EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
·
2018
·
IF 3.741
Yue Han,Donghao Tang,Guangxing Wang,Ying Guo,Heng Zhou,Wenfeng Qiu,Tong Zhao
Low melting phthalonitrile monomers containing allyl and/or methoxyl groups were designed, synthesized and characterized. In order to evaluate their potential application in phthalonitrile resins, these monomers were blended with 1,3-bis(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)benzene and 4-(4-aminophenoxy)phthalonitrile, then cured into polymers. Curing mechanisms of different prepolymers were proposed and compared, and processability, thermal and mechanical properties were characterized. The introduction of methoxyl units was found to postpone the curing, and thermal properties were slightly compromised. On the contrary, the usage of allyl was beneficial to both processability and thermal properties. More importantly, the impact strength for allyl-containing polymers could be as high as 13.63 kJ m −2 , indicating such resin could be applied as high temperature structural composite matrices.
研究领域:
高分子化学
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材料科学
·
复合材料
·
热固性树脂
·
高性能聚合物
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DOI
高影响因子
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
·
2026
·
IF 19.9
Wenlong Jiang,Pingxia Zhang,Zilong Wang,Xin Zhou,Benhao Xin,Yiyang Wang,Ying Guo,Kun Zheng,Heng Zhou,Tong Zhao
Developing polymer composites with simultaneous high thermal conductivity and mechanical integrity remains challenging due to interfacial phonon scattering and the filler-loading trade-off. Herein, a hierarchical “dual-ordering” strategy is proposed to construct high-performance structural-functional integrated materials by synergizing a thermotropic liquid crystalline phthalonitrile (LCPN) matrix with cyanobiphenyl-based mesogen-functionalized graphene (CBN-G). This strategy operates on two synergistic levels: the in situ locking of nematic liquid crystalline domains within the matrix and the construction of a covalent “phonon-matching” gradient interface. The pristine resin matrix thereby achieves a high intrinsic in-plane thermal conductivity of 0.71 W m − 1 K − 1 . Crucially, the interfacial ordering is theoretically validated by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations to reduce interfacial thermal resistance by ∼79% via enhanced vibrational resonance. Consequently, the resulting composite delivers an exceptional in-plane thermal conductivity of 6.55 W m − 1 K − 1 at a low loading of 10 wt.%. Furthermore, the robust covalent bridging transforms the failure mechanism from adhesive to cohesive, boosting the flexural strength to 123 MPa—an improvement of 89% over physically blended counterparts. This work not only elucidates the atomic-scale mechanism of interfacial phonon transport but also establishes a versatile engineering paradigm for next-generation thermal management systems in extreme environments.
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高影响因子
IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 2.8
Zhu Guanglai,Xu Chao,Xu Ziyi,Yu Yitao,Sun Cuicui,Zhuang Haihua,Ma Baichang,Hou Yantao,Li Bing,Wang Zhenhua,Dai Caifeng
Phthalonitrile (PN) resins are high-performance thermosetting polymers recognized for their exceptional thermal stability and flame resistance, making them attractive candidates for aerospace, electronics, and high-temperature structural applications. However, their broader adoption is hindered by two primary challenges: the high melting point of PN precursors and the volatility of conventional curing agents, which complicate processing and raise safety concerns. Despite ongoing research, effective strategies that simultaneously address these issues while enhancing the overall performance of PN resins remain limited. In this study, we introduce a novel self-catalyzing curing agent, 4-(7-amino-1-naphthoxy) phthalonitrile (ANP), which functions both as a precursor and curing agent. The presence of amino and naphthoxy groups promotes efficient curing without the need for external catalysts, thereby expanding the processing window. Additionally, amino and cyano groups act as reactive sites and flexibilizers, enhancing the properties of bisphenol A-based PN (AFPN) resin systems. Thermal analysis revealed that the ANP-modified resin exhibits outstanding thermal and thermo-oxidative stability, with a 5% weight loss temperature ( T 5% ) exceeding 450 °C and a glass transition temperature ( T g ) above 439 °C. Vector network analysis further demonstrated excellent dielectric properties, with a dielectric constant ( D k ) of 3.15 and a dissipation factor ( D f ) of 0.017 at 9.05 GHz. These findings indicate that ANP effectively overcomes key limitations of conventional PN resins. As a multifunctional curing agent, ANP shows significant potential for the development of advanced PN-based composites in aerospace, electronic packaging, and microelectronic applications. Graphical abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
