR-contaminated sites under non-sterile conditions.
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POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 6.8
Jiayi Song,Maomao Ma,Yijian Wu,Yan Hu,Xinyi Wu,Peipei Guan,Bin Zeng
Green mold, caused by Penicillium digitatum , is one of the most destructive postharvest diseases of citrus fruits, leading to significant rot and economic losses. In this study, the antifungal activity and underlying mechanism of the novel antimicrobial peptide (AMP) N1–6L7A against P. digitatum were investigated. Additionally, the potential application of N1–6L7A for controlling postharvest green mold in Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck was examined. N1–6L7A exhibited potential antifungal efficacy by inhibiting both mycelial growth and spore germination of P. digitatum . Furthermore, it demonstrated excellent thermal stability, pH tolerance, and biosafety. The results of fluorescence microscopy assay, cell component leakage, and microscopic observations revealed that N1–6L7A severely damaged the fungal membrane of P. digitatum , leading to the release of intracellular nucleic acids and proteins. N1–6L7A treatment also induced excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased activities of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and ATPase. Gel retardation assay indicated that P. digitatum -DNA was a target of N1–6L7A. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis suggested that N1–6L7A might inhibit the growth of P. digitatum by blocking the expression of genes related to the ribosome, amino acid metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism. Meanwhile, the peptide potentially promoted the expression of genes involved in steroid biosynthesis. Notably, in vivo assays confirmed that N1–6L7A effectively controlled P. digitatum infection in citrus fruits and enhanced host resistance by activating defense-related enzymes. Collectively, our results suggested that N1–6L7A could be used as an alternative fungicide to prevent green mold in citrus fruits.
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