化学工程
·
航空航天工程
·
电子封装
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYMERS
·
2016
·
IF 1.045
Shuyan Shan,Xinggang Chen,Zhenjie Xi,Xiaoyan Yu,Xiongwei Qu,Qingxin Zhang
Resorcinol-based phthalonitrile (R-CN)/nano-aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanocomposites were prepared via a two-step approach. Firstly, Al2O3 was functionalized with nitrile groups on the surface of Al2O3 nanoparticles, which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of nano-Al2O3 particles on thermomechanical and flexural properties has been evaluated for different weight ratios ranging between 0% and 5%. Compared with pure nano-Al2O3, nitrile-functionalized Al2O3 (CN-Al2O3) particles showed a more significant enhancement effect on the properties of R-CN resin. The storage modulus of nanocomposite with 5 wt% CN-Al2O3 reaches 2679 MPa at 25°C, which is much higher than that of the pure R-CN resin. For 3 wt% CN-Al2O3-reinforced R-CN composites, it showed an increase of 54.84% in flexural strength and 21.48% in flexural modulus. SEM was employed to explore the fracture surface of composites. Micrographs of fracture surface analysis confirmed that the toughness of R-CN resin can be improved significantly by incorporating CN-Al2O3 nanoparticles.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Molecular Systems Design & Engineering
·
2023
·Vol. 8
·期 12
·1492-1497
·
IF 3.6
Zichun Ding,Lishuai Zong,Chenghao Wang,Siying Wang,RunZe Liu,Xigao Jian,Jinyan Wang
The current design of phthalonitrile resins has been faced with mutual constraints between heat resistance and functionality. Instead of retaining complex heat-resistant structures in the monomer to ensure thermal performance, this study proposes a new strategy to endow carborane cages with dual identities as curing sites and heat-resistant components by utilizing the σ–π double coordination properties of cyano groups. Through the NMR tracking of the soluble B-stage resin and the XPS test of the stage cured product, it is confirmed that the cyano group was bonded to the B–H bond on the carborane cage at the initial stage of curing. In the later stage of curing, carborane is evenly dispersed in the curing network during the formation of triazine and phthalocyanine rings and becomes an inorganic filler to enhance the temperature resistance of the resin system. By performing TGA on the cured product, the 5% decomposition temperature (Td5%) of the component containing the carborane curing agent was increased by 75 °C up to 582 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The design of this new carborane curing agent with dual functions before and after curing provides a new idea for improving the comprehensive performance of the phthalonitrile resin system.
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高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH
·
2019
·Vol. 26
·期 11
·1-8
·
IF 1.53
Tian Yuhan,Pu Zejun,Xia Jialing,Hu Linqing,Cheng Jie,Zhong Jiachun
A novel soluble poly(aryl ether ketone) (PAEK) terminated with 4-nitrophthalonitrile was designed and synthesized, which was used to solve the problem of difficult solution processing. Then, a series of cross-linked PAEK films with different thermal treatment temperatures were fabricated by using 4,4-bis(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)biphenyl (BPH) as a novel cross-linking agent, improving the glass transition temperature ( T g ) of the traditional PAEK. Then, the fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), mechanical testing machine and LCR meter were used to investigate the microstructure, thermal, mechanical and dielectric properties of PAEK films, respectively. The results indicated that the increase in heat-treatment time and temperature are beneficial for the improvement of the value of T g and T 5% , and the excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties of PAEK films are demonstrated. Compared to PAEK-1 film, the T g and T 5% both increased by 63 °C for PAEK-4 film. Significantly, the tensile strength of PAEK-3 film (42 MPa) reaches the highest value in comparison with other samples. In addition, the dielectric constants (ε) and loss tangent (tan δ) of PAEK-4 film is as low as 3.67 and 0.001 at 1 kHz, respectively. More importantly, the dielectric properties are found to be relatively stable to near the T g value, which can be widely used for applications in dielectric energy storage at high temperatures.
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高影响因子
HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYMERS
·
2020
·
IF 1.568
Rui Yang,Yuting Wang,Boran Hao,Kan Zhang
Two novel benzoxazine monomers, oHMTI-a and oHMTI-pn, have been obtained via the modified Mannich condensation from ortho-4-methyltetrahydrophalimide functional phenol, paraformaldehyde, and aniline/4-aminophthalonitrile, respectively. The chemical structures of both benzoxazine monomers have been studied by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Their polymerization processes are investigated using in-situ FT-IR and different scanning calorimetry (DSC). Specifically, the phthalonitrile group in oHMTI-pn can react at a relatively lower temperature without adding any catalysts, which suggests the presence of the thermal synergistic polymerization effect in this benzoxazine monomer. In addition, the thermal and fire related properties of the resulting polybenzoxazines are evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC). The polybenzoxazine derived from oHMTI-pn shows both high thermal stability and outstanding flame retardancy, with a T g of 350°C, a T d10 value of 417°C, a high char yield value of 65%, and a very low heat release capacity value of 35.2 J/(g·K).
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
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DOI
高影响因子
HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYMERS
·
2020
·
IF 1.568
Oussama Mehelli,Mehdi Derradji,Raouf Belgacemi,Abdeldjalil Zegaoui,Kamel Khimeche,Nicholas Fantuzzi,Abdelrazak Mouloud
In this study, a new high-performance hybrid material was designed targeting an efficient ballistic and nuclear shielding protection. To achieve this goal, a typical highly performant thermosetting resin, namely the phthalonitrile (PN) resin, was reinforced with Kevlar fibers (KF-29), as continuous phase, and erbium oxide (Er2O3) nanoparticles, as discontinuous phase. The reinforcing phases underwent a silane surface modification to create a fully connected network aiming an improved stress transfer between the constituents. The mechanical investigations through tensile and bending testing confirmed the positive effect of the addition of an increasing amount (up to 20 wt%) of the Er2O3 nanoparticles. The hybrids also provided excellent gamma rays shielding performances with a screening ratio of about 33% for a 3 cm thick sample. In the meantime, the ballistic tests evaluated under the National Institute of Justice standard (NIJ standard-0101.06-IIA) also highlighted an improved kinetic energy absorption following the increase in the amounts of the discontinuous phase. Overall, this study unraveled for the first time ever the benefits obtained from a fully connected hybrid network in the field of ballistic and radiation protection.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
防护工程
·
纳米技术
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DOI
高影响因子
MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
·
2018
·Vol. 220
·期 1
·1800291
·
IF 2.492
Yuqi Liu,Ren Yin,Xinye Yu,Kan Zhang
Although the solventless method for synthesizing benzoxazine resins has the advantage of low cost, the impurities involved in the products such as oligomers and original phenols significantly weaken the properties of polybenzoxazines. Herein, the commercialized BA-a (benzoxazine derived from bisphenol-A, aniline, and formaldehyde) resin obtained from a solventless method is modified by phthalonitrile through the reaction between phenol groups and 4-nitrophtahlonitrile. The structures of obtained resins have been confirmed by 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). In addition, the ring-opening polymerization behavior of each resin has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and in situ FTIR. Furthermore, the thermal properties of the cross-linked thermosets were measured by thermomechanical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The phthalonitrile-functionalized benzoxazine resin shows a low polymerization temperature with the maximum of exothermic peak centered at 218.7 °C, and its corresponding polybenzoxazine exhibits excellent thermal stability, with a high Td 5 value (346 °C) and high char yield (42.78%).
研究领域:
高分子科学
·
材料化学
·
热工工程
·
有机合成
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DOI
高影响因子
CARBON
·
2026
·
IF 12.7
Dongqing Wang,Jiqiang Hu,Jinchuan Yang,Dingxuan Zhao,Lianchao Wang,Bing Wang,Ming Liu
Porous phthalonitrile-derived carbon materials (PNCM) are an emerging family of multifunctional carbon characterized by high porosity and intrinsically N-doped skeletons. These N-rich frameworks enable highly efficient electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding without the need for additional nitrogen sources. However, existing pore-forming methods (e.g., foaming, templating) have limited controllability and designability in structural construction and functional integration. This paper proposes an aerogel-engineering strategy to endow PNCM with diverse multifunctionality. Specifically, phthalonitrile polymer aerogels and their corresponding carbon aerogels (PNCA) are prepared using a universal sol–gel–drying–carbonization route. After carbonization at 1000 °C, an intrinsically N-doped amorphous carbon aerogel monolithic material (C1000) can be obtained, which has a hierarchical porous structure and a specific surface area of 241 m 2 g −1 . C1000 exhibits excellent EMI shielding effectiveness of up to 110 dB and a low thermal conductivity of 0.09 W m −1 K −1 . Furthermore, the combination of aerogel-engineering strategy and co-carbonization process facilitates the construction of fiber-reinforced carbon aerogel composites. The resulting PNCA composite maintains EMI shielding performance while also exhibiting improved mechanical stability and ablation resistance. This work has demonstrated a multifunctional aerogel-engineering strategy for constructing porous PNCM, achieving broader structural tunability and integrated EMI shielding, thermal protection, and mechanical robustness.
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高影响因子
Polymer Chemistry
·
2016
·Vol. 7
·期 48
·7427-7435
·
IF 5.687
Nafeesa Mushtaq,Guofei Chen,Lala Rukh Sidra,Yang Liu,Xingzhong Fang
Two novel series of highly organosoluble and curable polyimides containing pendant nitrile groups PI (a–d) and phthalonitrile-terminated polyimides PN-PI (a–d) were prepared by solution polycondensation of isomeric bis(chlorophthalimides)s and 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile with 4,4′-thiobisbenzenethiol. The inherent viscosities of these copolymers were in the range of 0.37–0.59 dL g−1 in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) at 30 °C. The phthalonitrile and pendant nitrile groups in isomeric poly(thioether-ether-imide)s were thermally crosslinked without a catalyst through thermal curing up to 280–360 °C, which led to the transformation from thermoplastic polymers to thermosetting polymers. All PIs before and after crosslinking were characterised by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. PN-PI (a–d) and PI (a–d) were found to be highly soluble in some solvents, such as chloroform, dimethylacetamide, m-cresol, dimethlyformamide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, while the crosslinked polymers were insoluble in all tested solvents. The crosslinking results of pendant nitrile and terminal phthalonitrile groups are also compared. Both series of PIs showed high thermal stability based on 5% weight loss temperature (T5%) in the range of 471–509 °C and increased up to 35 °C after thermal curing. Polyimides showed high glass transition temperatures (Tgs) ranging from 191–213 °C as determined by DSC, but no detectable Tg was observed after thermal heating, indicating the crosslinked structure of PIs. The mechanical properties also enhanced after the crosslinking of the copolymers. The tensile modulus and strength of the cured PI films were in the range of 3.3–4.7 GPa and 68–122 MPa, respectively, which were up to 62% and 35% higher than the uncured films.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
·
2018
·
IF 2.975
Abdul Qadeer Dayo,An-ran Wang,Mehdi Derradji,Sadia Kiran,Abdeldjalil Zegaoui,Jun Wang,Wen-bin Liu
The eugenol based phthalonitrile (EPN) monomer was successfully copolymerized with mono and difunctional benzoxazine (P-a and BA-a) monomers via concerted catalysis polymerization . The loading of EPN in benzoxazine monomers was varied from 10 to 40 wt% and impacts of loading on thermal, thermomechanical and mechanical properties were studied. The FTIR analysis confirmed that both poly(P-a/EPN) and poly(BA-a/EPN) copolymers can be completely cured without the addition of curing additive. The addition of the bio-based EPN monomer enhanced the curing peak temperatures and reduced the curing reaction enthalpies . Initially, OH groups were produced from the oxazine ring opening polymerization of benzoxazine and they enhanced the curing of EPN. The thermal stabilities, as well as the stiffness and T g of the copolymers, were much higher as compared to the neat polymers. Highest values were seen on the 40 wt% loading of EPN monomer in the copolymers. Moreover, the difunctional benzoxazine based copolymer showed higher enhancements in the properties as compared to the mono-functional benzoxazine based copolymer. The decline was seen in the flexural properties as EPN monomer contains the flexible chain in the structure. The morphological changes supported all the claims for the copolymers. The prepared copolymers can be used as a high performance thermosetting resin .
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）